Top

Gepubliceerd in:

15-07-2023 | Original Paper

Parenting Through Re-Entry: Ecologically-Grounded Perspectives of Parents Returning to the Community after Incarceration

Auteurs: Miriam G. Clark, Robyn E. Metcalfe, Celia M. Caffery, Adriana D. Conn, Jean M. Kjellstrand

Gepubliceerd in: Journal of Child and Family Studies | Uitgave 8/2023

Abstract

This study uses in-depth, qualitative interviews to examine the facilitators/supports and barriers/challenges faced by parents reentering their communities after incarceration. Findings are framed within the context of Bronfenbrenner’s ecological framework. Parents reentering their communities after incarceration often face a host of challenges related to their reentry experience (e.g. finding housing/employment) and their parenting experience (e.g. navigating familial relationships). Parenting scholars have urged communities to adopt holistic intervention methods at each level of the ecological model—including an individual’s microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, and macrosystem to help families experiencing this trauma thrive. In order to examine which areas within the ecological system families are receiving support (and which areas are still lacking), this study uses qualitative data from 14 semi-structured interviews with parents who recently reentered their communities after incarceration and had a minor child at the time of reentry. Interviews were recorded, transcribed, and coded based on a priori themes. Participants listed both barriers/challenges and facilitators/strengths at reentry that fell into three main categories including 1. Access to children or resources, 2. Social connections, 3. Personal introspection related to parenting. Barriers and supports are described within each level of the ecological model. Findings suggest interventions are needed to buffer, support, and help reentering parents gain parenting skills/knowledge, spend quality time with their children, and access reentry programs to help parents/children develop healthy attachment and promote smoother reintegration into their community. These interventions should be implemented at various levels within the ecological model.

vorige artikel Parents’ Feelings, Distress, and Self-Efficacy in Response to Social Comparisons on Social Media

volgende artikel A Qualitative Study Exploring Parents’ Experiences of Caring for an Adolescent Child with Conduct Problems during the Covid-19 Lockdowns

Alleen toegankelijk voor geautoriseerde gebruikers

Alexander, M. (2010). The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness. New York: New York Press

Anderson, S. H., & Wildeman, C. (2014). The effect of paternal incarceration on children’s risk of foster care placement. Social Forces, 93(1), 269–298. https://doi.org/10.1093/sf/sou027CrossRef

Anfara, Jr., V. A., Brown, K. M., & Mangione, T. L. (2002). Qualitative analysis on stage: Making the research process more public. Educational Researcher, 31(7), 28–38. https://doi.org/10.3102/0013189×031007028CrossRef

Arditti, J. A. (2005). Families and incarceration: An ecological approach. Families in Society, 86(2), 251–260. https://doi.org/10.1606/1044-3894.2460CrossRef

Birt, L., Scott, S., Cavers, D., Campbell, C., & Walter, F. (2016). Member checking: A tool to enhance trustworthiness or merely a nod to validation? Qualitative Health Research, 26(13), 1802–1811CrossRefPubMed

Bozievich, J., Leiken, S., Sorenson, P., Farr, P., Steward, F., Mokrohisky, S., Rikhoff, G., & Dumire, D. (2015). County Administration Parole and Probation Division 2015 2017 Biennium Plan. https://www.lanecounty.org/UserFiles/Servers/Server_3585797/File/Government/County%20Departments/County%20Administration/Operations/Parole%20and%20Probation/About%20Parole%20&%20Probation/15-17%20CCA%20Plan%20(2).pdf

Bronfenbrenner, U. (1977). Toward an experimental ecology of human development. American Psychologist, 32(7), 513–531. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.32.7.513CrossRef

Buston, K., Parkes, A., Thompson, H., Wright, D., & Fenton, C. (2012). Parenting interventions for male young offenders: A review of the evidence on what works. Journal of Adolescence, 35(3), 731–742. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2011.10.007CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2021). Adverse childhood experiences (ACES). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/aces/index.html

Charles, P., Muentner, L., & Kjellstrand, J. M. (2019). Parenting and incarceration: Perspectives on father-child involvement during reentry from prison. Social Service Review, 93(2), 218–261. https://doi.org/10.1086/703446CrossRefPubMed

Collier, L. (2014). Incarceration nation. Monitor on Psychology, 45(9), 56. http://www.apa.org/monitor/2014/10/incarceration

Cooper-Sadlo, S., Mancini, M. A., Meyer, D. D., & Chou, J. L. (2019). Mothers talk back: Exploring the experiences of formerly incarcerated mothers. Contemporary Family Therapy, 41(1), 92–101CrossRef

Coupland, R., & Olver, M. E. (2020). Assessing protective factors in treated violent offenders: Associations with recidivism reduction and positive community outcomes. Psychological Assessment, 32(5), 493CrossRefPubMed

