Skip to main content
Top
Gepubliceerd in:

16-01-2022

Sexual minorities are at elevated risk of cardiovascular disease from a younger age than heterosexuals

Auteurs: Jessica Sherman, Christina Dyar, Jodi McDaniel, Nicholas T. Funderburg, Karen M. Rose, Matt Gorr, Ethan Morgan

Gepubliceerd in: Journal of Behavioral Medicine | Uitgave 4/2022

Log in om toegang te krijgen
share
DELEN

Deel dit onderdeel of sectie (kopieer de link)

  • Optie A:
    Klik op de rechtermuisknop op de link en selecteer de optie “linkadres kopiëren”
  • Optie B:
    Deel de link per e-mail

Abstract

Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death worldwide. In this study, we assessed factors related to cardiovascular disease risk and outcomes among sexual minorities (SM). Data from multiple waves of the PATH study were used in this analysis. Multivariable regression models were used to assess the association between sexual identity and: tobacco or e-cigarette use, adverse cardiovascular events, and age at first diagnosis of adverse cardiovascular disease events. In our sample (N = 23,205), 1,660 (7.15%) participants identified as SM. SM men, relative to heterosexual men, are more likely to be diagnosed with high blood pressure (aRR = 1.27; 95% CI 1.10, 1.47), high cholesterol (aRR = 1.32; 95% CI: 1.12, 1.55), congestive heart failure (aRR = 2.29; 95% CI 1.13, 4.65), stroke (aRR = 2.39; 95% CI: 1.14, 5.04), heart attack (aRR = 2.40; 95% CI 1.42, 4.04), and other heart conditions (aRR = 1.52; 95% CI: 1.06, 2.18). Although no simple differences were observed among SM women compared to heterosexual women, SM women were more likely to be diagnosed at a younger age for high blood pressure (aRR = -0.69; 95% CI − 1.08, − 0.29), high cholesterol (aRR = -0.77; 95% CI − 1.15, − 0.38), stroke (aRR =  − 1.04; 95% CI − 1.94, − 0.13), and heart attack (aRR =  − 1.26; 95% CI − 2.42, − 0.10). SM men were only diagnosed at a younger age for stroke (aRR =  − 1.18; 95% CI − 2.06, − 0.30). Compared to heterosexuals, sexual minorities are at higher risk for cardiovascular disease, more likely to develop cardiovascular disease at an earlier age, and more likely to use tobacco products. Future research should focus on decreasing cardiovascular risk among sexual minorities including reducing tobacco use and stress. Screening recommendations for sexual minority populations should also be reviewed in light of a growing body of literature suggesting elevated risk from a young age.
Literatuur
go back to reference Ayhan, C. H. B., Bilgin, H., Uluman, O. T., Sukut, O., Yilmaz, S., & Buzlu, S. (2020). A systematic review of the discrimination against sexual and gender minority in health care settings. International Journal of Health Services, 50(1), 44–61.PubMedCrossRef Ayhan, C. H. B., Bilgin, H., Uluman, O. T., Sukut, O., Yilmaz, S., & Buzlu, S. (2020). A systematic review of the discrimination against sexual and gender minority in health care settings. International Journal of Health Services, 50(1), 44–61.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Baptiste-Roberts, K., Oranuba, E., Werts, N., & Edwards, L. V. (2017). Addressing health care disparities among sexual minorities. Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics of North America, 44(1), 71–80.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Baptiste-Roberts, K., Oranuba, E., Werts, N., & Edwards, L. V. (2017). Addressing health care disparities among sexual minorities. Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics of North America, 44(1), 71–80.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
go back to reference Bots, S. H., Peters, S. A. E., & Woodward, M. (2017). Sex differences in coronary heart disease and stroke mortality: A global assessment of the effect of ageing between 1980 and 2010. BMJ Global Health, 2(2), e000298.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Bots, S. H., Peters, S. A. E., & Woodward, M. (2017). Sex differences in coronary heart disease and stroke mortality: A global assessment of the effect of ageing between 1980 and 2010. BMJ Global Health, 2(2), e000298.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
go back to reference Buchting, F. O., Emory, K. T., Scout, et al. (2017). Transgender use of cigarettes, cigars, and E-cigarettes in a national study. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 53(1), e1–e7.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Buchting, F. O., Emory, K. T., Scout, et al. (2017). Transgender use of cigarettes, cigars, and E-cigarettes in a national study. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 53(1), e1–e7.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
go back to reference Caceres, B. A., Ancheta, A. J., Dorsen, C., Newlin-Lew, K., Edmondson, D., Hughes, T. L. (2020) A population-based study of the intersection of sexual identity and race/ethnicity on physiological risk factors for CVD among U.S. adults (ages 18–59). Ethnicity & Health 1–22. Caceres, B. A., Ancheta, A. J., Dorsen, C., Newlin-Lew, K., Edmondson, D., Hughes, T. L. (2020) A population-based study of the intersection of sexual identity and race/ethnicity on physiological risk factors for CVD among U.S. adults (ages 18–59). Ethnicity & Health 1–22.
