Plain English summary
Background
Methods
Study design
Participants
Procedure
Interventions
MY-ENDO
Session | Shared content | MY-ENDO (Mind Your ENDOmetriosis) | Non-specific | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Patient education | Group therapy | Mindfulness- and acceptance exercisesa | Yoga practices | Mindfulness control | Yoga control | |
1 | Endometriosis | My history and experiences with endometriosis | Long body scan | – | Relaxation while listening to music | – |
2 | Chronic pelvic pain and pain mechanisms | My experiences with chronic pelvic pain and pain management | Long body scan, breathing meditation | Savasana, Chakravakasana, Pada Hastasana, Balasana, Jathara Parivartanasana | Relaxation while listening to music | Training exercises |
3 | Psychological and social impact of endometriosis | How does endometriosis affect my life today? | Short body scan, breathing meditation | Savasana, Chakravakasana, Adho mukha svanasana, Pada Hastasana, Ashwa-sanchalanasana, Balasana, Jathara Parivartanasana | Relaxation while listening to music | Training exercises |
4 | Stress and anxiety | My experiences with stress and anxiety | Defusion meditation, schemas about stress and anxiety, short body scan | Savasana, Supta Baddha Konasana, Pavanamuktasana, Janushirshasana, Upavishta Konasana, Ardha Matsyendrasana, Jathara Parivartanasana | Relaxation while listening to music | Training exercises |
5 | Depression and grief | My experiences with depression and grief | Defusion meditation, schemas on depressive feelings and grief, short body scan | Pranamasana, Hasta Uttanasana, Pada Hastasana, Ashwa-sanchalanasana, Adho mukha svanasana, Asthanga Namaskar, Bhujangasana | Relaxation while listening to music | Training exercises |
6 | Health, diet, and exercise | My experiences with diet and exercise. What is good health? | Mindful walking, mindfulness in everyday life (eating, bathing, etc.), and guided meditation “from thinking to sensing” | Hasta Uttanasana, Pada Hastasana, Uttanasana 2, Neck rolling, Virabhadrasana 2, Utthita trikonasana, Parivrtta trikonasana, Vrksasana | Relaxation while listening to music | Training exercises |
7 | Relations, sexuality, and fertility | How does endometriosis affect social relations, partnership, sexuality, family, and children? | Loving-kindness meditation, heart meditation | Supta Baddha Konasana, Setu Bandhasana, Chakravakasana, Pada Hastasana, Balasana | Relaxation while listening to music | Training exercises |
8 | Identity and meaning | How does endometriosis affect my identity and what is the meaning of my life? | Identifying values, “the values compass”, heart meditation | Supta Baddha Konasana, Setu Bandhasana, Jathara Parivartanasana, Neck rolling | Relaxation while listening to music | Training exercises |
9 | A good life with endometriosis | What is a good life with endometriosis to me? | Planning and accomplishing committed action, mountain meditation | Pranamasana, Hasta Uttanasana, Pada Hastasana, Ashwa-sanchalanasana, Adho mukha svanasana, Asthanga Namaskar, Bhujangasana | Relaxation while listening to music | Training exercises |
10 | Completion and looking forward: Repetition and how to move on from now | Participants choose meditation | Participants choose yoga | Relaxation while listening to music | Training exercises | |
Handouts | Endometriosis booklet | Mindfulness treatment booklet, USB with guided meditations, and 20 yoga cards with pictures and instructions | Non-specific treatment booklet, CD with relaxing music, and 20 training cards with pictures and instructions |
Non-specific
Waitlist
Therapists
Study outcome measures
Primary outcome measure
-
Pelvic pain intensity and pelvic pain unpleasantness were measured on NRS in a daily pain diary [39].
Secondary outcome measures
-
Vaginal pressure pain detection threshold (PPDT) was examined with a modified pressure algometer (palpometer) applicable for intravaginal pelvic floor muscle examination (FSR151, Interlink Electronics, Inc.). Due to large variability when measuring at other vaginal sites, the tissue around the sciatic spine was chosen for examination [30]. Participants were instructed to activate the pushbutton when pressure was perceived as pain. The average of six measurements (three on each side) was used to define PPDT.
-
Other measures: At home, patients in the intervention groups filled out a daily home-work diary during the entire course of treatment.
