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01-02-2007 | Original Article

Patterns of Coping, Flexibility in Coping and Psychological Distress in Women Diagnosed with Breast Cancer

Auteurs: Pagona Roussi, Vagia Krikeli, Christina Hatzidimitriou, Ifigeneia Koutri

Gepubliceerd in: Cognitive Therapy and Research | Uitgave 1/2007

Abstract

Greek women diagnosed with breast cancer reported on their coping efforts and levels of distress the day before surgery, 3 days after surgery, and 3 months later. Acceptance and humor were negatively related to distress at all three time points, whereas denial and emotional expression were positively related to distress post-surgery and 3 months later. The relationship between patterns of coping and distress was also examined. Specifically, participants who used emotion-focused engagement coping at pre-surgery, that is, acceptance or emotional expression combined with social support, experienced less distress 3 months later than participants who did not use any emotion-focused engagement coping. Finally, flexibility, defined as the use of multiple coping strategies, was found to negatively predict distress. The results indicate that pre-surgery use of emotion-focused engagement coping can be adaptive and that the adaptiveness of each strategy may vary as the stressor evolves.

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volgende artikel Do Religious and Control Cognitions Predict Risky Behavior? I. Development and Validation of the Alcohol-related God Locus of Control Scale for Adolescents (AGLOC-A)

The sample used for the analyses reported in this article is a subset of a larger sample. We included here only the subset that completed all three interviews, so that we will not analyze non-identical sets of data. The women that were interviewed twice did not differ significantly from the women that completed the three interviews on a number of demographic, medical and psychological variables. There was an indication, however, that the women who were interviewed only once were experiencing less distress than those who agreed to be interviewed three times (t (103) = −1.92, P = .06; M = 3.36 and M = 4.36, respectively).

In a repeated measures design, if the null hypothesis is true, then for F = MSA/MSRES to be distributed as F with ν1 = p − 1 and ν2 = (n − 1)(p − 1), a necessary and sufficient condition is the circularity assumption (Kirk, 1982, p. 257), that is: \( \mathop {C*^, }\limits_{(p\, - \,1)\, \times \,p} \;\mathop \Sigma \limits_{p\, \times \,p} {\hbox{ }}\mathop {C*}\limits_{p\, \times \,(p\, - \,1)} \, = \,\lambda \mathop I\limits_{(p\, - \,1){\hbox{ }} \times {\hbox{ }}(p\, - \,1)} {\hbox{ }}\) where C*′ = any orthogonal coefficient matrix that represents the overall null hypothesis, Σ = a population variance-covariance matrix, λ = a scalar number λ > 0, and Ι = an identity matrix

If this assumption does not hold, then the F value is positively biased and there is higher probability for Type I error. However, Box (as cited in Kirk, 1982, p. 259) showed that the true distribution of the F statistic with (p − 1) and (n − 1)(p − 1) degrees of freedom for any variance–covariance matrix can be approximated by an F statistic with reduced degrees of freedom. The modified degrees of freedom are (p − 1)θ and (n − 1)(p − 1)θ, where θ reflects the degree of departure of the population variance–covariance matrix from the required form. The value of θ in our sample varied between .86 and .93, with a lower bound value of .5.

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Titel: Patterns of Coping, Flexibility in Coping and Psychological Distress in Women Diagnosed with Breast Cancer
Auteurs: Pagona Roussi
Vagia Krikeli
Christina Hatzidimitriou
Ifigeneia Koutri
Publicatiedatum: 01-02-2007
Uitgeverij: Kluwer Academic Publishers-Plenum Publishers
Gepubliceerd in: Cognitive Therapy and Research / Uitgave 1/2007
Print ISSN: 0147-5916
Elektronisch ISSN: 1573-2819
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-006-9110-1

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