go back to reference Caceres, B. A., Brody, A., & Chyun, D. (2016). Recommendations for cardiovascular disease research with lesbian, gay and bisexual adults. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 25(23–24), 3728–3742.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Caceres, B. A., Brody, A., & Chyun, D. (2016). Recommendations for cardiovascular disease research with lesbian, gay and bisexual adults. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 25(23–24), 3728–3742.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
go back to reference Caceres, B. A., Brody, A., Luscombe, R. E., et al. (2017). A systematic review of cardiovascular disease in sexual minorities. American Journal of Public Health, 107(4), e13–e21.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Caceres, B. A., Brody, A., Luscombe, R. E., et al. (2017). A systematic review of cardiovascular disease in sexual minorities. American Journal of Public Health, 107(4), e13–e21.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
go back to reference Caceres, B. A., Makarem, N., Hickey, K. T., & Hughes, T. L. (2019). Cardiovascular disease disparities in sexual minority adults: An examination of the behavioral risk factor surveillance system (2014–2016). American Journal of Health Promotion, 33(4), 576–585.PubMedCrossRef Caceres, B. A., Makarem, N., Hickey, K. T., & Hughes, T. L. (2019). Cardiovascular disease disparities in sexual minority adults: An examination of the behavioral risk factor surveillance system (2014–2016). American Journal of Health Promotion, 33(4), 576–585.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Casey, L. S., Reisner, S. L., Findling, M. G., et al. (2019). Discrimination in the United States: Experiences of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer Americans. Health Services Research, 54(S2), 1454–1466.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Casey, L. S., Reisner, S. L., Findling, M. G., et al. (2019). Discrimination in the United States: Experiences of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer Americans. Health Services Research, 54(S2), 1454–1466.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
go back to reference Clark, C. J., Alonso, A., Spencer, R. A., Pencina, M., Williams, K., & Everson-Rose, S. A. (2014). Predicted long-term cardiovascular risk among young adults in the national longitudinal study of adolescent health. American Journal of Public Health, 104(12), e108–e115.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Clark, C. J., Alonso, A., Spencer, R. A., Pencina, M., Williams, K., & Everson-Rose, S. A. (2014). Predicted long-term cardiovascular risk among young adults in the national longitudinal study of adolescent health. American Journal of Public Health, 104(12), e108–e115.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
go back to reference Connolly, D., & Gilchrist, G. (2020). Prevalence and correlates of substance use among transgender adults: A systematic review. Addictive Behaviors, 111, 106544.PubMedCrossRef Connolly, D., & Gilchrist, G. (2020). Prevalence and correlates of substance use among transgender adults: A systematic review. Addictive Behaviors, 111, 106544.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Danner, M., Kasl, S., Abramson, J., & Vaccarino, V. (2003). Association between depression and elevated C-reactive protein. Psychosomatic Medicine, 65, 347–356.PubMedCrossRef Danner, M., Kasl, S., Abramson, J., & Vaccarino, V. (2003). Association between depression and elevated C-reactive protein. Psychosomatic Medicine, 65, 347–356.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Del Pino, H. E., Dacus, J. D., Harawa, N. T., & McWells, C. (2021). "Being downcast by society… adds to the stress levels and would explain why [we] smoke more Smoking among HIV-positive black men who have sex with men. Journal of Gay and Lesbian Social Services, 33(1), 16–31.PubMedCrossRef Del Pino, H. E., Dacus, J. D., Harawa, N. T., & McWells, C. (2021). "Being downcast by society… adds to the stress levels and would explain why [we] smoke more Smoking among HIV-positive black men who have sex with men. Journal of Gay and Lesbian Social Services, 33(1), 16–31.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Diamond, L. M., Dehlin, A. J., & Alley, J. (2021). Systemic inflammation as a driver of health disparities among sexually-diverse and gender-diverse individuals. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 129, 105215.PubMedCrossRef Diamond, L. M., Dehlin, A. J., & Alley, J. (2021). Systemic inflammation as a driver of health disparities among sexually-diverse and gender-diverse individuals. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 129, 105215.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Drabble, L. A., Mericle, A. A., Karriker-Jaffe, K. J., & Trocki, K. F. (2021). Harmful drinking, tobacco, and marijuana use in the 2000–2015 National Alcohol Surveys: Examining differential trends by sexual identity. Substance Abuse, 42(3), 1–12.CrossRef Drabble, L. A., Mericle, A. A., Karriker-Jaffe, K. J., & Trocki, K. F. (2021). Harmful drinking, tobacco, and marijuana use in the 2000–2015 National Alcohol Surveys: Examining differential trends by sexual identity. Substance Abuse, 42(3), 1–12.CrossRef
