Top

Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders

Gepubliceerd in:

23-12-2022 | Original Paper

Factors Predicting Poor Mental and Physical Health in Parents of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: Results from 2016 to 2019 National Survey of Children’s Health

Auteurs: Jiwon Lee, Brian Barger

Gepubliceerd in: Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders | Uitgave 3/2024

Abstract

Although poor health has been reported in parents of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), most studies excluded fathers and focused on mental health. We combined 2016–2019 data from the National Surveys of Children’s Health to determine child and parent characteristics that predict poor mental and physical health in fathers (n = 818) and mothers (n = 2111) of children with ASD. For fathers of children with ASD, higher parenting stress was significantly associated with greater odds of poor physical health, whereas racial and ethnic minorities and living at 400% above the federal poverty were significantly associated with lower odds of poor mental health. For mothers of children with ASD, greater child sleep problems were significantly associated with greater odds of poor physical health, and two-parent household living 400% above the poverty line was significantly associated with reported lower odds of poor mental health. Continued efforts to reduce parenting stress and improve child sleep problems, along with expanding existing services and coverages of ASD services, especially for low-income families, may help reduce the burden on these families, preventing adverse future health outcomes in this population.

vorige artikel Pre- and Perinatal Risk Factors for Youth with Autism Spectrum Disorder Versus Youth with Other Mental Health Disorders

volgende artikel Screening, Diagnosis, and Intervention for Autism: Experiences of Black and Multiracial Families Seeking Care

Abidin, R. R. (1995). Parenting stress index. Psychological Assessment Resources.

Aili, K., Åström-Paulsson, S., Stoetzer, U., Svartengren, M., & Hillert, L. (2017). Reliability of actigraphy and subjective sleep measurements in adults: The design of sleep assessments. Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine, 13(1), 39–47. https://doi.org/10.5664/jcsm.6384CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Altman, D. G., & Royston, P. (2006). The cost of dichotomizing continuous variables. British Medical Journal, 332(7549), 1080. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.332.7549.1080CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

American Psychiatric Association (APA). (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). American Psychiatric Publishing.CrossRef

Ang, K. Q. P., & Loh, P. R. (2019). Mental health and coping in parents of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in Singapore: An examination of gender role in caring. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 49(5), 2129–2145. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-019-03900-wCrossRefPubMed

Aschbacher, K., Milush, J. M., Gilbert, A., Almeida, C., Sinclair, E., Epling, L., Grenon, S. M., Marco, E. J., Puterman, E., & Epel, E. (2017). Chronic stress is associated with reduced circulating hematopoietic progenitor cell number: A maternal caregiving model. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 59, 245–252. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2016.09.009CrossRefPubMed

Benevides, T. W., Lee, J., Nwosu, N. A., & Franks, J. (2019). Understanding the family impact of autism spectrum disorder in a racially and ethnically diverse sample: Findings from the national survey of children with special health care needs. Maternal and Child Health Journal, 23(7), 951–960. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10995-018-02724-xCrossRefPubMed

Benson, P. R. (2010). Coping, distress, and well-being in mothers of children with autism. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 4(2), 217–228. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rasd.2009.09.008CrossRef

Benson, P. R. (2018). The impact of child and family stressors on the self-rated health of mothers of children with autism spectrum disorder: Associations with depressed mood over a 12-year period. Autism, 22(4), 489–501. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362361317697656CrossRefPubMed

Bitsika, V., Sharpley, C. F., & Bell, R. (2013). The buffering effect of resilience upon stress, anxiety, and depression in parents of a child with an autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities, 25(5), 533–543. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10882-013-9333-5CrossRef

Candon, M. K., Barry, C. L., Marcus, S. C., Epstein, A. J., Kennedy-Hendricks, A., Xie, M., & Mandell, D. S. (2019). Insurance mandates and out-of-pocket spending for children with autism spectrum disorder. Pediatrics. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2018-0654CrossRefPubMed

Cooke, E., Smith, V., & Brenner, M. (2020). Parents’ experiences of accessing respite care for children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) at the acute and primary care interface: A systematic review. BMC Pediatrics, 20(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12887-020-02045-5CrossRef