Dallaire, D. H., & Shlafer, R. J. (2018). Programs for currently and formerly incarcerated mothers. In C. J. Wildeman, A. R. Haskins, & J. Poehlmann-Tynan (Eds.), When parents are incarcerated: Interdisciplinary research and interventions to support children (pp. 83–108). American Psychological Association

Dawson, A., Jackson, D., & Nyamathi, A. (2012). Children of incarcerated parents: Insights to addressing a growing public health concern in Australia. Children and Youth Services Review, 34(12), 2433–2441CrossRef

Dedoose Version 8.0.35, cloud application for managing, analyzing, and presenting qualitative and mixed method research data (2021). Los Angeles, CA: SocioCultural Research Consultants, LLC. www.dedoose.com

DeFina, R., & Hannon, L. (2009). The impact of mass incarceration on poverty. Crime and Delinquency, 59(4), 562–586. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011128708328864CrossRef

Eddy, J. M., Martinez, C. R., Schiffmann, T., Newton, R., Olin, L., Leve, L., Foney, D. M., & Shortt, J. W. (2008). Development of a multisystemic parent management training intervention for incarcerated parents, their children, and families. Clinical Psychology, 12(3), 86–98. https://doi.org/10.1080/13284200802495461CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Eddy, J. M., & Burraston, B. O. (2018). Programs promoting the successful reentry of fathers from jail or prison to home in their communities. In C. J. Wildeman, A. R. Haskins, & J. Poehlmann-Tynan (Eds.), When parents are incarcerated: Interdisciplinary research and interventions to support children (pp. 83–108). American Psychological Association

Foster, H. (2012). The strains of maternal imprisonment: Importation and deprivation stressors for women and children. Journal of Criminal Justice, 40(3), 221–229CrossRef

Ghandnoosh, N., Stammen, E., & Muhitch, K. (2021). Parents in prison. The Sentencing Project. https://www.sentencingproject.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/Parents-in-Prison.pdf

Glaze, L. E., & Maruschak, L. M. (2010). Parents in prison and their minor children. Bureau of Justice Statistics

Hoffmann, H. C., Byrd, A. L., & Kightlinger, A. M. (2010). Prison programs and services for incarcerated parents and their underage children: Results from a national survey of correctional facilities. The Prison Journal, 90(4), 397–416. https://doi.org/10.1177/0032885510382087CrossRef

James, N. (2015). Offender reentry: Correctional statistics, reintegration into the community, and recidivism. Congressional Research Service. https://sgp.fas.org/crs/misc/RL34287.pdf

Kang-Brown, J., Montagnet, C., & Heiss, J. (2021). People in Jail and Prison in Spring 2021. Vera Institute of Justice. https://www.vera.org/downloads/publications/people-in-jail-and-prison-in-spring-2021.pdf

Kjellstrand, J., Clark, M., Caffery, C., Smith, J., & Eddy, J. M. (2021). Reentering the community after prison: Perspectives on the role and importance of social support. American Journal of Criminal Justice. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12103-020-09596-4CrossRef

Kjellstrand, J. M., Clark, M. G., Mannan, I. A., & Loan, C. M. (2022a). Social support during incarceration: Predictors of external social support for incarcerated individuals. American Journal of Criminal Justice, 1–21

Kjellstrand, J. M., Eddy, J. M., Gonzalez-Quiles, K., Damewood, G., & Schumer, J. (2022b). Gender differences and implications for programming during the reentry of incarcerated fathers and mothers back into their communities. In J. Krysik & N. Rodriguez (eds.) Children of incarcerated parents: Integrating research into best practices and policy (pp. 169–192). Springer International Publishing

Lang, S. S. (2005). Urie Bronfenbrenner, father of Head Start program and pre-eminent “human ecologist,” dies at age 88. Cornell Chronicle. https://news.cornell.edu/stories/2005/09/head-start-founder-urie-bronfenbrenner-dies-88

Maruschak, L. M., Bronson, J., & Alper, M. (2021). Parents in prison and their minor children: Survey of prison inmates, 2016. https://bjs.ojp.gov/library/publications/parents-prison-and-their-minor-children-survey-prison-inmates-2016

McDonald, A., Thompson, A. J., Perzow, S. E. D., Joos, C., & Wadsworth, M. E. (2020). The protective roles of ethnic identity, social support, and coping on depression in low-income parents: A test of the adaptation to poverty-related stress model. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 88(6), 504–515. https://doi.org/10.1037/ccp0000477CrossRefPubMed

McKay, T., Lindquist, C., Feinberg, R., Steffey, D., Landwehr, J., & Bir, A. (2018). Family life before and during incarceration. Journal of Offender Rehabilitation, 57(2), 96–114. https://doi.org/10.1080/10509674.2018.1441209CrossRef