go back to reference Dyar, C., Taggart, T. C., Rodriguez-Seijas, C., et al. (2019). Physical health disparities across dimensions of sexual orientation, race/ethnicity, and sex: Evidence for increased risk among bisexual adults. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 48(1), 225–242.PubMedCrossRef Dyar, C., Taggart, T. C., Rodriguez-Seijas, C., et al. (2019). Physical health disparities across dimensions of sexual orientation, race/ethnicity, and sex: Evidence for increased risk among bisexual adults. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 48(1), 225–242.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Elliott, M. N., Kanouse, D. E., Burkhart, Q., et al. (2015). Sexual minorities in England have poorer health and worse health care experiences: A National survey. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 30(1), 9–16.PubMedCrossRef Elliott, M. N., Kanouse, D. E., Burkhart, Q., et al. (2015). Sexual minorities in England have poorer health and worse health care experiences: A National survey. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 30(1), 9–16.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Erlinger, T., Platz, E., Rifai, N., & Helzlsouer, K. (2004). C-reactive protein and the risk of incident colorectal cancer. JAMA, 291(5), 585–590.PubMedCrossRef Erlinger, T., Platz, E., Rifai, N., & Helzlsouer, K. (2004). C-reactive protein and the risk of incident colorectal cancer. JAMA, 291(5), 585–590.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Everett, B. G., Rosario, M., McLaughlin, K. A., & Austin, S. B. (2014a). Sexual orientation and gender differences in markers of inflammation and immune functioning. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 47(1), 57–70.PubMedCrossRef Everett, B. G., Rosario, M., McLaughlin, K. A., & Austin, S. B. (2014a). Sexual orientation and gender differences in markers of inflammation and immune functioning. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 47(1), 57–70.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Everett, B., Rosario, M., McLaughlin, K., & Bryn, A. S. (2014b). Sexual orientation and gender differences in markers of inflammation and immune functioning. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 47(1), 57–70.PubMedCrossRef Everett, B., Rosario, M., McLaughlin, K., & Bryn, A. S. (2014b). Sexual orientation and gender differences in markers of inflammation and immune functioning. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 47(1), 57–70.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Favaloro, E., Meschi, T., Mattiuzzi, C., Borghi, L., Cervellin, G., & Lippi, G. (2013). E-Cigarettes and Cardiovascular Risk: Beyond Science and Mysticism. Seminars in Thrombosis and Hemostasis, 40(01), 060–065.CrossRef Favaloro, E., Meschi, T., Mattiuzzi, C., Borghi, L., Cervellin, G., & Lippi, G. (2013). E-Cigarettes and Cardiovascular Risk: Beyond Science and Mysticism. Seminars in Thrombosis and Hemostasis, 40(01), 060–065.CrossRef
go back to reference Flenar, D. J., Tucker, C. M., & Williams, J. L. (2017). Sexual minority stress, coping, and physical health indicators. Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings, 24(3–4), 223–233.PubMedCrossRef Flenar, D. J., Tucker, C. M., & Williams, J. L. (2017). Sexual minority stress, coping, and physical health indicators. Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings, 24(3–4), 223–233.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Ford, D., & Erlinger, T. (2004). Depression and C-reactive protein in US adults: Data from the third national health and nutrition examination survey. Archives of Internal Medicine, 164, 1010–1014.PubMedCrossRef Ford, D., & Erlinger, T. (2004). Depression and C-reactive protein in US adults: Data from the third national health and nutrition examination survey. Archives of Internal Medicine, 164, 1010–1014.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Frost, D. M., Lehavot, K., & Meyer, I. H. (2015). Minority stress and physical health among sexual minority individuals. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 38(1), 1–8.PubMedCrossRef Frost, D. M., Lehavot, K., & Meyer, I. H. (2015). Minority stress and physical health among sexual minority individuals. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 38(1), 1–8.