Top

Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review

Gepubliceerd in:

15-03-2023

Self-Compassion for Caregivers of Children in Parentally Bereaved Families: A Theoretical Model and Intervention Example

Auteurs: Na Zhang, Irwin Sandler, Kara Thieleman, Sharlene Wolchik, Karey O’Hara

Gepubliceerd in: Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review | Uitgave 2/2023

Abstract

Family-based bereavement interventions have shown promises to prevent problem outcomes and promote resilience in parentally bereaved children. Evidence of the broad range of mental and physical health problems following the death of a parent supports the need for a transdiagnostic approach that promotes adaptation and reduces multiple problem outcomes for parentally bereaved families. We discuss self-compassion as a promising framework for a transdiagnostic approach. We argue that three elements of self-compassion—mindfulness (vs. over-identification), self-kindness (vs. self-judgment), and common humanity (vs. isolation)—can facilitate loss-oriented coping, restoration-oriented coping, and the oscillation process between the two. This sets the foundation for individual and family processes that support bereavement adjustment. To explain how self-compassion promotes adjustment outcomes in parentally bereaved families, we review the extant literature with a focus on parental emotion regulation and effective parenting and propose a conceptual model with testable hypotheses to guide more research in this area. The model suggests that caregivers’ self-compassion is a resilience resource for multiple adaptive outcomes for themselves and for their child through its positive impacts on emotion regulation and effective parenting. We illustrate the utility of the framework with an example of a family-based bereavement prevention program that integrated self-compassion training. Future directions for research are discussed.

vorige artikel A Multilevel Meta-analysis of Single-Case Research on Interventions for Internalizing Disorders in Children and Adolescents

volgende artikel Intervention and Implementation Characteristics to Enhance Father Engagement: A Systematic Review of Parenting Interventions

In Neff (2003a)’s conceptualization, the term “mindfulness” is a component of self-compassion that refers to nonreactive, nonjudgmental, and open-hearted awareness of one’s distressing feelings or thoughts and difficult experiences. In contrast, Kabat-Zinn (2015) defines mindfulness more broadly as “moment-to-moment nonjudgmental awareness” of all experiences, “cultivated by paying attention in a specific way, that is, in the present moment, and as non-reactively, as non-judgementally, and as openheartedly as possible.”.

Although the RPBF program included low doses of mindfulness training, additional resources were provided to enhance the learning that were made available on the website of the RPBF program.

Aldao, A., Nolen-Hoeksema, S., & Schweizer, S. (2010). Emotion-regulation strategies across psychopathology: A meta-analytic review. Clinical Psychology Review, 30, 217–237. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2009.11.004CrossRefPubMed

Alvis, L. M., Dodd, C. G., Oosterhoff, B., Hill, R. M., Rolon-Arroyo, B., Logsdon, T., Layne, C. M., & Kaplow, J. B. (2022a). Caregiver behaviors and childhood maladaptive grief: Initial validation of the grief facilitation inventory. Death Studies, 46, 1307–1315. https://doi.org/10.1080/07481187.2020.1841849CrossRefPubMed

Alvis, L., Zhang, N., Sandler, I. N., & Kaplow, J. B. (2022b). Developmental manifestations of grief in children and adolescents: Caregivers as key grief facilitators. Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40653-021-00435-0CrossRef

Ayers, T. S., Kondo, C. C., & Sandler, I. N. (2011). Bridging the gap: Translating a research-based program into an agency-based service for bereaved children and families. In R. Neimeyer, H. Winokeur, D. Harris, & G. Thornton (Eds.), Grief and bereavement: bridging research and practice (pp. 117–139). Routledge.

