Introduction
Adolescent Friendships and Internalizing Symptoms
Social Goals
The Present Study
Methods
Participants
Measures
Peer nominations
Social network perception
Social goals questionnaire (SGQ)
Social anxiety scale for adolescents (SAS-A)
Beck youth inventory depression scale (BDI-Y)
Procedure
Data Preprocessing
Planned Path Analyses
Results
Friendship Effects’ Path to Psychopathology
Planned models
Mean | SD | 1. | 2. | 3. | 4. | 5. | 6. | 7. | 8. | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. Desire | 2.118 | 1.162 | 3.622*** | 8.427*** | 3.592*** | 8.296*** | 7.134*** | −6.662*** | 3.866*** | |
2. Depression Symptoms | 7.953 | 7.956 | 3.860*** | 11.911*** | 1.658 | 4.630*** | 2.859** | −2.307* | 1.385 | |
3. Social Anxiety Symptoms | 38.612 | 11.81 | 8.438*** | 12.327*** | 4.124*** | 14.759*** | 6.523*** | −4.999*** | 2.341* | |
4. Development | 3.148 | 0.850 | 3.701*** | 2.247* | 4.803*** | 6.747*** | 3.179** | −0.149 | 2.718** | |
5. Demonstration-Avoidance | 2.990 | 0.810 | 8.033*** | 4.947*** | 15.154*** | 7.000*** | 9.162*** | −3.977*** | 1.373 | |
6. Demonstration-Approach | 2.194 | 0.809 | 7.167*** | 3.133** | 7.207*** | 3.635*** | 9.420*** | −0.651 | 2.779** | |
7. Reciprocated Friendships | 4.111 | 2.201 | −7.194*** | −2.202* | −5.356*** | −0.074 | −3.945*** | −0.721 | 1.468 | |
8. Unreciprocated Friendships | 2.466 | 2.196 | 3.859*** | 1.643 | 2.114* | 2.722** | 1.335 | 2.717** | 1.462 |
Path | Model 1A | Model 1 B | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Estimate (SE) | CSS Estimate (SE) | Estimate (SE) | CSS Estimate (SE) | |||
Friends | → | Desire | −0.581 (0.069)*** | −0.348 (0.042)*** | 0.358 (0.084)*** | 0.198 (0.047)*** |
Friends | → | Social Anxiety | −0.240 (0.074)** | −0.156 (0.049)** | −0.049 (0.077) | −0.027 (0.042) |
Friends | → | Depression | −0.138 (0.119) | −0.057 (0.049) | 0.046 (0.129) | 0.017 (0.048) |
Desire | → | Social Anxiety | 0.087 (0.052) | 0.094 (0.055) | 0.360 (0.202) | 0.358 (0.179)* |
Desire | → | Depression | 0.101 (0.090) | 0.070 (0.062) | 0.318 (0.204) | 0.215 (0.136) |
Desire | → | Development | 0.037 (0.018)* | 0.149 (0.070)* | 0.088 (0.030)** | 0.344 (0.109)** |
Desire | → | Demonstration-Approach | 0.073 (0.025)** | 0.267 (0.089)** | 0.159 (0.050)** | 0.547 (0.146)*** |
Desire | → | Demonstration-Avoidance | 0.082 (0.027)** | 0.339 (0.103)*** | 0.152 (0.048)** | 0.581 (0.153)*** |
Demonstration-Approach | → | Social Anxiety | 0.250 (0.133) | 0.074 (0.039) | 0.029 (0.264) | 0.008 (0.076) |
Demonstration-Approach | → | Depression | 0.245 (0.263) | 0.046 (0.049) | 0.046 (0.351) | 0.009 (0.069) |
Demonstration-Avoidance | → | Social Anxiety | 1.889 (0.161)*** | 0.494 (0.039)*** | 1.685 (0.323)*** | 0.439 (0.086)*** |
Demonstration-Avoidance | → | Depression | 1.001 (0.320)** | 0.167 (0.053)** | 0.821 (0.394)* | 0.145 (0.067)* |
Development | → | Social Anxiety | 0.109 (0.151) | 0.029 (0.041) | −0.002 (0.188) | 0.000 (0.048) |
Development | → | Depression | 0.174 (0.298) | 0.030 (0.052) | 0.073 (0.323) | 0.013 (0.056) |
