Introduction
Methods
Materials
mHealth Ecological Momentary Intervention – Imager
Questionnaires
Procedure
Pandemic Context
Inclusion Criteria and Recruitment
Study Timeline
Analysis
Results
Sample
Prospective Mental Imagery Themes and Characteristics
Demographics | Values |
---|---|
Age - mean (SD) [yrs] | 21.00 (SD = 1.95) |
Age - range [yrs] | 18–26 |
% Female | 80% (40/50) |
% Students | 100% |
Psychology | 94% (47/50) |
Other departments | 6% (3/50) |
Beck Depression Inventory-II - Mean Baseline score (SD) | 9.72 (SD = 6.25) |
Beck Depression Inventory-II - Mean Follow-up score (SD) | 6.76 (SD = 5.58) |
Number of participants with minimal depression in baseline (0–13 points in BDI-II) | 39a |
Number of participants with mild depression in baseline (14–18 points in BDI-II) | 7 |
Number of participants with moderate depression in baseline (19–29 points in BDI-II) | 4 |
Number of participants with severe depression in baseline (30–63 points in BDI-II) | 0 |
Number of participants with minimal depression in follow-up (0–13 points in BDI-II) | 44b |
Number of participants with mild depression in follow-up (14–18 points in BDI-II) | 4 |
Number of participants with moderate depression in follow-up (19–29 points in BDI-II) | 2 |
Number of participants with severe depression in follow-up (30–63 points in BDI-II) | 0 |
Theme | Example item | Counts | Proportion |
---|---|---|---|
Consuming food/drink | “I will eat my favorite pizza.” “I will drink warm tea.” | 326 | 23% |
Watching TV/streaming platforms | “I will watch an Arsenal match.” “I will watch my favorite series, ‘Modern Family’.” | 150 | 11% |
Doing Sports | “I will go jogging.” | 105 | 7% |
Meeting others | “I will meet my father.” | 88 | 6% |
Walking | “I will go for a walk.” | 83 | 6% |
Cooking | “I will try a new recipe for Pad Thai.” “I will bake a delicious chocolate cake.” | 79 | 6% |
Sleeping/napping | “I will take a 20-minute power nap.” “I will go to sleep after this long day.” | 68 | 5% |
Personal hygiene | “I will take a bath.” “I will take a long, hot shower.” | 56 | 4% |
Listening to music or audiobooks | “I will listen to my favorite rock music.” | 53 | 4% |
Arts and cultural performances | “I’ll will go to choir classes today.” “During lunchtime, I will go to a museum.” | 52 | 4% |
Regular duties and chores | “I will listen to a lecture by my favorite professor.” | 51 | 4% |
Reading | “I will read ‘Little Women’ in a moment.” | 48 | 3% |
Other | “I will drive my car.” | 42 | 3% |
Self-care, personal comfort | “I will light candles to make myself feel cozy.” | 37 | 3% |
Shopping | “I’ll go buy new body balm in my favorite cosmetics shop.” | 31 | 2% |
Playing games | “I am going to play video games with my cousin.” | 29 | 2% |
Enjoying nature (not including walking) | “I will take a deep breath of fresh air.” “I will watch snow falling.” | 23 | 2% |
Playing with pets | “I will play with my dog.” “I will brush my cat.” | 21 | 1% |
Physical contact | “I will fall asleep cuddled by my partner.” “I will kiss my girlfriend.” | 19 | 1% |
Passive relaxing | “I will lie on a couch and do nothing.” | 18 | 1% |
Phone/video calls | “I will call my mom on Zoom.” “I am going to call my boyfriend and ask how his day was.” | 12 | 1% |
Finishing tasks | “I will cross things off my to-do list, because I did them great!” | 9 | 1% |
Volunteer work | “I will teach math to a refugee.” | 6 | 0% |
Planning/daydreaming | “I will come back home and plan a weekend with my little sister.” “I will dream that my partner is healthy again and I can see him.” | 4 | 0% |
Texting | “I will send a cute message to my boyfriend.” “I will write to my friend telling her that I miss her.” | 2 | 0% |
Total | 1412 | 100% |
Theme | Vividness | Pleasure | Anticipation | Ease | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean |
SD
| Mean |
SD
| Mean |
SD
| Mean |
SD
| |
Consuming food/drink | 5.27 | 1.10 | 5.94 | 0.89 | 5.47 | 1.20 | 5.38 | 1.23 |
Watching TV/streaming platforms | 5.22 | 1.27 | 5.65 | 1.14 | 5.16 | 1.45 | 5.23 | 1.35 |
Doing Sports | 5.31 | 1.08 | 5.32 | 1.10 | 4.84 | 1.30 | 5.38 | 1.23 |
