Introduction
Theoretical Explanations for Parent-Child Discrepancies in Autonomy Support
Bidirectional Linkages Between Parent-Child Discrepancies and Depressive Symptoms
Differences Between Father- and Mother-Child Discrepancies
Current Study
Method
Participants
Measurements
Autonomy support
Depressive symptoms adolescents
Depressive symptoms parents
Analysis
Measurement invariance
Model | χ2 | DF | SRMR | RMSEA | CFI | TLI | Δ χ2 p |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. Configural | 4830.14 | 2796 | 0.052 | 0.038 | 0.997 | 0.966 | |
2. Metric | 5246.67 | 2934 | 0.052 | 0.040 | 0.996 | 0.996 | <0.001 |
3. Scalar | 5863.10 | 3072 | 0.052 | 0.043 | 0.996 | 0.995 | <0.001 |
Analysis strategy
Model | χ2 | DF | scf | AIC | BIC | RMSEA | CFI | TLI | Δ χ2 p |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. CLPM | 2055.05 | 493 | 1.14 | 3182.71 | 5084.99 | 0.09 | 0.86 | 0.76 | |
2. RI-CLPM | 644.28 | 465 | 1.06 | 1593.97 | 3614.09 | 0.03 | 0.98 | 0.97 | <0.001 |
3. Constrained RI-CLPM | 976.22 | 735 | 1.15 | 1489.49 | 2373.29 | 0.03 | 0.98 | 0.97 | 0.003 |
Results
Descriptives
Wave 1 | Wave 2 | Wave 3 | Wave 4 | Wave 5 | Wave 6 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
M (SD) | M (SD) | M (SD) | M (SD) | M (SD) | M (SD) | |
Father autonomy support | ||||||
Child-reported | 3.25 (0.40) | 3.20 (0.46) | 3.18 (0.46) | 3.17 (0.44) | 3.14 (0.46) | 3.12 (0.50) |
Father-reported | 3.25 (0.36) | 3.26 (0.35) | 3.25 (0.34) | 3.25 (0.34) | 3.29 (0.35) | 3.28 (0.37) |
Father-child discrepancies | −0.01 (0.50) | 0.06 (0.52) | 0.07 (0.48) | 0.08 (0.50) | 0.13 (0.50) | 0.16 (0.55) |
Mother autonomy support | ||||||
Child-reported | 3.27 (0.41) | 3.24 (0.44) | 3.21 (0.44) | 3.20 (0.43) | 3.19 (0.44) | 3.18 (0.45) |
Mother-reported | 3.27 (0.35) | 3.31 (0.36) | 3.31 (0.35) | 3.35 (0.39) | 3.38 (0.38) | 3.43 (0.40) |
Mother-child discrepancies | 0.01 (0.49) | 0.06 (0.50) | 0.10 (0.52) | 0.15 (0.53) | 0.19 (0.55) | 0.25 (0.53) |
Depressive symptoms | ||||||
Child-reported | 1.63 (0.49) | 1.50 (0.50) | 1.53 (0.52) | 1.56 (0.54) | 1.54 (0.51) | 1.59 (0.55) |
Father-reported | 0.19 (0.18) | 0.19 (0.22) | 0.21 (0.23) | 0.19 (0.22) | 0.20 (0.25) | 0.20 (0.25) |
Mother-reported | 0.25 (0.27) | 0.23 (0.24) | 0.22 (0.25) | 0.22 (0.24) | 0.22 (0.24) | 0.22 (0.24) |
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. Child-reported father support | ||||||
2. Child-reported mother support | 0.64*** | |||||
3. Father-reported support | 0.13** | 0.01 | ||||
4. Mother-reported support | 0.21*** | 0.18*** | 0.19*** | |||
5. Child depressive symptoms | −0.34*** | −0.23*** | −0.12* | −0.11* | ||
6. Father depressive symptoms | −0.03 | 0.00 | 0.06 | 0.04 | 0.06 | |
7. Mother depressive symptoms | −0.09* | −0.07 | −0.04 | −0.03 | 0.21*** | 0.09 |
Father autonomy support and symptoms | Mother autonomy support and symptoms | Difference F-M | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
B (SE) | p | β | B (SE) | p | β | p | |
Between-family level | |||||||
Intercepts | |||||||
Intercept parent-child discrepancies | 0.07 (0.01) | <0.001 | 0.24 | 0.12 (0.01) | <0.001 | 0.40 | 0.001 |
Intercept parent-child mean | 2.75 (0.01) | <0.001 | 12.56 | 2.81 (0.01) | <0.001 | 13.00 | <0.001 |
Associations random intercepts | |||||||