Ayers, T. S., Wolchik, S. A., Sandler, I. N., Towhey, J. L., Lutzke Weyer, J. R., Jones, S., Weiss, L., Cole, E., & Kriege, G. (2013). The Family Bereavement Program: Description of a theory-based prevention program for parentally-bereaved children and adolescent. OMEGA Journal of Death and Dying, 66, 293–314. https://doi.org/10.2190/OM.68.4.aCrossRef

Barbot, B., Crossman, E., Hunter, S. R., Grigorenko, E. L., & Luthar, S. S. (2014). Reciprocal influences between maternal parenting and child adjustment in a high-risk population: A 5-year cross-lagged analysis of bidirectional effects. The American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 84, 567–580. https://doi.org/10.1037/ort0000012CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Barnard, L. K., & Curry, J. F. (2011). Self-compassion: Conceptualizations, correlates, & interventions. Review of General Psychology, 15, 289–303. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0025754CrossRef

Berg, L., Rostila, M., & Hjern, A. (2016). Parental death during childhood and depression in young adults – a national cohort study. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 57, 1092–1098. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12560CrossRefPubMed

Bergman, A. S., Axberg, U., & Hanson, E. (2017). When a parent dies–a systematic review of the effects of support programs for parentally bereaved children and their caregivers. BMC Palliative Care, 16, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12904-017-0223-y

Boelen, P. A., Keijsers, L., & van den Hout, M. A. (2012). The role of self-concept clarity in prolonged grief disorder. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 200(1), 56–62.CrossRefPubMed

Bonanno, G. A., & Burton, C. L. (2013). Regulatory flexibility: An individual differences perspective on coping and emotion regulation. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 8, 591–612. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691613504116CrossRefPubMed

Bonanno, G. A., & Kaltman, S. (1999). Toward an integrative perspective on bereavement. Psychological Bulletin, 125, 760. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.125.6.760CrossRefPubMed

Britton, W. B., Davis, J. H., Loucks, E. B., Peterson, B., Cullen, B. H., Reuter, L., Rando, A., Rahrig, H., Lipsky, J., & Lindahl, J. R. (2018). Dismantling mindfulness-based cognitive therapy: Creation and validation of 8-week focused attention and open monitoring interventions within a 3-armed randomized controlled trial. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 101, 92–107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2017.09.010CrossRefPubMed

Buckley, T., McKinley, S., Tofler, G., & Bartrop, R. (2010). Cardiovascular risk in early bereavement: A literature review and proposed mechanisms. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 47, 229–238. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2009.06.010CrossRefPubMed

Burns, M., Griese, B., King, S., & Talmi, A. (2020). Childhood bereavement: Understanding prevalence and related adversity in the United States. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 90, 391. https://doi.org/10.1037/ort0000442CrossRefPubMed

Bussolari, C., Habarth, J. M., Phillips, S., Katz, R., & Packman, W. (2018). Self-compassion, social constraints, and psychosocial outcomes in a pet bereavement sample. OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying, 82, 389–408. https://doi.org/10.1177/0030222818814050CrossRefPubMed

Cha, J. E., Boggiss, A. L., Serlachius, A. S., Cavadino, A., Kirby, J. N., & Consedine, N. S. (2022). A systematic review on mediation studies of self-compassion and physical health outcomes in non-clinical adult populations. Mindfulness, 13, 1876–1900. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-022-01935-2CrossRef

Coifman, K. G., & Bonanno, G. A. (2010). When distress does not become depression: Emotion context sensitivity and adjustment to bereavement. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 119, 479. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0020113CrossRefPubMed

Coleman, P. K., & Karraker, K. H. (1998). Self-efficacy and parenting quality: Findings and future applications. Developmental Review, 18, 47–85. https://doi.org/10.1006/drev.1997.0448CrossRef

Currier, J. M., Holland, J. M., & Neimeyer, R. A. (2007). The effectiveness of bereavement interventions with children: A meta-analytic review of controlled outcome research. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 36, 253–259. https://doi.org/10.1080/15374410701279669

Currier, J. M., Neimeyer, R. A., & Berman, J. S. (2008). The effectiveness of psychotherapeutic interventions for bereaved persons: a comprehensive quantitative review. Psychological bulletin, 134, 648–661. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.134.5.648

Deater-Deckard, K. (1998). Parenting stress and child adjustment: Some old hypotheses and new questions. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 5(3), 314.