Sample size
Statistical analysis
Results
Patients
MY-ENDOa N = 19 | Non-specificb N = 19 | WLc N = 16 | |
---|---|---|---|
Mean (SD)/% | Mean (SD)/% | Mean (SD)/% | |
Age | 28.95 (7.84) | 33.84 (7.69) | 32.81 (9.01) |
Marital status | |||
Married/living together Single Other | 57.9% 36.8% 5.3% | 52.6% 26.3% 21.1% | 75.0% 18.8% 6.3% |
Biological children | |||
0 1 2 3 | 78.9% 5.3% 15.8% 0.0% | 57.9% 26.3% 5.3% 10.5% | 56.3% 18.8% 18.8% 6.3% |
Occupation | |||
Full time or more Part time Flexi job/rehabilitation Off work sick Unemployed Enrolled in education Other | 31.6% 10.5% 10.5% 10.5% 5.3% 31.6% 0.0% | 47.4% 15.8% 5.3% 10.5% 5.3% 10.5% 5.3% | 25.0% 25.0% 6.3% 12.5% 0.0% 12.5% 18.8% |
Weekly working hours | 29.15 (15.90) | 29.21 (14.62) | 25.69 (14.87) |
Level of vocational education | |||
No education Skilled Higher education < 3 years Higher education 3–4 years Higher education > 4 years Other | 31.6% 0.0% 21.1% 26.3% 15.8% 5.3% | 21.1% 0.0% 15.8% 52.6% 10.5% 0.0% | 12.5% 6.3% 18.8% 25.0% 12.5% 18.8% |
Years since diagnosis | 5.42 (5.80) | 7.21 (6.05) | 7.06 (5.93) |
Years since onset of pelvic pain | 14.00 (8.28) | 18.16 (6.01) | 12.93 (7.51) |
Year from symptom onset till diagnosis | 7.47 (5.91) | 9.61 (6.89) | 5.07 (5.74) |
Natural menopause | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Number of endometriosis operations till today | 1.68 (1.16) | 2.84 (2.54) | 3.13 (2.97) |
Previous endometriosis treatment | |||
Removal of endometriosis lesions Hormonal treatment Pain medication Physical treatment Psychological treatment Alternative treatment | 89.5% 100% 89.5% 57.9% 5.3% 26.3% | 94.7% 100% 100% 31.6% 10.5% 36.8% | 81.3% 87.5% 100% 50.0% 6.3% 12.5% |
Current endometriosis treatment | |||
No treatment Hormonal treatment Pain medication | 5.3% 84.2% 63.2% | 0.0% 89.5% 94.7% | 12.5% 75.0% 81.3% |
Symptoms in the last week (NRS)d | |||
Pelvic pain | 6.11 (2.05) | 5.53 (1.90) | 6.00 (1.51) |
Dysuria Dyschezia Dysmenorrheae Dyspareuniae Fatigue Constipation Diarrhea Nausea Vomiting | 1.11 (1.97) 3.79 (2.68) 7.50 (1.60) 5.89 (2.15) 7.53 (1.71) 4.26 (2.86) 1.58 (2.91) 3.95 (2.46) 0.68 (1.77) | 1.89 (2.51) 3.63 (2.06) 8.50 (0.71) 3.43 (2.23) 6.58 (2.43) 3.37 (2.73) 0.95 (1.61) 2.67 (2.14) 0.21 (0.63) | 2.44 (2.50) 4.06 (2.84) 6.25 (4.19) 3.29 (3.15) 7.00 (1.90) 3.38 (3.44) 1.56 (2.56) 3.13 (3.12) 0.13 (0.50) |
Psychological intervention vs. waitlist
Time × group Interaction | ||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Outcomes | Psychological intervention (PI) | Waitlist (WL) | PI vs. WL | MY–ENDOd | Non–specifice | MY–ENDO vs. non–specific | ||||||||
Mean (SD)a T1b | Mean (SD)a T2c | Mean (SD)a T1b | Mean (SD)a T2c | Cohen´s d | F | P | Mean (SD)a T1b | Mean (SD)a T2c | Mean (SD)a T1b | Mean (SD)a T2c | Cohen´s d | F | P | |
Primary outcomes | ||||||||||||||
Chronic pelvic pain | ||||||||||||||
Pain intensity (NRS) | – | – | – | – | 0.23 | 6.96 | 0.009 | – | – | – | – | 0.22 | 4.38 | 0.037 |