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Gonzales, G., & Henning-Smith, C. (2017). Health disparities by sexual orientation: Results and implications from the behavioral risk factor surveillance system. Journal of Community Health, 42(6), 1163–1172.PubMedCrossRef Gonzales, G., & Henning-Smith, C. (2017). Health disparities by sexual orientation: Results and implications from the behavioral risk factor surveillance system. Journal of Community Health, 42(6), 1163–1172.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Haider, A., Bengs, S., Luu, J., et al. (2019). Sex and gender in cardiovascular medicine: Presentation and outcomes of acute coronary syndrome. European Heart Journal, 41(13), 1328–1336.CrossRef Haider, A., Bengs, S., Luu, J., et al. (2019). Sex and gender in cardiovascular medicine: Presentation and outcomes of acute coronary syndrome. European Heart Journal, 41(13), 1328–1336.CrossRef
go back to reference Hatzenbuehler, M. L., McLaughlin, K. A., & Slopen, N. (2013a). Sexual orientation disparities in cardiovascular biomarkers among young adults. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 44(6), 612–621.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Hatzenbuehler, M. L., McLaughlin, K. A., & Slopen, N. (2013a). Sexual orientation disparities in cardiovascular biomarkers among young adults. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 44(6), 612–621.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
go back to reference Hatzenbuehler, M., McLaughlin, K., & Slopen, N. (2013b). Sexual orientation disparities in cardiovascular biomarkers among young adults. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 44(6), 612–621.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Hatzenbuehler, M., McLaughlin, K., & Slopen, N. (2013b). Sexual orientation disparities in cardiovascular biomarkers among young adults. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 44(6), 612–621.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
go back to reference Health USDo, Abuse HSNIoHNIoD, Health USDo, Food HS, Products DACfT. Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) Study [United States] Restricted-Use Files. Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [distributor]; 2021. Health USDo, Abuse HSNIoHNIoD, Health USDo, Food HS, Products DACfT. Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) Study [United States] Restricted-Use Files. Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [distributor]; 2021.
go back to reference Hong, K. N., Fuster, V., Rosenson, R. S., Rosendorff, C., & Bhatt, D. L. (2017). How low to go with glucose, cholesterol, and blood pressure in primary prevention of CVD. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 70(17), 2171–2185.PubMedCrossRef Hong, K. N., Fuster, V., Rosenson, R. S., Rosendorff, C., & Bhatt, D. L. (2017). How low to go with glucose, cholesterol, and blood pressure in primary prevention of CVD. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 70(17), 2171–2185.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Howren, M., Lamkin, D., & Suls, J. (2009). Associations of depression with C-reactive protein, IL-1, and IL-6: A meta-analysis. Pyschosom Med, 71, 171–186.CrossRef Howren, M., Lamkin, D., & Suls, J. (2009). Associations of depression with C-reactive protein, IL-1, and IL-6: A meta-analysis. Pyschosom Med, 71, 171–186.CrossRef
go back to reference Hughto, J. M. W., Pachankis, J. E., & Reisner, S. L. (2018). Healthcare mistreatment and avoidance in trans masculine adults: The mediating role of rejection sensitivity. Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity, 5(4), 471–481.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Hughto, J. M. W., Pachankis, J. E., & Reisner, S. L. (2018). Healthcare mistreatment and avoidance in trans masculine adults: The mediating role of rejection sensitivity. Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity, 5(4), 471–481.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
go back to reference Juster, R. P., Doyle, D. M., Hatzenbuehler, M. L., Everett, B. G., DuBois, L. Z., & McGrath, J. J. (2019). Sexual orientation, disclosure, and cardiovascular stress reactivity. Stress, 22(3), 321–331.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Juster, R. P., Doyle, D. M., Hatzenbuehler, M. L., Everett, B. G., DuBois, L. Z., & McGrath, J. J. (2019). Sexual orientation, disclosure, and cardiovascular stress reactivity. Stress, 22(3), 321–331.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
go back to reference Kochanek, K., Murphy, S, Xu, J., Aria, E. (2019) Deaths: Final Data for 2017. Hyatsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics. Kochanek, K., Murphy, S, Xu, J., Aria, E. (2019) Deaths: Final Data for 2017. Hyatsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics.