Diedrich, A., Hofmann, S. G., Cuijpers, P., & Berking, M. (2016). Self-compassion enhances the efficacy of explicit cognitive reappraisal as an emotion regulation strategy in individuals with major depressive disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 82, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2016.04.003CrossRefPubMed

Dowdney, L. (2000). Annotation: Childhood bereavement following parental death. The Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 41, 819–830. https://doi.org/10.1111/1469-7610.00670CrossRefPubMed

Duncan, L. G., Coatsworth, J. D., & Greenberg, M. T. (2009). A model of mindful parenting: Implications for parent–child relationships and prevention research. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 12, 255–270. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10567-009-0046-3CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Eisma, M. C., & Stroebe, M. S. (2021). Emotion regulatory strategies in complicated grief: A systematic review. Behavior Therapy, 52, 234–249. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2020.04.004CrossRefPubMed

Eisenberg, N., Cumberland, A., & Spinrad, T. L. (1998). Parental socialization of emotion. Psychological Inquiry, 9, 241–273. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327965pli0904_1CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Endo, K., Yonemoto, N., & Yamada, M. (2015). Interventions for bereaved parents following a child’s death: A systematic review. Palliative Medicine, 29, 590–604. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269216315576674

Ewert, C., Vater, A., & Schröder-Abé, M. (2021). Self-compassion and coping: A meta-analysis. Mindfulness, 12, 1063–1077. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-020-01563-8CrossRef

Ferrari, M., Hunt, C., Harrysunker, A., Abbott, M. J., Beath, A. P., & Einstein, D. A. (2019). Self-compassion interventions and psychosocial outcomes: A meta-analysis of RCTs. Mindfulness, 10, 1455–1473. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-019-01134-6CrossRef

Fried, E. I., Bockting, C., Arjadi, R., Borsboom, D., Amshoff, M., Cramer, A. O. J., Epskamp, S., Tuerlinckx, F., Carr, D., & Stroebe, M. (2015). From loss to loneliness: The relationship between bereavement and depressive symptoms. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 124, 256–265. https://doi.org/10.1037/abn0000028CrossRefPubMed

Germer, C. K., & Neff, K. D. (2013). Self-compassion in clinical practice. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 69, 856–867. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.22021CrossRefPubMed

Gilbert, P. (2010). An introduction to compassion focused therapy in cognitive behavior therapy. International Journal of Cognitive Therapy, 3, 97–112. https://doi.org/10.1521/ijct.2010.3.2.97CrossRef

Gillies, J., & Neimeyer, R. A. (2006). Loss, grief, and the search for significance: Toward a model of meaning reconstruction in bereavement. Journal of Constructivist Psychology, 19, 31–65.CrossRef

Gouveia, M. J., Carona, C., Canavarro, M. C., & Moreira, H. (2016). Self-compassion and dispositional mindfulness are associated with parenting styles and parenting stress: The mediating role of mindful parenting. Mindfulness, 7, 700–712. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-016-0507-yCrossRef

Gross, J. J. (1998). The emerging field of emotion regulation: An integrative review. Review of General Psychology, 2, 271–299. https://doi.org/10.1037/1089-2680.2.3.271CrossRef

Hayes, S. C., & Hofmann, S. G. (2017). The third wave of cognitive behavioral therapy and the rise of process based care. World Psychiatry, 16, 245. https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.20442CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Inwood, E., & Ferrari, M. (2018). Mechanisms of change in the relationship between self compassion, emotion regulation, and mental health: A systematic review. Applied Psychology: Health and Well Being, 10, 215–235.PubMed