Meeting others | 5.48 | 1.20 | 5.91 | 1.07 | 5.60 | 1.17 | 5.44 | 1.11 |
Walking | 5.54 | 1.10 | 5.73 | 0.96 | 4.91 | 1.29 | 5.63 | 0.97 |
Cooking | 5.42 | 0.98 | 5.57 | 0.84 | 5.10 | 1.18 | 5.41 | 1.06 |
Sleeping/napping | 5.18 | 1.26 | 6.12 | 1.10 | 5.90 | 1.27 | 5.38 | 1.40 |
Personal hygiene | 5.45 | 0.78 | 5.70 | 0.89 | 4.70 | 1.35 | 5.52 | 0.87 |
Listening to music or audiobooks | 5.19 | 1.13 | 5.68 | 0.80 | 5.06 | 1.10 | 5.21 | 1.32 |
Arts and cultural performances | 5.71 | 1.23 | 5.92 | 1.03 | 5.42 | 1.38 | 5.92 | 1.04 |
Regular duties and chores | 4.78 | 1.28 | 4.49 | 1.43 | 4.04 | 1.37 | 5.29 | 1.24 |
Reading | 5.09 | 1.08 | 5.66 | 0.76 | 4.91 | 1.06 | 5.51 | 1.04 |
Other | 5.31 | 1.00 | 5.38 | 1.10 | 5.07 | 1.42 | 5.21 | 1.14 |
Self-care, personal comfort | 5.57 | 1.40 | 5.46 | 1.16 | 4.95 | 1.58 | 5.16 | 1.37 |
Shopping | 4.68 | 1.51 | 5.26 | 1.18 | 4.42 | 1.57 | 5.16 | 1.55 |
Playing games | 5.21 | 1.15 | 5.79 | 1.11 | 5.41 | 1.32 | 5.00 | 1.63 |
Enjoying nature (not including walking) | 5.52 | 0.95 | 5.78 | 0.80 | 5.30 | 1.15 | 5.57 | 1.20 |
Playing with pets | 5.75 | 0.97 | 6.00 | 0.92 | 5.60 | 1.35 | 5.75 | 0.91 |
Physical contact | 5.58 | 1.74 | 6.32 | 0.95 | 6.05 | 1.13 | 5.37 | 1.38 |
Passive relaxing | 4.61 | 0.78 | 6.06 | 0.80 | 4.17 | 1.34 | 4.89 | 1.08 |
Phone/video calls | 5.45 | 1.29 | 6.09 | 0.70 | 5.36 | 1.12 | 5.09 | 1.45 |
Finishing tasks | 4.67 | 1.12 | 6.11 | 0.78 | 6.33 | 1.00 | 5.11 | 0.93 |
Volunteer work | 6.00 | 0.63 | 5.83 | 0.75 | 6.50 | 0.84 | 5.50 | 0.84 |
Planning/daydreaming | 5.25 | 1.71 | 5.75 | 0.96 | 5.25 | 1.50 | 5.25 | 1.71 |
Texting | 5.50 | 0.71 | 5.00 | 1.41 | 5.50 | 0.71 | 5.50 | 0.71 |
Vividness | Pleasure | Anticipation | |
---|---|---|---|
Pleasure | 0.46 *** | ||
Anticipation | 0.55 *** | 0.74 *** | |
Ease | 0.86 *** | 0.52 *** | 0.62 *** |
Associations Between PPMI Characteristics and Depressive Symptoms
Model type | Variable of interest | Value (β) |
SE
|
DF
|
t
value | p value | Cohen’s f [90% CI] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Moderation |
Vividness
| ||||||
Intercept | 2.21 | 0.08 | 49 | 26.91 | < 0.001 | ||
Time | 1.06 | 0.65 | 48 | 1.64 | 0.109 | 0.84 [0.56, 1.11] | |
Vividness | -0.28 | 0.12 | 48 | -2.33 | 0.024 | 0.34 [0.09, 0.58] | |
Moderation |
Ease
| ||||||
Intercept | 2.21 | 0.08 | 49 | 26.91 | < 0.001 | ||
Time | 1.28 | 0.59 | 48 | 2.17 | 0.035 | 0.86 [0.58, 1.13] | |
Ease | -0.32 | 0.11 | 48 | -2.95 | 0.005 | 0.43 [0.18, 0.67] | |
Moderation |
Anticipation
| ||||||
Intercept | 2.21 | 0.08 | 49 | 26.91 | < 0.001 | ||
Time | 0.37 | 0.58 | 48 | 0.63 | 0.533 | 0.82 [0.54, 1.09] | |
Anticipation | -0.16 | 0.11 | 48 | -1.40 | 0.167 | 0.20 [0.00, 0.44] | |
Moderation |
Pleasure
| ||||||
Intercept | 2.21 | 0.08 | 49 | 26.91 | < 0.001 | ||
Time | 0.01 | 0.96 | 48 | 0.01 | 1.000 | 0.80 [0.53, 1.07] | |
Pleasure | -0.08 | 0.17 | 48 | -0.46 | 0.645 | 0.07 [0.00, 0.30] | |
Moderation |
Engagement
| ||||||
Intercept | 2.21 | 0.08 | 49 | 26.91 | < 0.001 | ||
Time | 0.02 | 0.29 | 48 | 0.07 | 0.942 | 0.82 [0.54, 1.09] | |
Engagement | -0.02 | 0.01 | 48 | -1.65 | 0.106 | 0.24 [0.00, 0.48] |
Most reported theme | Beck Depression Inventory-II - Mean Baseline score (SD) | Beck Depression Inventory-II - Mean Follow-up score (SD) | Change in raw score within participants |
---|---|---|---|
Consuming food/drink | 9.64 (SD = 5.22) | 6.79 (SD = 4.80) | -2.85 |
Watching TV/streaming platforms | 11.38 (SD = 7.82) | 8.38 (SD = 6.78) | -3 |
Self-care | 11.33 (SD = 5.13) | 11.67 (SD = 10.69) | + 0.34 |
Arts and cultural performances | 23 (SD = 7.07) | 10.50 (SD = 7.78) | -12.50 |
Walking | 8 (SD = 4.24) | 1.5 (SD = 0.71) | -6.50 |
Volunteer work | 7 (1 participant) | 5 (1 participant) | -2 |
Phone/video calls | 2 (1 participant) | 0 (1 participant) | -2 |
Finishing duties | 5 (1 participant) | 2 (1 participant) | -3 |
Sleeping | 5 (1 participant) | 4 (1 participant) | -1 |
Cooking | 2 (1 participant) | 2 (1 participant) | 0 |
Passive relaxing | 6 (1 participant) | 6 (1 participant) | 0 |
Other | 3 (1 participant) | 3 (1 participant) | 0 |