Craig, F., Operto, F. F., De Giacomo, A., Margari, L., Frolli, A., Conson, M., Ivagnes, S., Monaco, M., & Margari, F. (2016). Parenting stress among parents of children with neurodevelopmental disorders. Psychiatry Research, 242, 121–129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2016.05.016CrossRefPubMed

Dyches, T. T., Christensen, R., Harper, J. M., Mandleco, B., & Roper, S. O. (2016). Respite care for single mothers of children with autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 46(3), 812–824. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-015-2618-zCrossRefPubMed

Erving, C. L., & Zajdel, R. (2022). Assessing the validity of self-rated health across ethnic groups: Implications for health disparities research. Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities, 9(2), 462–477. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40615-021-00977-xCrossRefPubMed

Falk, N. H., Norris, K., & Quinn, M. G. (2014). The factors predicting stress, anxiety, and depression in the parents of children with autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 44(12), 3185–3203. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-014-2189-4CrossRefPubMed

Foody, C., James, J. E., & Leader, G. (2014). Parenting stress, salivary biomarkers, and ambulatory blood pressure in mothers of children with autism spectrum disorders. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 8(2), 99–110. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-014-2263-yCrossRef

Goedeke, S., Shepherd, D., Landon, J., & Taylor, S. (2019). How perceived support relates to child autism symptoms and care-related stress in parents caring for a child with autism. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 60, 36–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rasd.2019.01.005CrossRef

Goldman, S. E., Wang, L., & Fawkes, D. B. (2014). Concordance of mother/child sleep patterns using actigraphy: Preliminary findings. Journal of Sleep Disorders-Treatment & Care. https://doi.org/10.4172/2325-9639.1000133CrossRef

Gray, D. E. (2003). Gender and coping: The parents of children with high functioning autism. Social Science & Medicine, 56(3), 631–642. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0277-9536(02)00059-xCrossRef

Hayes, S. A., & Watson, S. L. (2013). The impact of parenting stress: A meta-analysis of studies comparing the experience of parenting stress in parents of children with and without autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 43(3), 629–642. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-012-1604-yCrossRefPubMed

Hill, A. P., Zuckerman, K. E., Hagen, A. D., Kriz, D. J., Duvall, S. W., Van Santen, J., Nigg, J., Fair, D., & Fombonne, E. (2014). Aggressive behavior problems in children with autism spectrum disorders: Prevalence and correlates in a large clinical sample. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 8(9), 1121–1133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rasd.2014.05.006CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Hsiao, Y. J. (2016). Pathways to mental health-related quality of life for parents of children with autism spectrum disorder: Roles of parental stress, children’s performance, medical support, and neighbor support. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 23, 122–130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rasd.2015.10.008CrossRef

Huang, T., Mariani, S., & Redline, S. (2020). Sleep irregularity and risk of cardiovascular events: The multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 75(9), 991–999. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2019.12.054CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Iadarola, S., Levato, L., Harrison, B., Smith, T., Lecavalier, L., Johnson, C., Swiezy, N., Bearss, K., & Scahill, L. (2018). Teaching parents behavioral strategies for autism spectrum disorder (ASD): Effects on stress, strain, and competence. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 48(4), 1031–1040. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-017-3339-2CrossRefPubMed

Iadarola, S., Pérez-Ramos, J., Smith, T., & Dozier, A. (2019). Understanding stress in parents of children with autism spectrum disorder: A focus on under-represented families. International Journal of Developmental Disabilities, 65(1), 20–30. https://doi.org/10.1080/20473869.2017.1347228CrossRefPubMed

Keenan, B. M., Newman, L. K., Gray, K. M., & Rinehart, N. J. (2016). Parents of children with ASD experience more psychological distress, parenting stress, and attachment-related anxiety. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 46(9), 2979–2991. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-016-2836-zCrossRefPubMed

Kogan, M. D., Strickland, B. B., Blumberg, S. J., Singh, G. K., Perrin, J. M., & van Dyck, P. C. (2008). A national profile of the health care experiences and family impact of autism spectrum disorder among children in the United States, 2005–2006. Pediatrics, 122(6), e1149–e1158. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2008-1057CrossRefPubMed