Jefferson, F. A., Shires, A., & McAloon, J. (2020). Parenting self-compassion: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Mindfulness, 11, 2067–2088. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-020-01401-xCrossRef

Jiao, K., Chow, A. Y., & Chen, C. (2020). Dyadic relationships between a surviving parent and children in widowed families: A systematic scoping review. Family Process, 60, 888–903. https://doi.org/10.1111/famp.12610CrossRefPubMed

Johannsen, M., Damholdt, M. F., Zachariae, R., Lundorff, M., Farver-Vestergaard, I., & O’Connor, M. (2019). Psychological interventions for grief in adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Journal of Affective Disorders, 253, 69–86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2019.04.065CrossRefPubMed

Kabat-Zinn, J. (2015). Mindfulness. Mindfulness, 6, 1481–1483. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-015-0456-xCrossRef

Komischke-Konnerup, K. B., Zachariae, R., Johannsen, M., Nielsen, L. D., & O’Connor, M. (2021). Co-occurrence of prolonged grief symptoms and symptoms of depression, anxiety, and posttraumatic stress in bereaved adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Affective Disorders Reports, 4, 100140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadr.2021.100140CrossRef

Kristensen, P., Weisæth, L., & Heir, T. (2012). Bereavement and mental health after sudden and violent losses: A review. Psychiatry, 75(1), 76–97.CrossRefPubMed

Kwok, O., Haine, R. A., Sandler, I. N., Ayers, T. S., Wolchik, S. A., & Tein, J. (2005). Positive parenting as a mediator of the relations between parental psychological distress and mental health problems of parentally bereaved children. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 34, 260–271. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15374424jccp3402_5CrossRefPubMed

Lathren, C., Bluth, K., & Zvara, B. (2020). Parent self compassion and supportive responses to child difficult emotion: An intergenerational theoretical model rooted in attachment. Journal of Family Theory & Review, 12, 368–381. https://doi.org/10.1111/jftr.12388CrossRef

Lathren, C. R., Rao, S. S., Park, J., & Bluth, K. (2021). Self-compassion and current close interpersonal relationships: A scoping literature review. Mindfulness, 12, 1078–1093. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-020-01566-5CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Lenferink, L. I., Eisma, M. C., de Keijser, J., & Boelen, P. A. (2017). Grief rumination mediates the association between self-compassion and psychopathology in relatives of missing persons. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 8, 1378052. https://doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2017.1378052CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Li, J., Vestergaard, M., Cnattingius, S., Gissler, M., Bech, B. H., Obel, C., & Olsen, J. (2014). Mortality after parental death in childhood: A nationwide cohort study from three Nordic countries. PLoS Medicine, 11, e1001679. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001679CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Ling, D., Olver, J., & Petrakis, M. (2020). Investigating how viewing common humanity scenarios impacts compassion: A novel approach. The British Journal of Social Work, 50, 1724–1742. https://doi.org/10.1093/bjsw/bcz124CrossRef

Lundorff, M., Holmgren, H., Zachariae, R., Farver-Vestergaard, I., & O’Connor, M. (2017). Prevalence of prolonged grief disorder in adult bereavement: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Affective Disorders, 212, 138–149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2017.01.030CrossRefPubMed

Lutz, A., Slagter, H. A., Dunne, J. D., & Davidson, R. J. (2008). Attention regulation and monitoring in meditation. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 12, 163–169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2008.01.005CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

MacBeth, A., & Gumley, A. (2012). Exploring compassion: A meta-analysis of the association between self-compassion and psychopathology. Clinical Psychology Review, 32, 545–552. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2012.06.003CrossRefPubMed

Maliken, A. C., & Katz, L. F. (2013). Exploring the impact of parental psychopathology and emotion regulation on evidence-based parenting interventions: A transdiagnostic approach to improving treatment effectiveness. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 16, 173–186. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10567-013-0132-4CrossRefPubMed

