Top

Gepubliceerd in:

10-05-2020 | Review

Exploring to learn and learning to explore

Auteurs: Guillaume Hacques, John Komar, Matt Dicks, Ludovic Seifert

Gepubliceerd in: Psychological Research | Uitgave 4/2021

Abstract

In respect to ecological psychology processes of attunement and calibration, this critical review focusses on how exploratory behaviors may contribute to skilled perception and action, with particular attention to sport. Based on the theoretical insights of Gibson (The senses considered as perceptual systems, Houghton Mifflin, Boston, 1966) and Reed (Encountering the world: Toward an ecological psychology, Oxford University Press, New York, 1996), exploratory and performatory actions have been differentiated in numerous experiments to study the perception of opportunities of action. The distinction between exploratory and performatory actions has informed the study of infant behavior in developmental psychology. In the current article, we highlight limitations with this distinction in the study of sports performers. We propose that a dynamic view of exploratory behavior would reveal how individuals develop exploratory activity that generates information about the fit between environmental properties and action capabilities. In this aim, practitioners should: (1) give learners the opportunity to safely develop exploratory behaviors even when they act outside their action boundary; and (2) guide learners to search for more reliable information to develop exploratory behaviors that would enhance the transfer of skills to various performance contexts.

volgende artikel Subtly encouraging more deliberate decisions: using a forcing technique and population stereotype to investigate free will

Adolph, K. E. (1995). Psychophysical assessment of toddlers’ ability to cope with slopes. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 21(4), 734–750. https://doi.org/10.1037//0096-1523.21.4.734.CrossRefPubMed

Adolph, K. E. (2008). Learning to move. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 17(3), 213–218. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8721.2008.00577.x.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Adolph, K. E., Bertenthal, B. I., Boker, S. M., Goldfield, E. C., & Gibson, E. J. (1997). Learning in the development of infant locomotion. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 62(3), i–162. https://doi.org/10.2307/1166199.CrossRefPubMed

Adolph, K. E., & Eppler, M. A. (1998). Development of visually guided locomotion. Ecological Psychology, 10(3), 303–321. https://doi.org/10.1080/10407413.1998.9652687.CrossRef

Adolph, K. E., Eppler, M. A., & Gibson, E. J. (1993). Crawling versus walking infants’ perception of affordances for locomotion over sloping surfaces. Child Development, 64(4), 1158–1174. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.1993.tb04193.x.CrossRefPubMed

Adolph, K. E., Eppler, M. A., Marin, L., Weise, I. B., & Wechsler Clearfield, M. (2000). Exploration in the service of prospective control. Infant Behavior and Development, 23(3–4), 441–460. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0163-6383(01)00052-2.CrossRef

Adolph, K. E., Marin, L. M., & Fraisse, F. F. (2001). Learning and exploration: Lessons from infants. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 24(2), 213–214. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X01223942.CrossRef

Araújo, D., Hristovski, R., Seifert, L., Carvalho, J., & Davids, K. (2017). Ecological cognition: Expert decision-making behaviour in sport. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 12(1), 1–25. https://doi.org/10.1080/1750984X.2017.1349826.CrossRef

Bernstein, N. A. (1967). The co-ordination and regulation of movements. London: Pergamon Press.

Brand, M. T., & de Oliveira, R. F. (2017). Recalibration in functional perceptual-motor tasks: A systematic review. Human Movement Science, 56, 54–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.humov.2017.10.020.CrossRefPubMed

Cardis, M., Casadio, M., & Ranganathan, R. (2018). High variability impairs motor learning regardless of whether it affects task performance. Journal of Neurophysiology, 119(1), 39–48. https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.00158.2017.CrossRefPubMed

Chow, J. Y., Davids, K., Button, C., & Rein, R. (2008). Dynamics of movement patterning in learning a discrete multiarticular action. Motor control, 12(3), 219–240. https://doi.org/10.1123/mcj.12.3.219.CrossRefPubMed

Chow, J. Y., Davids, K., Button, C., Shuttleworth, R., Renshaw, I., & Araújo, D. (2007). The role of nonlinear pedagogy in physical education. Review of Educational Research, 77(3), 251–278. https://doi.org/10.3102/003465430305615.CrossRef

Croft, J. L., Pepping, G.-J., Button, C., & Chow, J.-Y. (2018). Children’s perception of action boundaries and how it affects their climbing behavior. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 166, 134–146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jecp.2017.07.012.CrossRefPubMed

Dicks, M., Araújo, D., & van der Kamp, J. (2019). Perception-action for the study of anticipation and decision making. In A. M. Williams & R. C. Jackson (Eds.), Anticipation and Decision Making in Sport (pp. 181–199). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315146270-10.