Pain intensity (NRS)f | – | – | – | – | 0.66 | 4.22 | 0.047 | – | – | – | – | 0.59 | 2.27 | 0.144 |
Pain unpleasantness (NRS) | – | – | – | – | 0.22 | 6.85 | 0.009 | – | – | – | – | 0.20 | 3.91 | 0.049 |
Pain unpleasantness (NRS)f | – | – | – | – | 0.59 | 3.44 | 0.071 | – | – | – | – | 0.43 | 1.17 | 0.289 |
Secondary outcomes | ||||||||||||||
EHP-30/Quality of Life | ||||||||||||||
Pain | 49.60 (17.51) | 42.61 (19.77) | 47.20 (19.99) | 48.78 (12.61) | 0.44 | 1.87 | 0.180 | 51.95 (20.60) | 42.31 (21.87) | 47.42 (14.45) | 42.88 (18.54) | 0.22 | 0.30 | 0.586 |
Control and powerlessness | 65.37 (16.14) | 48.21 (18.30) | 60.26 (25.15) | 60.26 (20.53) | 0.78 | 6.03 | 0.019 | 68.15 (17.27) | 50.00 (19.17) | 62.78 (15.14) | 46.67 (18.04) | 0.11 | 0.07 | 0.801 |
Emotional wellbeing | 44.97 (13.38) | 33.62 (11.51) | 47.44 (22.79) | 48.71 (22.66) | 1.01 | 10.17 | 0.003 | 47.32 (10.92) | 39.29 (11.52) | 42.78 (15.39) | 28.33 (8.94) | 0.55 | 2.04 | 0.165 |
Social support | 50.00 (26.52) | 37.07 (21.52) | 53.85 (24.94) | 53.37 (27.79) | 0.66 | 4.41 | 0.042 | 51.34 (26.08) | 43.75 (21.09) | 48.75 (27.77) | 30.83 (20.66) | 0.59 | 2.36 | 0.136 |
Self-image | 53.73 (26.41) | 44.54 (24.43) | 49.36 (23.93) | 48.07 (30.08) | 0.32 | 1.05 | 0.312 | 51.79 (29.63) | 40.48 (28.09) | 55.56 (23.92) | 48.33 (20.70) | 0.19 | 0.24 | 0.631 |
Work Ability Index | 34.10 (8.49) | 36.40 (7.84) | 33.09 (7.94) | 35.75 (5.29) | 0.37 | 0.83 | 0.371 | 32.70 (9.95) | 36.94 (8.80) | 35.36 (7.16) | 35.95 (7.37) | 0.68 | 1.72 | 0.210 |
Endometriosis-related symptoms (NRS) | ||||||||||||||
Pelvic pain (total) | – | – | – | – | 0.24 | 1.81 | 0.182 | – | – | – | – | 0.24 | 1.24 | 0.269 |
Dysuria | – | – | – | – | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.837 | – | – | – | – | 0.18 | 0.54 | 0.464 |
Dyschezia | – | – | – | – | 0.43 | 4.05 | 0.047 | – | – | – | – | 0.20 | 0.79 | 0.378 |
Dysmenorrhea | – | – | – | – | 0.05 | 0.07 | 0.786 | – | – | – | – | 0.11 | 0.77 | 0.381 |
Dyspareunia | – | – | – | – | 0.06 | 0.09 | 0.760 | – | – | – | – | 0.05 | 0.03 | 0.868 |
Fatigue | – | – | – | – | 0.13 | 0.46 | 0.501 | – | – | – | – | 0.11 | 0.29 | 0.593 |
Constipation | – | – | – | – | 0.47 | 4.16 | 0.045 | – | – | – | – | 0.16 | 0.40 | 0.528 |
Diarrhea | – | – | – | – | 0.18 | 0.90 | 0.344 | – | – | – | – | 0.25 | 0.03 | 0.035 |
Nausea | – | – | – | – | 0.47 | 6.02 | 0.016 | – | – | – | – | 0.16 | 0.59 | 0.444 |
Vomiting | – | – | – | – | 0.04 | 0.18 | 0.673 | – | – | – | – | 0.15 | 1.75 | 0.187 |
Pressure pain detection threshold (PPT)g | 34.62 (12.12) | 34.04 (15.81) | 57.73 (41.31) | 53.79 (25.77) | 0.25 | 0.35 | 0.562 | 38.64 (16.75) | 36.61 (21.60) | 31.05 (4.20) | 31.48 (7.36) | 0.28 | 0.27 | 0.615 |
Pain acceptance (total score) | 52.79 (15.92) | 65.26 (17.26) | 57.42 (21.90) | 62.54 (22.71) | 0.41 | 1.63 | 0.210 | 52.15 (19.35) | 65.86 (20.66) | 53.33 (12.92) | 64.62 (13.50) | 0.21 | 0.27 | 0.606 |