Menting, A. T. A., Orobio de Castro, B., & Matthys, W. (2017). Arrested motherhood: Parenting, cognitive distortions, and depressive symptoms in mothers being released from incarceration. Parenting, 17(3), 177–186. https://doi.org/10.1080/15295192.2017.1333317CrossRef

Merriam, S. B. (2009). Qualitative research: A guide to design and implementation. Jossey-Bass

Metcalfe, R. E., Muentner, L. D., Reino, C., Schweer-Collins, M. L., Kjellstrand, J. M., & Eddy, J. M. (2023). Witnessing parental arrest as a predictor of child internalizing and externalizing symptoms during and after parental incarceration. Journal of Child and Adolescent Trauma. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40653-022-00490-1

Metcalfe, R. E., Reino, C., Jackson, A., Kjellstrand, J. M., & Eddy, J. M. (2022). Supporting incarcerated parents prior to reentry: A gender and racial equity-oriented lens. In S. R. Maxwell, & S. L. Blair (Eds.), Police, courts, and incarceration: The justice system and the family. Emerald Group Publishing

Moullin, S., Waldfogel, J., & Washbrook, E. (2018). Parent–child attachment as a mechanism of intergenerational (dis) advantage. Families, Relationships and Societies, 7(2), 265–284CrossRef

Murray, J., & Murray, L. (2010). Parental incarceration, attachment and child psychopathology. Attachment & Human Development, 12(4), 289–309CrossRef

Nellis, A. (2021). The color of justice: Racial and ethnic disparity in state prisons. The Sentencing Project. https://www.sentencingproject.org/publications/color-of-justice-racial-and-ethnic-disparity-in-state-prisons/

Petersilia, J. (2003). When prisoners come home: Parole and prisoner reentry. Oxford University Press

Poehlmann, J., Dallaire, D., Loper, A. B., & Shear, L. D. (2010). Children’s contact with their incarcerated parents: Research findings and recommendations. American Psychologist, 65(6), 575–598. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0020279CrossRefPubMed

Purnell, D. (2021). Becoming abolitionists: Police, protests, and the pursuit of freedom. Astra House

Roberts, D. E. (2016). Democratizing criminal law as an abolitionist project. Northwestern University Law Review, 111, 1597

Rydberg, J. (2017). Employment and housing challenges experienced by sex offenders during reentry on parole. Policy, Practice, and Research, 3(1), 15–37. https://doi.org/10.1080/23774657.2017.1369373CrossRef

Tasca, M. (2016). The gatekeepers of contact: Child–caregiver dyads and parental prison visitation. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 43(6), 739–758CrossRef

Travis, J., Cincotta Mcbride, E., & Solomon, A. (2005). Families left behind: The hidden costs of incarceration and reentry. Urban Institute Justice Policy Center

Weidner, R. R., & Schultz, J. (2019). Examining the relationship between U.S. incarceration rates and population health at the county level. SSM Population Health, 9, 100466. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssmph.2019.100466CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Weiss, R. S. (1994). Learning from strangers: The art and method of interview studies. The Free Press

Wildeman, C., Haskins, A. R., & Poehlmann-Tynan, J. (2018). When parents are incarcerated: Interdisciplinary research and interventions to support children. American Psychological Association

World Prison Brief. (2018). Highest to lowest—prison population rate. Highest to Lowest - Prison Population Rate | World Prison Brief. https://www.prisonstudies.org/highest-to-lowest/prison_population_rate?field_region_taxonomy_tid=All

Titel: Parenting Through Re-Entry: Ecologically-Grounded Perspectives of Parents Returning to the Community after Incarceration
Auteurs: Miriam G. Clark
Robyn E. Metcalfe
Celia M. Caffery
Adriana D. Conn
Jean M. Kjellstrand
Publicatiedatum: 15-07-2023
Uitgeverij: Springer US
Gepubliceerd in: Journal of Child and Family Studies / Uitgave 8/2023
Print ISSN: 1062-1024
Elektronisch ISSN: 1573-2843
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-023-02621-0

Bohn Stafleu van Loghum

Deel dit onderdeel of sectie (kopieer de link)

Abstract

Log in om toegang te krijgen

Andere artikelen Uitgave 8/2023

Parents’ Feelings, Distress, and Self-Efficacy in Response to Social Comparisons on Social Media

Enhancing Mindfulness, Emotional Well-being and Strengths in Parenting via an Eight-week Flourishing Families Intervention

A Single-Session Intervention Designed to Promote Resilience for Parents of Children with Disabilities

Parental Sexual Passion and Parent-Child Communication About Sex

Preliminary Findings on Social Networks of American Indian Parents Participating in a Family Based Substance Use Prevention Program with their Children

“Are They Going to Play Nicely?” Parents’ Evaluations of Young Children’s Play Dates