Dicks, M., Button, C., & Davids, K. (2010a). Examination of gaze behaviors under in situ and video simulation task constraints reveals differences in information pickup for perception and action. Attention, Perception, and Psychophysics, 72(3), 706–720. https://doi.org/10.3758/APP.72.3.706.CrossRef

Dicks, M., Davids, K., & Button, C. (2010b). Individual differences in the visual control of intercepting a penalty kick in association football. Human Movement Science, 29(3), 401–411. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.humov.2010.02.008.CrossRefPubMed

Dicks, M., Pocock, C., Thelwell, R., & van der Kamp, J. (2017). A novel on-field training intervention improves novice goalkeeper penalty kick performance. The Sport Psychologist, 31(2), 129–133. https://doi.org/10.1123/tsp.2015-0148.CrossRef

Eppler, M. A., Adolph, K. E., & Weiner, T. (1996). The developmental relationship between infants’ exploration and action on slanted surfaces. Infant Behavior and Development, 19(2), 259–264. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0163-6383(96)90025-9.CrossRef

Fajen, B. R. (2005). Perceiving possibilities for action: on the necessity of calibration and perceptual learning for the visual guidance of action. Perception, 34(6), 717–740. https://doi.org/10.1068/p5405.CrossRefPubMed

Fajen, B. R. (2007). Affordance-based control of visually guided action. Ecological Psychology, 19(4), 383–410. https://doi.org/10.1080/10407410701557877.CrossRef

Fajen, B. R., & Devaney, M. C. (2006). Learning to control collisions: The role of perceptual attunement and action boundaries. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 32(2), 300–313. https://doi.org/10.1037/0096-1523.32.2.300.CrossRefPubMed

Fajen, B. R., Riley, M. A., & Turvey, M. T. (2008). Information, affordances, and the control of action in sport. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 40(1), 79–107.

Franchak, J. M., & Somoano, F. A. (2018). Rate of recalibration to changing affordances for squeezing through doorways reveals the role of feedback. Experimental Brain Research, 236(6), 1699–1711. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00221-018-5252-0.CrossRefPubMed

Franchak, J. M., van der Zalm, D. J., & Adolph, K. E. (2010). Learning by doing: Action performance facilitates affordance perception. Vision Research, 50(24), 2758–2765. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.visres.2010.09.019.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Gibson, E. J. (1988). Exploratory behavior in the development of perceiving, acting, and the acquiring of knowledge. Annual Review of Psychology, 39(1), 1–41. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.39.1.1.CrossRef

Gibson, E. J., Riccio, G., Schmuckler, M. A., Stoffregen, T. A., Rosenberg, D., & Taormina, J. (1987). Detection of the traversability of surfaces by crawling and walking infants. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 13(4), 533–544. https://doi.org/10.1037/0096-1523.13.4.533.CrossRefPubMed

Gibson, J. J. (1966). The senses considered as perceptual systems. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.

Gibson, J. J. (2015). The ecological approach to visual perception (Classic edition). New York: Psychology Press (original work published in 1979).

Huet, M., Jacobs, D. M., Camachon, C., Missenard, O., Gray, R., & Montagne, G. (2011). The education of attention as explanation of variability of practice effects: Learning the final approach phase in a flight simulator. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 37(6), 1841–1854. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0024386.CrossRefPubMed

Jacobs, D. M., & Michaels, C. F. (2006). Lateral interception I: Operative optical variables, attunement, and calibration. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 32(2), 443–458. https://doi.org/10.1037/0096-1523.32.2.443.CrossRefPubMed

Joh, A. S., & Adolph, K. E. (2006). Learning from falling. Child Development, 77(1), 89–102. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2006.00858.x.CrossRefPubMed

Jordet, G. (2005). Perceptual training in soccer: An imagery intervention study with elite players. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 17(2), 140–156. https://doi.org/10.1080/10413200590932452.CrossRef