Development | ↔ | Demonstration-Approach | 0.009 (0.003)* | 0.132 (0.051)** | 0.003 (0.005) | 0.053 (0.087) |
Development | ↔ | Demonstration-Avoid | 0.016 (0.003)*** | 0.284 (0.046)*** | 0.011 (0.005)* | 0.221 (0.074)** |
Demonstration -Approach | ↔ | Demonstration-Avoid | 0.020 (0.004)*** | 0.344 (0.048)*** | 0.013 (0.008) | 0.246 (0.119)* |
Depression | ↔ | Social Anxiety | 0.472 (0.053)*** | 0.469 (0.036)*** | 0.452 (0.067)*** | 0.459 (0.044)*** |
Respecified models
DV | Effect (Mediators) | Model 1A | Model 1B | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Estimate (SE) | CSS Estimate (SE) | Ratio | Estimate (SE) | CSS Estimate (SE) | Ratio | ||
Social Anxiety | Indirect (Desire) | −0.050 (0.031) | −0.033 (0.020) | 0.128 | 0.129 (0.071) | 0.071 (0.035)* | 0.745 |
Indirect (Desire, Demonstration-Avoidance) | −0.090 (0.032)** | −0.058 (0.020)** | 0.228 | 0.092 (0.024)*** | 0.050 (0.012)*** | 0.530 | |
Indirect (Desire, Demonstration-Approach) | −0.011 (0.007) | −0.007 (0.004) | 0.027 | 0.002 (0.015) | 0.001 (0.008) | 0.010 | |
Indirect (Desire, Development) | −0.002 (0.003) | −0.002 (0.002) | 0.006 | 0.000 (0.006) | 0.000 (0.003) | 0.000 | |
Direct | −0.240 (0.074)** | −0.156 (0.049** | 0.611 | –0.049 (0.077) | −0.027 (0.042) | −0.284 | |
Total Effect | −0.393 (0.071)*** | −0.255 (0.043*** | 0.173 (0.079)* | 0.095 (0.042)* | |||
Depression | Indirect (Desire) | −0.059 (0.053) | −0.024 (0.022) | 0.226 | 0.114 (0.072) | 0.043 (0.026) | 0.543 |
Indirect (Desire, Demonstration-Avoidance) | −0.048 (0.022)* | −0.020 (0.009)* | 0.184 | 0.045 (0.021)* | 0.017 (0.008)* | 0.213 | |
Indirect (Desire, Demonstration-Approach) | −0.010 (0.012) | −0.004 (0.005) | 0.040 | 0.003 (0.020) | 0.001 (0.007) | 0.012 | |
Indirect (Desire, Development) | −0.004 (0.007) | −0.002 (0.003) | 0.015 | 0.002 (0.010) | 0.001 (0.004) | 0.011 | |
Direct | −0.138 (0.119) | −0.057 (0.049) | 0.535 | 0.046 (0.129) | 0.017 (0.048) | 0.221 | |
Total Effect | −0.259 (0.108)* | −0.107 (0.044)* | 0.210 (0.126) | 0.078 (0.047) |
Path | Model 2A | Model 2B | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Estimate (SE) | CSS Estimate (SE) | Estimate (SE) | CSS Estimate (SE) | |||
Friends | → | Desire | −0.575 (0.069)*** | −0.344 (0.043)*** | 0.354 (0.082)*** | 0.195 (0.046)*** |
Friends | → | Social Anxiety | −0.232 (0.075)** | −0.150 (0.049)** | −0.053 (0.070) | −0.029 (0.038) |
Friends | → | Depression | −0.129 (0.120) | −0.054 (0.050) | 0.041 (0.126) | 0.015 (0.047) |
Desire | → | Social Anxiety | 0.099 (0.055) | 0.107 (0.058) | 0.379 (0.107) | 0.374 (0.093)*** |
Desire | → | Depression | 0.116 (0.092) | 0.080 (0.063) | 0.346 (0.126)** | 0.234 (0.083)** |
Desire | → | Development | 0.040 (0.018)* | 0.158 (0.070)* | 0.091 (0.020)*** | 0.354 (0.071)*** |
Desire | → | Demonstration-Approach | 0.077 (0.025)** | 0.284 (0.089)** | 0.164 (0.030)*** | 0.560 (0.085)*** |
Desire | → | Demonstration-Avoidance | 0.085 (0.026)** | 0.355 (0.102)*** | 0.156 (0.031)*** | 0.591 (0.097)*** |
Demonstration-Avoidance | → | Social Anxiety | 2.159 (0.179)*** | 0.558 (0.036)*** | 1.672 (0.282)*** | 0.434 (0.073)*** |