Mancini, V. O., De Palma, M., Barker, J. L., Kharrazi, S., Izett, E., Rooney, R., & Finlay-Jones, A. L. (2022). Paternal attachment in the first five years: The role of self-compassion, negative emotional symptoms, parenting stress, and parent self-efficacy. Mindfulness. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-022-02028-wCrossRef

Masarik, A. S., & Conger, R. D. (2017). Stress and child development: A review of the Family Stress Model. Current Opinion in Psychology, 13, 85–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2016.05.008CrossRefPubMed

Melhem, N. M. (2011). Grief in children and adolescents bereaved by sudden parental death. Archives of General Psychiatry, 68, 911. https://doi.org/10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2011.101CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Morris, A. S., Silk, J. S., Steinberg, L., Myers, S. S., & Robinson, L. R. (2007). The role of the family context in the development of emotion regulation. Social Development, 16, 361–388. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9507.2007.00389.xCrossRefPubMed

Moreira, H., Gouveia, M. J., Carona, C., Silva, N., & Canavarro, M. C. (2015). Maternal attachment and children’s quality of life: The mediating role of self-compassion and parenting stress. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 24, 2332–2344. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-014-0036-zCrossRef

Nguyen, T. M., Nguyen, A. H., Tran, P. T. T., & Vo, H. T. P. (2022). Self‐compassion reduces parental burnout: Mediation roles of parental psychological control and support. Personal Relationships. https://doi.org/10.1111/pere.12464

Neely, M. E., Schallert, D. L., Mohammed, S. S., Roberts, R. M., & Chen, Y. J. (2009). Self-kindness when facing stress: The role of self-compassion, goal regulation, and support in college students’ well-being. Motivation and Emotion, 33, 88–97. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11031-008-9119-8CrossRef

Neff, K. (2003a). Self-Compassion: An alternative conceptualization of a healthy attitude toward oneself. Self and Identity, 2, 85–101. https://doi.org/10.1080/15298860309032CrossRef

Neff, K. D. (2003b). The development and validation of a scale to measure self-compassion. Self and Identity, 2, 223–250. https://doi.org/10.1080/15298860309027CrossRef

Neff, K. D. (2022). Self-compassion: Theory, method, research, and intervention. Annual Review of Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-032420-031047CrossRefPubMed

Neff, K. D., Tóth-Király, I., Yarnell, L. M., Arimitsu, K., Castilho, P., Ghorbani, N., Guo, H. X., Hirsch, J. K., Hupfeld, J., Hutz, C. S., Kotsou, I., & Mantzios, M. (2019). Examining the factor structure of the self-compassion scale in 20 diverse samples: Support for use of a total score and six subscale scores. Psychological assessment, 31, 27–45. https://doi.org/10.1037/pas0000629CrossRefPubMed

Psychogiou, L., Legge, K., Parry, E., Mann, J., Nath, S., Ford, T., & Kuyken, W. (2016). Self-compassion and parenting in mothers and fathers with depression. Mindfulness, 7, 896–908. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-016-0528-6CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Rutherford, H. J., Wallace, N. S., Laurent, H. K., & Mayes, L. C. (2015). Emotion regulation in parenthood. Developmental Review, 36, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dr.2014.12.008CrossRefPubMed

Saldinger, A., Porterfield, K., & Cain, A. C. (2004). Meeting the needs of parentally bereaved children: A framework for child–centered parenting. Psychiatry: Interpersonal and Biological Processes, 67(4), 331–352. https://doi.org/10.1521/psyc.67.4.331.56562CrossRef

Sandler, I., Tein, J., Zhang, N., & Wolchik, S. (2023). Developmental pathways of the family bereavement program to prevent major depression 15 years later. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2023.02.012