Komar, J., Potdevin, F., Chollet, D., & Seifert, L. (2019). Between exploitation and exploration of motor behaviours: Unpacking the constraints-led approach to foster nonlinear learning in physical education. Physical Education and Sport Pedagogy, 24(2), 133–145. https://doi.org/10.1080/17408989.2018.1557133.CrossRef

Kretch, K. S., & Adolph, K. E. (2016). The organization of exploratory behaviors in infant locomotor planning. Developmental Science. https://doi.org/10.1111/desc.12421.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Lee, M. C., Chow, J. Y., Komar, J., Tan, C. W., & Button, C. (2014). Nonlinear pedagogy: An effective approach to cater for individual differences in learning a sports skill. PLoS ONE, 9(8), e104744. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0104744.CrossRefPubMed

Mann, D. T. Y., Williams, A. M., Ward, P., & Janelle, C. M. (2007). Perceptual-cognitive expertise in sport: A meta-analysis. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 29(4), 457–478. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.29.4.457.CrossRefPubMed

Mantel, B., Bardy, B. G., & Stoffregen, T. A. (2010). Multimodal perception of reachability expressed through locomotion. Ecological Psychology, 22(3), 192–211. https://doi.org/10.1080/10407413.2010.496665.CrossRef

Mantel, B., Stoffregen, T. A., Campbell, A., & Bardy, B. G. (2015). Exploratory movement generates higher-order information that is sufficient for accurate perception of scaled egocentric distance. PLoS ONE, 10(4), e0120025. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0120025.CrossRefPubMed

Mark, L. S. (1987). Eyeheight-scaled information about affordances: A study of sitting and stair climbing. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 13(3), 361–370. https://doi.org/10.1037/0096-1523.13.3.361.CrossRefPubMed

Mark, L. S., Balliett, J. A., Craver, K. D., Douglas, S. D., & Fox, T. (1990). What an actor must do in order to perceive the affordance for sitting. Ecological Psychology, 2(4), 325–366. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15326969eco0204_2.CrossRef

Mark, L. S., Jiang, Y., King, S. S., & Paasche, J. (1999). The impact of visual exploration on judgments of whether a gap is crossable. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 25(1), 287–295. https://doi.org/10.1037/0096-1523.25.1.287.CrossRefPubMed

McGuckian, T. B., Cole, M. H., Chalkley, D., Jordet, G., & Pepping, G. J. (2018a). Visual exploration when surrounded by affordances: Frequency of head movements is predictive of response speed. Ecological Psychology, 31(1), 30–48. https://doi.org/10.1080/10407413.2018.1495548.CrossRef

McGuckian, T. B., Cole, M. H., & Pepping, G. J. (2018b). A systematic review of the technology-based assessment of visual perception and exploration behaviour in association football. Journal of Sports Sciences, 36(8), 861–880. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2017.1344780.CrossRefPubMed

Nieuwenhuys, A., Pijpers, J. R., Oudejans, R. R. D., & Bakker, F. C. (2008). The influence of anxiety on visual attention in climbing. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 30(2), 171–185. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.30.2.171.CrossRefPubMed

Nourrit, D., Delignières, D., Caillou, N., Deschamps, T., & Lauriot, B. (2003). On discontinuities in motor learning: A longitudinal study of complex skill acquisition on a ski-simulator. Journal of Motor Behavior, 35(2), 151–170. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222890309602130.CrossRefPubMed

Orth, D., Button, C., Davids, K., & Seifert, L. (2016). What current research tells us about skill acquisition in climbing? In L. Seifert, P. Wolf, & A. Schweizer (Eds.), Science of climbing and mountaineering (pp. 196–209). New York: Routledge.

Orth, D., Davids, K., & Seifert, L. (2018). Constraints representing a meta-stable regime facilitate exploration during practice and transfer of learning in a complex multi-articular task. Human Movement Science, 57, 291–302. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.humov.2017.09.007.CrossRefPubMed

Orth, D., van der Kamp, J., Memmert, D., & Savelsbergh, G. J. P. (2017). Creative motor actions as emerging from movement variability. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01903.CrossRef

Oudejans, R. R. D., Michaels, C. F., Bakker, F. C., & Dolné, M. A. (1996). The relevance of action in perceiving affordances: Perception of catchableness of fly balls. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 22(4), 879–891. https://doi.org/10.1037/0096-1523.22.4.879.CrossRefPubMed

Pepping, G.-J., & Li, F.-X. (2008). The role of haptic exploration of ground surface information in perception of overhead reachability. Journal of Motor Behavior, 40(6), 491–498. https://doi.org/10.3200/JMBR.40.6.491-498.CrossRefPubMed

Pijpers, J. R. (2006). The impact of anxiety on perceptual-motor behaviour. Enschede: Febodruk B.V.