go back to reference Lagraauw, H. M., Kuiper, J., & Bot, I. (2015). Acute and chronic psychological stress as risk factors for cardiovascular disease: Insights gained from epidemiological, clinical and experimental studies. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 50, 18–30.PubMedCrossRef Lagraauw, H. M., Kuiper, J., & Bot, I. (2015). Acute and chronic psychological stress as risk factors for cardiovascular disease: Insights gained from epidemiological, clinical and experimental studies. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 50, 18–30.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Lau, B., Sharrett, A., Kingsley, L., et al. (2006). C-reactive protein is a marker for human immunodeficiency virus disease progression. Archives of Internal Medicine, 166, 64–70.PubMedCrossRef Lau, B., Sharrett, A., Kingsley, L., et al. (2006). C-reactive protein is a marker for human immunodeficiency virus disease progression. Archives of Internal Medicine, 166, 64–70.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Lippa, R. (2005). Sexual orientation and personality. Ann Rev Sex Res, 16(1), 119–153. Lippa, R. (2005). Sexual orientation and personality. Ann Rev Sex Res, 16(1), 119–153.
go back to reference McCabe, S. E., Hughes, T. L., Matthews, A. K., et al. (2019). Sexual orientation discrimination and tobacco use disparities in the United States. Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 21(4), 523–531.CrossRef McCabe, S. E., Hughes, T. L., Matthews, A. K., et al. (2019). Sexual orientation discrimination and tobacco use disparities in the United States. Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 21(4), 523–531.CrossRef
go back to reference Meyer, I. H. (2003). Prejudice, social stress, and mental health in lesbian, gay, and bisexual populations: Conceptual issues and research evidence. Psychological Bulletin, 129(5), 674–697.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Meyer, I. H. (2003). Prejudice, social stress, and mental health in lesbian, gay, and bisexual populations: Conceptual issues and research evidence. Psychological Bulletin, 129(5), 674–697.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
go back to reference Meyer, I. H., Brown, T. N. T., Herman, J. L., Reisner, S. L., & Bockting, W. O. (2017). Demographic characteristics and health status of transgender adults in select US Regions: Behavioral risk factor surveillance system, 2014. American Journal of Public Health, 107(4), 582–589.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Meyer, I. H., Brown, T. N. T., Herman, J. L., Reisner, S. L., & Bockting, W. O. (2017). Demographic characteristics and health status of transgender adults in select US Regions: Behavioral risk factor surveillance system, 2014. American Journal of Public Health, 107(4), 582–589.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
go back to reference Morgan, E., D’Aquila, R., Carnethon, M. R., & Mustanski, B. (2019). Cardiovascular disease risk factors are elevated among a cohort of young sexual and gender minorities in Chicago. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 42(6), 1073–1081.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Morgan, E., D’Aquila, R., Carnethon, M. R., & Mustanski, B. (2019). Cardiovascular disease risk factors are elevated among a cohort of young sexual and gender minorities in Chicago. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 42(6), 1073–1081.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
go back to reference Morgan, E., Hudson, H., D’Aquila, R., & Mustanski, B. (2020). Plasma C-reactive protein is lower among Marijuana Using HIV-negative, but not HIV-Positive, Young MSM Sci Rep 2020; (under review). Morgan, E., Hudson, H., D’Aquila, R., & Mustanski, B. (2020). Plasma C-reactive protein is lower among Marijuana Using HIV-negative, but not HIV-Positive, Young MSM Sci Rep 2020; (under review).