Sandler, I., Gunn, H., Mazza, G., Tein, J.-Y., Wolchik, S., Kim, H., Ayers, T., & Porter, M. (2018). Three perspectives on mental health problems of young adults and their parents at a 15-year follow-up of the family bereavement program. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 86, 845–855. https://doi.org/10.1037/ccp0000327CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Sandler, I., Ingram, A., Wolchik, S., Tein, J.-Y., & Winslow, E. (2015). Long-term effects of parenting-focused preventive interventions to promote resilience of children and adolescents. Child Development Perspectives. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdep.12126CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Sandler, I. N., Schoenfelder, E. N., Wolchik, S. A., & MacKinnon, D. P. (2011). Long-term impact of prevention programs to promote effective parenting: Lasting effects but uncertain processes. Annual Review of Psychology, 62, 299–329. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.121208.131619CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Sandler, I., Tein, J.-Y., Cham, H., Wolchik, S., & Ayers, T. (2016). Long-term effects of the family bereavement program on spousally bereaved parents: Grief, mental health problems, alcohol problems, and coping efficacy. Development and Psychopathology, 28, 801–818. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0954579416000328CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Sandler, I. N., Wolchik, S. A., Ayers, T. S., Tein, J.-Y., & Luecken, L. (2013). Family bereavement program (FBP) approach to promoting resilience following the death of a parent. Family Science, 4, 87–94. https://doi.org/10.1080/19424620.2013.821763CrossRef

Sandler, I., Wolchik, S., Sandler, J., Tein, J. Y., Gaffney, D., Zhang, N., & Porter, M. (2022). Feasibility, acceptability, and effectiveness of adding an evidence-based parent/caregiver program for bereaved families to usual community-based services. OMEGA-Journal of Death and Dying. https://doi.org/10.1177/00302228221132910CrossRef

Shaffer, A., Lindhiem, O., Kolko, D. J., & Trentacosta, C. J. (2013). Bidirectional relations between parenting practices and child externalizing behavior: A cross-lagged panel analysis in the context of a psychosocial treatment and 3-year follow-up. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 41, 199–210. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-012-9670-3CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Shapiro, E. R. (1996). Family bereavement and cultural diversity: A social developmental perspective. Family Process, 35, 313–332. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1545-5300.1996.00313.xCrossRefPubMed

Shear, M. K., & Skritskaya, N. A. (2012). Bereavement and anxiety. Current Psychiatry Reports, 14, 169–175. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-012-0270-2CrossRefPubMed

Smith, B. W., Guzman, A., & Erickson, K. (2018). The unconditional self-kindness scale: Assessing the ability to respond with kindness to threats to the self. Mindfulness, 9, 1713–1722. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-018-0912-5CrossRef

Sperandio, K. R., Gutierrez, D., Kirk, M., Lopez, J., & Nathaniel Mason, W. (2022). Post-traumatic growth after the drug-related death of a loved one: Understanding the influence of self-compassion and hope. The Family Journal, 30, 390–400. https://doi.org/10.1177/10664807211052479CrossRef

Stroebe, M., & Schut, H. (2010). The dual process model of coping with bereavement: A decade on. OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying, 61, 273–289. https://doi.org/10.2190/om.61.4.bCrossRefPubMed

Stroebe, M., & Schut, H. (2015). Family matters in bereavement: Toward an integrative intra-interpersonal coping model. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 10, 873–879. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691615598517CrossRefPubMed

Stroebe, M., Stroebe, W., & Schut, H. (2001). Gender differences in adjustment to bereavement: An empirical and theoretical review. Review of General Psychology, 5, 62–83. https://doi.org/10.1037//1089-2680.5.1.62

Stroebe, M., Schut, H., & Stroebe, W. (2007). Health outcomes of bereavement. The Lancet, 370, 1960–1973. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61816-9CrossRef

Stroebe, W., Zech, E., Stroebe, M. S., & Abakoumkin, G. (2005). Does social support help in bereavement? Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 24, 1030–1050. https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.2005.24.7.1030CrossRef