Pijpers, J. R., Oudejans, R. R. D., & Bakker, F. C. (2005). Anxiety-induced changes in movement behaviour during the execution of a complex whole-body task. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A, 58(3), 421–445. https://doi.org/10.1080/02724980343000945.CrossRef

Pijpers, J. R., Oudejans, R. R. D., Bakker, F. C., & Beek, P. J. (2006). The role of anxiety in perceiving and realizing affordances. Ecological Psychology, 18(3), 131–161. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15326969eco1803_1.CrossRef

Pocock, C., Dicks, M., Thelwell, R. C., Chapman, M., & Barker, J. B. (2019). Using an imagery intervention to train visual exploratory activity in elite academy football players. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 31(2), 218–234. https://doi.org/10.1080/10413200.2017.1395929.CrossRef

Prieske, B., Withagen, R., Smith, J., & Zaal, F. T. J. M. (2015). Affordances in a simple playscape: Are children attracted to challenging affordances? Journal of Environmental Psychology, 41, 101–111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2014.11.011.CrossRef

Reed, E. (1996). Encountering the world: Toward an ecological psychology. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Richardson, M. J., Shockley, K., Fajen, B. R., Riley, M. A., & Turvey, M. T. (2008). Ecological psychology: Six principles for an embodied–embedded approach to behavior. In P. Calvo & T. Gomila (Eds.), Handbook of cognitive science: An embodied approach (pp. 161–187). Amsterdam: Elsevier.

Schöllhorn, W. I., Hegen, P., & Davids, K. (2012). The nonlinear nature of learning—a differential learning approach. The Open Sports Sciences Journal, 5(1), 100–112. https://doi.org/10.2174/1875399X01205010100.CrossRef

Schöllhorn, W. I., Beckmann, H., Michelbrink, M., Sechelmann, M., Trockel, M., & Davids, K. (2006). Does noise provide a basis for the unification of motor learning theories? International Journal of Sport Psychology, 37(2–3), 186–206.

Schöllhorn, W. I., Mayer-Kress, G., Newell, K. M., & Michelbrink, M. (2009). Time scales of adaptive behavior and motor learning in the presence of stochastic perturbations. Human Movement Science, 28(3), 319–333. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.humov.2008.10.005.CrossRefPubMed

Schöner, G., Zanone, P. G., & Kelso, J. A. S. (1992). Learning as change of coordination dynamics: Theory and experiment. Journal of Motor Behavior, 24(1), 29–48. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222895.1992.9941599.CrossRefPubMed

Seifert, L., Boulanger, J., Orth, D., & Davids, K. (2015). Environmental design shapes perceptual-motor exploration, learning, and transfer in climbing. Frontiers in Psychology. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01819.CrossRefPubMed

Seifert, L., Cordier, R., Orth, D., Courtine, Y., & Croft, J. L. (2017). Role of route previewing strategies on climbing fluency and exploratory movements. PLoS ONE, 12(4), e0176306. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0176306.CrossRefPubMed

Seifert, L., Komar, J., Araújo, D., & Davids, K. (2016). Neurobiological degeneracy: A key property for functional adaptations of perception and action to constraints. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 69, 159–165. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.08.006.CrossRefPubMed

Seifert, L., Orth, D., Mantel, B., Boulanger, J., Hérault, R., & Dicks, M. (2018). Affordance realization in climbing: learning and transfer. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00820.CrossRef

Smeeton, N. J., Huys, R., & Jacobs, D. M. (2013). When less is more: Reduced usefulness training for the learning of anticipation skill in tennis. PLoS ONE, 8(11), e79811. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0079811.CrossRefPubMed

Smith, M. R. H., Flach, J. M., Dittman, S. M., & Stanard, T. (2001). Monocular optical constraints on collision control. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 27(2), 395–410. https://doi.org/10.1037/0096-1523.27.2.395.CrossRefPubMed