go back to reference Morgan, E., Hudson, H., D’Aquila, R., & Mustanski, B. (2021). Plasma C-reactive protein is lower among marijuana using HIV-negative individuals but not among persons living with HIV. Science and Reports, 11(1), 4816.CrossRef Morgan, E., Hudson, H., D’Aquila, R., & Mustanski, B. (2021). Plasma C-reactive protein is lower among marijuana using HIV-negative individuals but not among persons living with HIV. Science and Reports, 11(1), 4816.CrossRef
go back to reference Morgan, E., Taylor, H., Ryan, D. T., D’Aquila, R., & Mustanski, B. (2019). Systemic inflammation is elevated among both HIV-uninfected and -infected young men who have sex with men. AIDS, 33(4), 757–759.PubMedCrossRef Morgan, E., Taylor, H., Ryan, D. T., D’Aquila, R., & Mustanski, B. (2019). Systemic inflammation is elevated among both HIV-uninfected and -infected young men who have sex with men. AIDS, 33(4), 757–759.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2012). Emotion regulation and psychopathology: The role of gender. Ann Rev Clin Psycho, 8, 161–187.CrossRef Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2012). Emotion regulation and psychopathology: The role of gender. Ann Rev Clin Psycho, 8, 161–187.CrossRef
go back to reference Nowaskie, D. Z., & Sowinski, J. S. (2019). Primary care providers’ attitudes, practices, and knowledge in treating LGBTQ communities. Journal of Homosexuality, 66(13), 1927–1947.PubMedCrossRef Nowaskie, D. Z., & Sowinski, J. S. (2019). Primary care providers’ attitudes, practices, and knowledge in treating LGBTQ communities. Journal of Homosexuality, 66(13), 1927–1947.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Osborne, M. T., Shin, L. M., Mehta, N. N., Pitman, R. K., Fayad, Z. A., & Tawakol, A. (2020). Disentangling the links between psychosocial stress and cardiovascular disease. Circulation Cardiovascular Imaging, 13(8), e010931.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Osborne, M. T., Shin, L. M., Mehta, N. N., Pitman, R. K., Fayad, Z. A., & Tawakol, A. (2020). Disentangling the links between psychosocial stress and cardiovascular disease. Circulation Cardiovascular Imaging, 13(8), e010931.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
go back to reference Parent, M. C., Arriaga, A. S., Gobble, T., & Wille, L. (2019). Stress and substance use among sexual and gender minority individuals across the lifespan. Neurobiol Stress, 10, 100146.PubMedCrossRef Parent, M. C., Arriaga, A. S., Gobble, T., & Wille, L. (2019). Stress and substance use among sexual and gender minority individuals across the lifespan. Neurobiol Stress, 10, 100146.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Piko, B. (2011). Gender differences and similarities in adolescents’ ways of coping. Psychological Record, 51, 223–235.CrossRef Piko, B. (2011). Gender differences and similarities in adolescents’ ways of coping. Psychological Record, 51, 223–235.CrossRef
go back to reference Pradhan, A., Manson, J., Rifai, N., Buring, J., & Ridker, P. M. (2001). C-reactive protein, interleukin 6, and risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus. JAMA, 286(3), 327–334.PubMedCrossRef Pradhan, A., Manson, J., Rifai, N., Buring, J., & Ridker, P. M. (2001). C-reactive protein, interleukin 6, and risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus. JAMA, 286(3), 327–334.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Rice, C. E., Vasilenko, S. A., Fish, J. N., & Lanza, S. T. (2019). Sexual minority health disparities: An examination of age-related trends across adulthood in a national cross-sectional sample. Annals of Epidemiology, 31, 20–25.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Rice, C. E., Vasilenko, S. A., Fish, J. N., & Lanza, S. T. (2019). Sexual minority health disparities: An examination of age-related trends across adulthood in a national cross-sectional sample. Annals of Epidemiology, 31, 20–25.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
go back to reference Rigotti, N. A., & Clair, C. (2013). Managing tobacco use: The neglected cardiovascular disease risk factor. European Heart Journal, 34(42), 3259–3267.PubMedCrossRef Rigotti, N. A., & Clair, C. (2013). Managing tobacco use: The neglected cardiovascular disease risk factor. European Heart Journal, 34(42), 3259–3267.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Scheer, J. R., & Pachankis, J. E. (2019). Psychosocial syndemic risks surrounding physical health conditions among sexual and gender minority individuals. LGBT Health, 6(8), 377–385.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Scheer, J. R., & Pachankis, J. E. (2019). Psychosocial syndemic risks surrounding physical health conditions among sexual and gender minority individuals. LGBT Health, 6(8), 377–385.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