Kuhlthau, K. A., Luberto, C. M., Traeger, L., Millstein, R. A., Perez, G. K., Lindly, O. J., Chad-Friedman, E., Proszynski, J., & Park, E. R. (2020). A virtual resiliency intervention for parents of children with autism: A randomized pilot trial. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 50(7), 2513–2526. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-019-03976-4CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Kuhlthau, K., Payakachat, N., Delahaye, J., Hurson, J., Pyne, J. M., Kovacs, E., & Tilford, J. M. (2014). Quality of life for parents of children with autism spectrum disorders. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 8(10), 1339–2135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rasd.2014.07.002CrossRef

Kushnir, J., & Sadeh, A. (2013). Correspondence between reported and actigraphic sleep measures in preschool children: The role of a clinical context. Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine, 9(11), 1147–1151. https://doi.org/10.5664/jcsm.3154CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Lai, W. W., Goh, T. J., Oei, T. P., & Sung, M. (2015). Coping and well-being in parents of children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 45(8), 2582–2593. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-015-2430-9CrossRefPubMed

Lavelle, T. A., Weinstein, M. C., Newhouse, J. P., Munir, K., Kuhlthau, K. A., & Prosser, L. A. (2014). Economic burden of childhood autism spectrum disorders. Pediatrics, 133(3), e520–e529. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2013-0763CrossRefPubMed

Lazarus, R. S., & Folkman, S. (1984). Stress, appraisal, and coping. Springer.

Lee, J. (2013). Maternal stress, well-being, and impaired sleep in mothers of children with developmental disabilities: A literature review. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 34(11), 4255–4273. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2013.09.008CrossRefPubMed

Lee, S. W. H., Ng, K. Y., & Chin, W. K. (2017). The impact of sleep amount and sleep quality on glycemic control in type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 31, 91–101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smrv.2016.02.001CrossRefPubMed

Li, X. S., Pinto-Martin, J. A., Thompson, A., Chittams, J., & Kral, T. V. (2018). Weight status, diet quality, perceived stress, and functional health of caregivers of children with autism spectrum disorder. Journal for Specialists in Pediatric Nursing, 23(1), e12205. https://doi.org/10.1111/jspn.12205CrossRef

Liu, R., Dong, H., Wang, Y., Lu, X., Li, Y., Xun, G., Ou, J., Shen, Y., Xia, K., & Zhao, J. (2021). Sleep problems of children with autism may independently affect parental quality of life. Child Psychiatry & Human Development, 52(3), 488–499. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10578-020-01035-zCrossRef

Lovell, B., Elder, G. J., & Wetherell, M. A. (2021). Sleep disturbances and physical health problems in caregivers of children with ASD. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 113, 103932. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2021.103932CrossRefPubMed

Lunsky, Y., Albaum, C., Baskin, A., Hastings, R. P., Hutton, S., Steel, L., Wang, W., & Weiss, J. (2021). Group virtual mindfulness-based intervention for parents of autistic adolescents and adults. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 51(11), 3959–3969. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-020-04835-3CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Magaña, S., & Smith, M. J. (2006). Psychological distress and well–being of Latina and non–Latina white mothers of youth and adults with an autism spectrum disorder: Cultural attitudes towards coresidence status. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 76(3), 346–357. https://doi.org/10.1037/0002-9432.76.3.346CrossRefPubMed

Martin, C. A., Papadopoulos, N., Chellew, T., Rinehart, N. J., & Sciberras, E. (2019). Associations between parenting stress, parent mental health and child sleep problems for children with ADHD and ASD: Systematic review. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 93, 103463. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2019.103463CrossRefPubMed

Matson, J. L., & Matson, M. L. (Eds.). (2015). Co-morbid conditions in individuals with intellectual disabilities. Springer.