Demonstration-Avoidance | → | Depression | 1.281 (0.327)*** | 0.211 (0.052)*** | 0.840 (0.375)* | 0.149 (0.065)* |
Development | ↔ | Demonstration-Approach | 0.008 (0.003)* | 0.129 (0.051)* | 0.003 (0.004) | 0.048 (0.064) |
Development | ↔ | Demonstration-Avoid | 0.016 (0.003)*** | 0.297 (0.051)*** | 0.011 (0.004)** | 0.218 (0.062)*** |
Demonstration-Approach | ↔ | Demonstration-Avoid | 0.022 (0.004)*** | 0.377 (0.051)*** | 0.012 (0.006)* | 0.242 (0.089)** |
Depression | ↔ | Social Anxiety | 0.453 (0.055)*** | 0.462 (0.038)*** | 0.446 (0.061)*** | 0.455 (0.041)*** |
DV | Effect (Mediators) | Model 2A | Model 2B | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Estimate (SE) | CSS Estimate (SE) | Ratio | Estimate (SE) | CSS Estimate (SE) | Ratio | ||
Social Anxiety | Indirect (Desire) | −0.057 (0.033) | −0.037 (0.021) | 0.144 | 0.134 (0.047)** | 0.073 (0.024)** | 0.774 |
Indirect (Desire, Demonstration-Avoidance) | −0.105 (0.035)** | −0.068 (0.021)** | 0.267 | 0.092 (0.023)*** | 0.050 (0.012)*** | 0.532 | |
Direct | −0.232 (0.075)** | −0.150 (0.049)** | 0.589 | −0.053 (0.070) | −0.029 (0.038) | −0.306 | |
Total Effect | −0.393 (0.071)*** | −0.255 (0.043)*** | 0.173 (0.079)* | 0.094 (0.042)* | |||
Depression | Indirect (Desire) | −0.067 (0.054) | −0.028 (0.022) | 0.259 | 0.122 (0.050)* | 0.046 (0.019)* | 0.584 |
Indirect (Desire, Demonstration-Avoidance) | −0.062 (0.024)** | −0.026 (0.010)** | 0.241 | 0.046 (0.021)* | 0.017 (0.008)* | 0.221 | |
Direct | −0.129 (0.120) | −0.054 (0.050) | 0.500 | 0.041 (0.126) | 0.015 (0.047) | 0.195 | |
Total Effect | −0.259 (0.108)* | −0.107 (0.044)* | 0.210 (0.126) | 0.078 (0.047) |
Post-hoc Analyses
Univariate regressions
Path | Estimate (ß) | t-statistic | R2 | F-statistic | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Reciprocated Friends | → | Desire | −0.331*** | −7.194 | 0.109 | 51.75 |
Reciprocated Friends | → | Social Anxiety | −0.253*** | −5.356 | 0.064 | 28.69 |
Reciprocated Friends | → | Depression | −0.107* | −2.202 | 0.011 | 4.847 |
Unreciprocated Friends | → | Desire | 0.185*** | 3.859 | 0.034 | 14.89 |
Unreciprocated Friends | → | Social Anxiety | 0.103* | 2.114 | 0.011 | 4.471 |
Unreciprocated Friends | → | Depression | 0.080 | 1.643 | 0.006 | 2.699 |
Desire | → | Social Anxiety | 0.380*** | 8.438 | 0.145 | 71.20 |
Desire | → | Depression | 0.185*** | 3.860 | 0.034 | 14.90 |
Desire | → | Development | 0.178*** | 3.701 | 0.032 | 13.70 |
Desire | → | Demonstration-Approach | 0.330*** | 7.167 | 0.109 | 51.36 |
Desire | → | Demonstration-Avoidance | 0.365*** | 8.033 | 0.133 | 64.54 |
Demonstration-Approach | → | Social Anxiety | 0.331*** | 7.207 | 0.110 | 51.94 |
Demonstration-Approach | → | Depression | 0.151** | 3.133 | 0.023 | 9.817 |
Demonstration-Avoidance | → | Social Anxiety | 0.594*** | 15.15 | 0.353 | 229.6 |
Demonstration-Avoidance | → | Depression | 0.234*** | 4.947 | 0.055 | 24.48 |
Development | → | Social Anxiety | 0.228*** | 4.803 | 0.052 | 23.07 |
Development | → | Depression | 0.109* | 2.247 | 0.012 | 5.047 |