Stoffregen, T. A., & Bardy, B. G. (2001). On specification and the senses. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 24(2), 195–213. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X01003946.CrossRef

Stoffregen, T. A., Mantel, B., & Bardy, B. G. (2017). The senses considered as one perceptual system. Ecological Psychology, 29(3), 165–197. https://doi.org/10.1080/10407413.2017.1331116.CrossRef

Stoffregen, T. A., Yang, C. M., & Bardy, B. G. (2005). Affordance judgments and nonlocomotor body movement. Ecological Psychology, 17(2), 75–104. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15326969eco1702_2.CrossRef

van Andel, S., Cole, M. H., & Pepping, G. J. (2017). A systematic review on perceptual-motor calibration to changes in action capabilities. Human Movement Science, 51, 59–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.humov.2016.11.004.CrossRefPubMed

van Andel, S., McGuckian, T. B., Chalkley, D., Cole, M. H., & Pepping, G.-J. (2019). Principles of the guidance of exploration for orientation and specification of action. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnbeh.2019.00231.CrossRefPubMed

van der Kamp, J., Savelsbergh, G., & Smeets, J. (1997). Multiple information sources in interceptive timing. Human Movement Science, 16(6), 787–821. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-9457(97)00017-1.CrossRef

van Dijk, L., & Bongers, R. M. (2014). The Emergence of an action system: The organization of gaze in creating novel tools. Ecological Psychology, 26(3), 177–197. https://doi.org/10.1080/10407413.2014.929476.CrossRef

Wagman, J. B. (2012). Perception of maximum reaching height reflects impending changes in reaching ability and improvements transfer to unpracticed reaching tasks. Experimental Brain Research, 219, 467–476. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00221-012-3104-x.CrossRefPubMed

Wagman, J. B., Cialdella, V. T., & Stoffregen, T. A. (2018). Higher order affordances for reaching: Perception and performance. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 72(5), 1200–1211. https://doi.org/10.1177/1747021818784403.CrossRef

Wagman, J. B., & Morgan, L. L. (2010). Nested prospectivity in perception: Perceived maximum reaching height reflects anticipated changes in reaching ability. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, 17, 905–909. https://doi.org/10.3758/PBR.17.6.905.CrossRefPubMed

Wagman, J. B., Shockley, K., Riley, M. A., & Turvey, M. T. (2001). Attunement, calibration, and exploration in fast haptic perceptual learning. Journal of Motor Behavior, 33(4), 323–327. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222890109601917.CrossRefPubMed

Withagen, A., Kappers, A. M. L., Vervloed, M. P. J., Knoors, H., & Verhoeven, L. (2013). The use of exploratory procedures by blind and sighted adults and children. Attention, Perception, and Psychophysics, 75, 1451–1464. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13414-013-0479-0.CrossRef

Yu, Y., Bardy, B. G., & Stoffregen, T. A. (2011). Influences of head and torso movement before and during affordance perception. Journal of Motor Behavior, 43(1), 45–54. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222895.2010.533213.CrossRefPubMed

Yu, Y., & Stoffregen, T. A. (2012). Postural and locomotor contributions to affordance perception. Journal of Motor Behavior, 44(5), 305–311. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222895.2012.706659.CrossRefPubMed

Titel: Exploring to learn and learning to explore
Auteurs: Guillaume Hacques
John Komar
Matt Dicks
Ludovic Seifert
Publicatiedatum: 10-05-2020
Uitgeverij: Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Gepubliceerd in: Psychological Research / Uitgave 4/2021
Print ISSN: 0340-0727
Elektronisch ISSN: 1430-2772
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00426-020-01352-x

Bohn Stafleu van Loghum

Deel dit onderdeel of sectie (kopieer de link)

Abstract

Log in om toegang te krijgen

Andere artikelen Uitgave 4/2021

The role of mental imagery in pantomimes of actions towards and away from the body

Asymmetric coupling of action and outcome valence in active and observational feedback learning

In Medio Stat Virtus: intermediate levels of mind wandering improve episodic memory encoding in a virtual environment

Can you voluntarily forget what you are planning to forget? Behavioral evidence for the underlying truth of the cost–benefit principle

Regular participation in leisure time activities and high cardiovascular fitness improve motor sequence learning in older adults

Off-line learning in a rhythmic bimanual task: early feedback dependency is reduced over wakefulness