Activity engagement | 34.31 (11.55) | 40.62 (11.94) | 35.17 (12.83) | 37.62 (12.53) | 0.44 | 1.85 | 0.182 | 35.36 (13.62) | 42.07 (13.54) | 33.33 (9.62) | 39.08 (10.27) | 0.02 | < 0.01 | 0.966 |
Pain willingness | 18.11 (8.47) | 24.63 (7.86) | 22.25 (9.91) | 24.92 (11.47) | 0.36 | 1.22 | 0.276 | 15.92 (9.23) | 23.79 (10.01) | 20.00 (7.56) | 25.54 (4.86) | 0.38 | 0.89 | 0.355 |
MY-ENDO vs. non-specific
Pre-post changes
Outcomes | Measurements (N) | MY-ENDOa N = 14 | Non-specificb N = 15 | WLc N = 13 | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Timee | Cohen´s d | P | Estimatef (SE)g | Timee | Cohen´s d | P | Estimatef (SE)g | Timee | Cohen´s d | P | Estimatef (SE)g | ||
Primary outcome | |||||||||||||
Pelvic pain | |||||||||||||
Pain intensity (NRS)d | 84 | Linear | 0.17 | 0.210 | 0.004 (0.003) | Quadratic | 0.26 | 0.097 | − 0.005 (0.003) | Linear | 0.52 | 0.001 | − 0.011 (0.003) |
Pain unpleasantness (NRS)d | 84 | Linear | 0.05 | 0.713 | 0.001 (0.003) | Quadratic | 0.37 | 0.016 | − 0.007 (0.003) | Log | 0.60 | < 0.001 | − 0.014 (0.004) |
Secondary outcomes | |||||||||||||
EHP-30/Quality of Lifeh | |||||||||||||
Pain | 2 | Linear | 0.80 | 0.188 | − 8.734 (6.254) | Linear | 0.55 | 0.322 | − 4.545 (4.425) | Linear | 0.30 | 0.618 | 1.573 (3.071) |
Control and powerlessness | 2 | Linear | 1.75 | 0.008 | − 18.09 (5.751) | Linear | 1.63 | 0.009 | − 16.11 (5.300) | Linear | 0.00 | 1.000 | < 0.001 (5.968) |
Emotional wellbeing | 2 | Linear | 1.61 | 0.013 | − 8.036 (2.778) | Linear | 2.23 | 0.001 | − 14.44 (3.471) | Linear | 0.25 | 0.677 | 1.282 (2.998) |
Social support | 2 | Linear | 1.05 | 0.080 | − 7.589 (3.995) | Linear | 1.80 | 0.005 | − 17.92 (5.313) | Linear | 0.06 | 0.915 | − 0.481 (4.389) |
Self-image | 2 | Linear | 1.02 | 0.089 | − 11.31 (6.153) | Linear | 0.67 | 0.229 | − 7.222 (5.742) | Linear | 0.11 | 0.856 | − 1.282 (6.924) |
Work Ability Index | 2 | Linear | 2.47 | 0.021 | 2.780 (0.905) | Linear | 0.00 | 0.986 | 0.039 (2.065) | Linear | 1.38 | 0.082 | 3.113 (1.573) |
Endometriosis-related symptoms (NRS) | |||||||||||||
Pelvic pain | 12 | Quadratic | 0.00 | 0.992 | < 0.001 (0.035) | Quadratic | 0.49 | 0.143 | − 0.061 (0.041) | Log | 0.75 | 0.037 | − 0.092 (0.042) |
Dysuria | 12 | Log | 0.15 | 0.704 | − 0.012 (0.031) | Linear | 0.38 | 0.241 | − 0.038 (0.032) | Quadratic | 0.39 | 0.372 | − 0.041 (0.046) |
Dyschezia | 12 | Linear | 0.62 | 0.068 | − 0.069 (0.036) | Exponential | 1.02 | 0.002 | − 0.107 (0.032) | Log | 0.21 | 0.675 | 0.027 (0.062) |
Dysmenorrhea | 12 | Linear | 0.01 | 0.970 | − 0.003 (0.080) | Linear | 0.27 | 0.121 | − 0.086 (0.055) | Linear | 0.23 | 0.242 | − 0.071 (0.060) |
Dyspareunia | 12 | Linear | 0.20 | 0.283 | − 0.074 (0.069) | Linear | 0.28 | 0.121 | − 0.059 (0.038) | Linear | 0.38 | 0.059 | − 0.086 (0.045) |
Fatigue | 12 | Log | 0.40 | 0.017 | − 0.075 (0.031) | Log | 0.25 | 0.125 | − 0.046 (0.030) | Log | 0.19 | 0.282 | − 0.033 (0.031) |
