29-08-2019 | Original Paper | Uitgave 11/2019 Open Access

Fast Periodic Visual Stimulation EEG Reveals Reduced Neural Sensitivity to Fearful Faces in Children with Autism
- Tijdschrift:
- Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders > Uitgave 11/2019
Electronic supplementary material
Publisher's Note
Introduction
Facial Emotion Processing Strategies in ASD
Event Related Potential studies
Fast Periodic Visual Stimulation EEG
Present Study Design
Methods
Participants
Measures
|
ASD group
(
N = 23)
Mean (SD)
|
TD group
(
N = 23)
Mean (SD)
|
Statistical comparison
a
|
p
|
---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years)
|
10.5 (1.4)
|
10.5 (1.4)
|
t(44) = 0.11
|
0.91
|
Verbal IQ
b
|
107 (11)
|
112 (11)
|
t(44) = − 1.44
|
0.16
|
Performance IQ
b
|
104 (15)
|
108 (10)
|
t(44) = − 1.16
|
0.25
|
Full-scale IQ
b
|
106 (9)
|
110 (9)
|
t(44) = − 1.68
|
0.10
|
Social Responsiveness Scale Total (
T score)
|
85 (12)
|
42 (6)
|
z = 3.39
|
0.000***
|
Social communication and interaction (
T score)
|
83 (12)
|
41 (7)
|
z = 3.39
|
0.000***
|
Restricted interests and repetitive behaviour (
T score)
|
85 (11)
|
45 (4)
|
z = 3.39
|
0.000***
|
Stimuli
Design
Procedure
EEG Acquisition
EEG Analysis
Preprocessing
Frequency Domain Analysis
Brain Topographical Analysis and Determination of ROIs
Behavioral Facial Expression Measures
Statistical Analysis
Results
General Visual Base Rate Responses
Fear Discrimination Responses
ASD (
N = 23)
|
TD (
N = 23)
|
|
---|---|---|
Upright + mouth
|
22
|
23
|
Upright + eyes
|
16
|
23
|
Inverted + mouth
|
20
|
23
|
Inverted + eyes
|
17
|
21
|
Behavioral Measures: Orthogonal Task and Explicit Facial Emotion Processing
Discussion
Neural Responses Children Versus Adults
Reduced Neural Sensitivity to Fearful Faces in ASD
Inversion Affects Fear Detection
Directing Attention to the Mouth Facilitates Fear Detection
Implicit Versus Explicit Emotion Processing
Future Research
Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Compliance with Ethical Standards
Conflict of interest
Ethical Approval
Informed Consent
Appendix
Responses
|
Mean ASD (SD)
|
Mean TD (SD)
|
Mann–Whitney U (W)
|
p
|
---|---|---|---|---|
Fear
|
5.8 (2.9)
|
5.1 (2.8)
|
297.5
|
0.31
|
Anger
|
10.2 (2.8)
|
9.8 (4.0)
|
288.5
|
0.42
|
Happiness
|
10.7 (2.5)
|
10.8 (2.5)
|
251.0
|
0.97
|
Sadness
|
2.8 (1.8)
|
3.0 (2.2)
|
247.5
|
0.91
|
Surprise
|
8.1 (2.8)
|
8.7 (3.0)
|
211.0
|
0.34
|
Disgust
|
10.4 (5.1)
|
10.4 (4.0)
|
230.0
|
0.61
|