Tein, J. Y., Sandler, I. N., Ayers, T. S., & Wolchik, S. A. (2006). Mediation of the effects of the Family Bereavement Program on mental health problems of bereaved children and adolescents. Prevention Science, 7, 179–197. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11121-006-0037-2CrossRefPubMed

Teper, R., Segal, Z. V., & Inzlicht, M. (2013). Inside the mindful mind: How mindfulness enhances emotion regulation through improvements in executive control. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 22, 449–454. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721413495869

Thieleman, K., & Cacciatore, J. (2020). Effectiveness of a mindfulness-based retreat on distress and well-being in bereaved parents. Research on Social Work Practice, 30, 770–782. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049731520921242CrossRef

UNICEF (2022, July). Orphanhood. https://data.unicef.org/topic/hivaids/orphanhood/

Vedder, A., Boerner, K., Stokes, J. E., Schut, H. A., Boelen, P. A., & Stroebe, M. S. (2022). A systematic review of loneliness in bereavement: Current research and future directions. Current Opinion in Psychology, 43, 48–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2021.06.003CrossRefPubMed

Yarnell, L. M., Neff, K. D., Davidson, O. A., & Mullarkey, M. (2019). Gender differences in self-compassion: Examining the role of gender role orientation. Mindfulness, 10, 1136–1152. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-018-1066-1CrossRef

Zessin, U., Dickhäuser, O., & Garbade, S. (2015). The relationship between self-compassion and well-Being: A meta-analysis. Applied Psychology: Health and Well-Being, 7, 340–364. https://doi.org/10.1111/aphw.12051CrossRefPubMed

Zhang, J. W., Chen, S., & Tomova Shakur, T. K. (2020). From me to you: Self-compassion predicts acceptance of own and others’ imperfections. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 46, 228–242. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167219853846CrossRefPubMed

Zhang, N., Sandler, I., Tein, J., & Wolchik, S. (2021). Reducing suicide risk in parentally bereaved youth through promoting effective parenting: Testing a developmental cascade model. Development and Psychopathology. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579421001474CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Zhang, N., Sandler, I., Tein, J. Y., Wolchik, S., & Donohue, E. (2022). Caregivers’ self-compassion and bereaved children’s adjustment: Testing caregivers’ mental health and parenting as mediators. Mindfulness, 13, 462–473. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-021-01807-1CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Zimmer-Gembeck, M. J., Rudolph, J., Kerin, J., & Bohadana-Brown, G. (2022). Parent emotional regulation: A meta-analytic review of its association with parenting and child adjustment. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 46, 63–82. https://doi.org/10.1177/01650254211051086CrossRef

Titel: Self-Compassion for Caregivers of Children in Parentally Bereaved Families: A Theoretical Model and Intervention Example
Auteurs: Na Zhang
Irwin Sandler
Kara Thieleman
Sharlene Wolchik
Karey O’Hara
Publicatiedatum: 15-03-2023
Uitgeverij: Springer US
Gepubliceerd in: Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review / Uitgave 2/2023
Print ISSN: 1096-4037
Elektronisch ISSN: 1573-2827
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10567-023-00431-w

Bohn Stafleu van Loghum

Deel dit onderdeel of sectie (kopieer de link)

Abstract

Log in om toegang te krijgen

Andere artikelen Uitgave 2/2023

Contemporary Hermits: A Developmental Psychopathology Account of Extreme Social Withdrawal (Hikikomori) in Young People

Moral Thinking and Empathy in Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Children and Adolescents with Conduct Problems: A Narrative Review

A Multilevel Meta-analysis of Single-Case Research on Interventions for Internalizing Disorders in Children and Adolescents

Positive Parenting and Early Childhood Cognition: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

Parenting and Serious Mental Illness (SMI): A Systematic Review and Metasynthesis

Intervention and Implementation Characteristics to Enhance Father Engagement: A Systematic Review of Parenting Interventions