go back to reference Schuler, M. S., Rice, C. E., Evans-Polce, R. J., & Collins, R. L. (2018). Disparities in substance use behaviors and disorders among adult sexual minorities by age, gender, and sexual identity. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 189, 139–146.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Schuler, M. S., Rice, C. E., Evans-Polce, R. J., & Collins, R. L. (2018). Disparities in substance use behaviors and disorders among adult sexual minorities by age, gender, and sexual identity. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 189, 139–146.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
go back to reference Schulman, J. K., & Erickson-Schroth, L. (2019). Mental health in sexual minority and transgender women. Medical Clinics of North America, 103(4), 723–733.PubMedCrossRef Schulman, J. K., & Erickson-Schroth, L. (2019). Mental health in sexual minority and transgender women. Medical Clinics of North America, 103(4), 723–733.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Steptoe, A., & Kivimäki, M. (2013). Stress and cardiovascular disease: An update on current knowledge. Annual Review of Public Health, 34(1), 337–354.PubMedCrossRef Steptoe, A., & Kivimäki, M. (2013). Stress and cardiovascular disease: An update on current knowledge. Annual Review of Public Health, 34(1), 337–354.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Streed, C. G., Jr., McCarthy, E. P., & Haas, J. S. (2017). Association between gender minority status and self-reported physical and mental health in the United States. JAMA Internal Medicine, 177(8), 1210–1212.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Streed, C. G., Jr., McCarthy, E. P., & Haas, J. S. (2017). Association between gender minority status and self-reported physical and mental health in the United States. JAMA Internal Medicine, 177(8), 1210–1212.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
go back to reference Tamres, L., Janicki, D., & Helgeson, V. (2002). Sex differences in coping behavior: A meta-analytic review and an examination of relative coping. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 6, 2–30.CrossRef Tamres, L., Janicki, D., & Helgeson, V. (2002). Sex differences in coping behavior: A meta-analytic review and an examination of relative coping. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 6, 2–30.CrossRef
go back to reference Valentine, S. E., & Shipherd, J. C. (2018). A systematic review of social stress and mental health among transgender and gender non-conforming people in the United States. Clinical Psychology Review, 66, 24–38.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Valentine, S. E., & Shipherd, J. C. (2018). A systematic review of social stress and mental health among transgender and gender non-conforming people in the United States. Clinical Psychology Review, 66, 24–38.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
go back to reference Woodward, M. (2019). Cardiovascular disease and the female disadvantage. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(7), 1165.PubMedCentralCrossRef Woodward, M. (2019). Cardiovascular disease and the female disadvantage. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(7), 1165.PubMedCentralCrossRef
go back to reference Xu, J., Murphy, S., Kochanek, K., Arias, E. (2020) Mortality in the United States, 2018. Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics. Xu, J., Murphy, S., Kochanek, K., Arias, E. (2020) Mortality in the United States, 2018. Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics.
go back to reference Yarns, B. C., Abrams, J. M., Meeks, T. W., & Sewell, D. D. (2016). The mental health of older LGBT adults. Current Psychiatry Reports, 18(6), 60.PubMedCrossRef Yarns, B. C., Abrams, J. M., Meeks, T. W., & Sewell, D. D. (2016). The mental health of older LGBT adults. Current Psychiatry Reports, 18(6), 60.PubMedCrossRef
Metagegevens
Titel
Sexual minorities are at elevated risk of cardiovascular disease from a younger age than heterosexuals
Auteurs
Jessica Sherman
Christina Dyar
Jodi McDaniel
Nicholas T. Funderburg
Karen M. Rose
Matt Gorr
Ethan Morgan
Publicatiedatum
16-01-2022
Uitgeverij
Springer US
Gepubliceerd in
Journal of Behavioral Medicine / Uitgave 4/2022
Print ISSN: 0160-7715
Elektronisch ISSN: 1573-3521
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10865-021-00269-z