Discrepancies ↔ Symptoms child | 0.03 (0.01) | <0.001 | 0.29 | 0.03 (0.01) | <0.001 | 0.27 | 0.966 |
Discrepancies ↔ Symptoms parent | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.915 | 0.01 | 0.01 (0.00) | 0.100 | 0.09 | 0.230 |
Discrepancies ↔ Symptoms OP | 0.01 (0.00) | 0.110 | 0.09 | −0.00 (0.00) | 0.750 | −0.02 | 0.153 |
Mean ↔ Symptoms child | −0.03 (0.01) | <0.001 | −0.40 | −0.03 (0.01) | <0.001 | −0.30 | 0.025 |
Mean ↔ Symptoms parent | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.719 | 0.02 | −0.01 (0.00) | 0.023 | −0.12 | 0.042 |
Mean ↔ Symptoms OP | −0.01 (0.00) | 0.014 | −0.12 | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.252 | 0.06 | <0.001 |
Symptoms parent ↔ Symptoms child | 0.01 (0.00) | 0.035 | 0.12 | 0.02 (0.00) | <0.001 | 0.29 | 0.001 |
Discrepancies ↔ Mean | −0.00 (0.00) | 0.319 | −0.07 | 0.01 (0.00) | 0.180 | 0.09 | 0.018 |
Discrepancies ↔ Mean OP | −0.02 (0.00) | <0.001 | −0.35 | −0.01 (0.00) | 0.006 | −0.20 | 0.072 |
Discrepancies ↔ Discrepancies OP | 0.03 (0.01) | <0.001 | 0.41 | ||||
Mean ↔ Mean OP | 0.03 (0.00) | <0.001 | 0.65 | ||||
Symptoms parent ↔ Symptoms OP | 0.01 (0.00) | <0.001 | 0.30 | ||||
Within-family level | |||||||
Concurrent associations Wave 1 | |||||||
Discrepancies W1 ↔ Symptoms child W1 | 0.02 (0.01) | <0.001 | 0.16 | 0.01 (0.01) | 0.302 | 0.05 | 0.110 |
Discrepancies W1 ↔ Symptoms parent W1 | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.624 | 0.03 | −0.01 (0.00) | 0.294 | −0.06 | 0.241 |
Discrepancies W1 ↔ Symptoms OP W1 | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.708 | 0.02 | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.726 | 0.02 | 0.891 |
Mean W1 ↔ Symptoms child W1 | −0.02 (0.00) | <0.001 | −0.21 | −0.01 (0.00) | 0.006 | −0.15 | 0.513 |
Mean W1 ↔ Symptoms parent W1 | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.731 | 0.02 | −0.00 (0.00) | 0.279 | −0.06 | 0.258 |
Mean W1 ↔ Symptoms OP W1 | −0.00 (0.00) | 0.513 | −0.03 | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.326 | 0.06 | 0.236 |
Symptoms parent W1 ↔ Symptoms child W1 | −0.00 (0.00) | 0.627 | −0.03 | 0.01 (0.01) | 0.094 | 0.11 | 0.086 |
Discrepancies W1 ↔ Mean W1 | −0.02 (0.01) | <0.001 | −0.26 | −0.02 (0.01) | <0.001 | −0.28 | 0.482 |
Discrepancies W1 ↔ Mean OP W1 | −0.03 (0.01) | <0.001 | −0.40 | −0.02 (0.01) | <0.001 | −0.27 | 0.070 |
Discrepancies W1 ↔ Discrepancies OP W1 | 0.06 (0.01) | <0.001 | 0.34 | ||||
Mean W1 ↔ Mean OP W1 | 0.01 (0.00) | <0.001 | 0.36 | ||||
Symptoms parent W1 ↔ Symptoms OP W1 | −0.00 (0.00) | 0.796 | −0.01 | ||||
Concurrent associations Wave 2 to Wave 6 | |||||||
Discrepancies W2-6 ↔ Symptoms child W2-6 | 0.01 (0.00) | 0.002 | 0.08 – 0.11 | 0.01 (0.00) | 0.087 | 0.05 – 0.06 | 0.238 |
Discrepancies W2-6 ↔ Symptoms parent W2-6 | −0.00 (0.00) | 0.207 | −0.03 – −0.04 | −0.00 (0.00) | 0.345 | −0.02 – −0.03 | 0.853 |
Discrepancies W2-6 ↔ Symptoms OP W2-6 | −0.00 (0.00) | 0.790 | −0.01 – −0.01 | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.992 | 0.00 – 0.00 | 0.847 |
Mean W2-6 ↔ Symptoms child W2-6 | −0.01 (0.00) | <0.001 | −0.10 – −0.13 | −0.01 (0.00) | 0.002 | −0.08 – −0.11 | 0.433 |
Mean W2-6 ↔ Symptoms parent W2-6 | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.661 | 0.01 – 0.02 | −0.00 (0.00) | 0.352 | −0.03 – −0.04 | 0.331 |