Constipation | 12 | Linear | 0.26 | 0.434 | − 0.04 (0.048) | Cubic | 0.67 | 0.080 | − 0.076 (0.042) | Log | 0.77 | 0.277 | 0.090 (0.078) |
Diarrhea | 12 | Log | 0.12 | 0.479 | 0.023 (0.032) | Linear | 0.37 | 0.026 | − 0.065 (0.029) | Linear | 0.44 | 0.014 | − 0.061 (0.024) |
Nausea | 12 | Linear | 0.09 | 0.573 | 0.019 (0.034) | Linear | 0.13 | 0.434 | − 0.025 (0.033) | Log | 0.62 | 0.001 | − 0.142 (0.040) |
Vomiting | 12 | Log | 0.24 | 0.148 | − 0.045 (0.031) | Log | 0.06 | 0.737 | 0.009 (0.027) | Log | 0.50 | 0.007 | − 0.030 (0.011) |
Pressure pain detection threshold (PPT)i | 2 | Linear | 0.39 | 0.621 | − 2.031 (3.927) | Linear | 0.11 | 0.888 | 0.280 (1.927) | Linear | 0.26 | 0.734 | − 5.902 (16.703) |
Pain acceptance (total score) | 2 | Linear | 2.28 | 0.002 | 13.82 (3.461) | Linear | 2.11 | 0.002 | 11.40 (2.989) | Linear | 0.51 | 0.401 | 5.558 (6.374) |
Activity engagement | 2 | Linear | 2.34 | 0.001 | 6.714 (1.595) | Linear | 1.78 | 0.009 | 6.475 (2.087) | Linear | 0.55 | 0.373 | 2.806 (3.030) |
Pain willingness | 2 | Linear | 2.06 | 0.003 | 7.748 (2.126) | Linear | 1.50 | 0.021 | 5.227 (1.975) | Linear | 0.45 | 0.454 | 2.776 (3.582) |
Post-hoc analyses
Therapist effects
Outcomes | Time × group interaction | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
MY-ENDOc vs. WLd | Non-specifice vs. WLd | |||||
Cohen´s d | F | P | Cohen´s d | F | P | |
Primary outcomes | ||||||
Chronic pelvic pain | ||||||
Pain intensity (NRS)ab | 0.42 | 1.08 | 0.310 | 0.71 | 3.16 | 0.087 |
Pain unpleasantness (NRS)ab | 0.42 | 1.04 | 0.318 | 0.88 | 4.90 | 0.036 |
Secondary outcomes | ||||||
EHP-30/Quality of Life | ||||||
Pain | 0.59 | 2.06 | 0.165 | 0.43 | 1.21 | 0.281 |
Control and powerlessness | 0.87 | 4.73 | 0.039 | 0.79 | 4.10 | 0.053 |
Emotional wellbeing | 0.91 | 5.21 | 0.031 | 1.32 | 11.39 | 0.002 |
Social support | 0.48 | 1.44 | 0.241 | 0.97 | 6.16 | 0.020 |
Self-image | 0.44 | 1.18 | 0.288 | 0.26 | 0.44 | 0.511 |
Work Ability Index | 0.07 | 0.02 | 0.894 | 0.60 | 1.43 | 0.249 |
Endometriosis-related symptoms (NRS) | ||||||
Pelvic pain (total) | 0.39 | 3.07 | 0.084 | 0.13 | 0.28 | 0.599 |
Dysuria | 0.13 | 0.21 | 0.652 | 0.03 | 0.01 | 0.917 |
Dyschezia | 0.37 | 1.72 | 0.196 | 0.56 | 4.09 | 0.048 |
Dysmenorrhea | 0.08 | 0.40 | 0.529 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.828 |
Dyspareunia | 0.04 | 0.02 | 0.884 | 0.06 | 0.20 | 0.656 |
Fatigue | 0.19 | 0.68 | 0.413 | 0.10 | 0.17 | 0.686 |
Constipation | 0.41 | 1.98 | 0.166 | 0.67 | 4.01 | 0.050 |
Diarrhea | 0.40 | 2.87 | 0.095 | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.858 |
Nausea | 0.56 | 4.64 | 0.035 | 0.44 | 3.10 | 0.656 |
Vomiting | 0.05 | 0.16 | 0.692 | 0.16 | 1.71 | 0.192 |
Pressure Pain detection Threshold (PPT) | 0.17 | 0.10 | 0.755 | 0.22 | 0.18 | 0.678 |
Pain acceptance (total score) | 0.47 | 1.30 | 0.265 | 0.34 | 0.72 | 0.405 |
Activity engagement | 0.47 | 1.34 | 0.258 | 0.41 | 0.99 | 0.329 |
Pain willingness | 0.49 | 1.46 | 0.239 | 0.25 | 0.39 | 0.539 |