Mean W2-6 ↔ Symptoms OP W2-6 | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.749 | 0.01 – 0.01 | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.132 | 0.04 – 0.05 | 0.318 |
Symptoms parent W2-6 ↔ Symptoms child W2-6 | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.154 | 0.04 – 0.05 | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.003 | 0.08 – 0.12 | 0.167 |
Discrepancies W2-6 ↔ Mean W2-6 | −0.03 (0.00) | <0.001 | −0.42 – −0.51 | −0.03 (0.00) | <0.001 | −0.30 – −0.35 | 0.092 |
Discrepancies W2-6 ↔ Mean OP W2-6 | −0.02 (0.00) | <0.001 | −0.24 – −0.30 | −0.02 (0.00) | <0.001 | −0.30 – −0.33 | 0.121 |
Discrepancies W2-6 ↔ Discrepancies OP W2-6 | 0.04 (0.01) | <0.001 | 0.27 – 0.30 | ||||
Mean W2-6 ↔ Mean OP W2-6 | 0.01 (0.00) | <0.001 | 0.31 – 0.38 | ||||
Symptoms parent W2-6 ↔ Symptoms OP W2-6 | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.100 | 0.05 – 0.06 | ||||
Cross-lagged effects | |||||||
Discrepancies → Symptoms child | 0.02 (0.03) | 0.525 | 0.02 – 0.02 | 0.02 (0.02) | 0.341 | 0.02 – 0.03 | 0.918 |
Discrepancies → Symptoms parent | −0.01 (0.01) | 0.463 | −0.03 – −0.03 | 0.00 (0.01) | 0.829 | 0.01 – 0.01 | 0.479 |
Discrepancies → Symptoms OP | 0.00 (0.01) | 0.788 | 0.01 – 0.01 | 0.00 (0.01) | 0.618 | 0.01 – 0.02 | 0.892 |
Symptoms child → Discrepancies | 0.01 (0.04) | 0.757 | 0.01 – 0.01 | 0.01 (0.04) | 0.865 | 0.01 – 0.01 | 0.914 |
Symptoms parent → Discrepancies | −0.04 (0.11) | 0.725 | −0.01 – −0.01 | −0.08 (0.07) | 0.277 | −0.02 – −0.04 | 0.738 |
Symptoms parent → Discrepancies OP | −0.05 (0.09) | 0.588 | −0.01 – −0.02 | −0.13 (0.07) | 0.071 | −0.03 – −0.04 | 0.610 |
Mean → Symptoms child | 0.05 (0.05) | 0.352 | 0.03 – 0.03 | 0.01 (0.05) | 0.875 | 0.00 – 0.01 | 0.604 |
Mean → Symptoms parent | −0.00 (0.02) | 0.962 | −0.00 – −0.00 | −0.02 (0.02) | 0.343 | −0.02 – −0.03 | 0.757 |
Mean → Symptoms OP | −0.00 (0.02) | 0.865 | −0.01– −0.01 | 0.03 (0.02) | 0.116 | 0.04 – 0.05 | 0.833 |
Symptoms child → Mean | −0.01 (0.02) | 0.791 | −0.01 – −0.01 | −0.02 (0.02) | 0.406 | −0.02 – −0.03 | 0.784 |
Symptoms parent → Mean | 0.04 (0.05) | 0.384 | 0.02 – 0.03 | −0.06 (0.04) | 0.080 | −0.03 – −0.06 | 0.071 |
Symptoms parent → Mean OP | 0.08 (0.05) | 0.110 | 0.04 – 0.05 | 0.05 (0.04) | 0.273 | 0.03 – 0.04 | 0.543 |
Symptoms parent → Symptoms child | 0.04 (0.07) | 0.508 | 0.01 – 0.02 | 0.09 (0.06) | 0.122 | 0.03 – 0.05 | 0.605 |
Symptoms child → Symptoms parent | 0.01 (0.01) | 0.420 | 0.02 – 0.03 | 0.03 (0.01) | 0.010 | 0.07 – 0.08 | 0.159 |
Discrepancies → Mean | −0.04 (0.02) | 0.024 | −0.08 – −0.09 | −0.04 (0.02) | 0.026 | −0.08 – −0.09 | 0.963 |
Mean → Discrepancies | −0.11 (0.07) | 0.128 | −0.05 – −0.06 | −0.06 (0.07) | 0.350 | −0.03 – −0.03 | 0.602 |
Discrepancies → Mean OP | 0.01 (0.02) | 0.699 | 0.01 – 0.01 | −0.02 (0.01) | 0.105 | −0.04 – −0.05 | 0.384 |
Mean OP → Discrepancies | 0.03 (0.05) | 0.586 | 0.01 – 0.02 | −0.16 (0.06) | 0.012 | −0.07 – −0.08 | 0.016 |
Discrepancies → Discrepancies OP | 0.01 (0.04) | 0.756 | 0.01 – 0.01 | 0.01 (0.03) | 0.662 | 0.01 – 0.01 | 0.993 |
Mean → Mean OP | 0.03 (0.03) | 0.365 | 0.03 – 0.03 | −0.01 (0.03) | 0.846 | −0.01– −0.01 | 0.365 |
Symptoms parent → Symptoms OP | 0.03 (0.03) | 0.294 | 0.02 – 0.03 | −0.02 (0.02) | 0.347 | −0.02 – −0.03 | 0.105 |