May, C., Fletcher, R., Dempsey, I., & Newman, L. (2015). Modeling relations among coparenting quality, autism-specific parenting self-efficacy, and parenting stress in mothers and fathers of children with ASD. Parenting, 15(2), 119–133. https://doi.org/10.1080/15295192.2015.1020145CrossRef

McClain, M. B., Mills, A. M. H., & Murphy, L. E. (2017). Inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity among children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity-disorder, autism spectrum disorder, and intellectual disability. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 70, 175–184. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2017.09.009CrossRefPubMed

McEwen, B. S., & Stellar, E. (1993). Stress and the individual: Mechanisms leading to disease. Archives of Internal Medicine, 153(18), 2093–2101. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.1993.00410180039004CrossRefPubMed

McStay, R. L., Dissanayake, C., Scheeren, A., Koot, H. M., & Begeer, S. (2014). Parenting stress and autism: The role of age, autism severity, quality of life and problem behaviour of children and adolescents with autism. Autism, 18(5), 502–510. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362361313485163CrossRefPubMed

Meltzer, L. J. (2011). Factors associated with depressive symptoms in parents of children with autism spectrum disorders. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 5(1), 361–367. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rasd.2010.05.001CrossRef

Montes, G., & Halterman, J. S. (2007). Psychological functioning and coping among mothers of children with autism: A population-based study. Pediatrics, 119(5), e1040–e1046. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2006-2819CrossRefPubMed

Paruthi, S., Brooks, L. J., D’Ambrosio, C., Hall, W. A., Kotagal, S., Lloyd, R. M., Malow, B. A., Maski, K., Nichols, C., Quan, S. F., & Rosen, C. L. (2016). Consensus statement of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine on the recommended amount of sleep for healthy children: Methodology and discussion. Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine, 12(11), 1549–1561. https://doi.org/10.5664/jcsm.6288CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Pisula, E., & Porębowicz-Dörsmann, A. (2017). Family functioning, parenting stress and quality of life in mothers and fathers of Polish children with high functioning autism or Asperger syndrome. PLoS ONE, 12(10), e0186536. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0186536CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Raina, P., O’Donnell, M., Rosenbaum, P., Brehaut, J., Walter, S. D., Russell, D., Swinton, M., Zhu, B., & Wood, E. (2005). The health and well-being of caregivers of children with cerebral palsy. Pediatrics, 115(6), e626–e636. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2004-1689CrossRefPubMed

Raina, P., O’Donnell, M., Schwellnus, H., Rosenbaum, P., King, G., Brehaut, J., Russell, D., Swinton, M., King, S., Wong, M., & Walter, S. D. (2004). Caregiving process and caregiver burden: Conceptual models to guide research and practice. BMC Pediatrics, 4(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2431-4-1CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Reynolds, A. M., Soke, G. N., Sabourin, K. R., Hepburn, S., Katz, T., Wiggins, L. D., Schieve, L. A., & Levy, S. E. (2019). Sleep problems in 2-to 5-year-olds with autism spectrum disorder and other developmental delays. Pediatrics, 143(3), e20180492. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2018-0492CrossRefPubMed

Rivera-Figueroa, K., Marfo, N. Y. A., & Eigsti, I. M. (2022). Parental perceptions of autism spectrum disorder in Latinx and black sociocultural contexts: A systematic review. American Journal on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, 127(1), 42–63. https://doi.org/10.1352/1944-7558-127.1.42CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Rodriguez, G., Hartley, S. L., & Bolt, D. (2019). Transactional relations between parenting stress and child autism symptoms and behavior problems. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 49(5), 1887–1898. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-018-3845-xCrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Rubenstein, E., Schieve, L., Wiggins, L., Rice, C., Braun, K. V. N., Christensen, D., Durkin, M., Daniels, J., & Lee, L. C. (2018). Trends in documented co-occurring conditions in children with autism spectrum disorder, 2002–2010. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 83, 168–178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2018.08.015CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Salomone, E., Leadbitter, K., Aldred, C., Barrett, B., Byford, S., Charman, T., Howlin, P., Green, J., Le Couteur, A., McConachie, H., & Parr, J. R. (2018). The association between child and family characteristics and the mental health and well-being of caregivers of children with autism in mid-childhood. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 48(4), 1189–1198. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-017-3392-xCrossRefPubMed

Saltelli, A. (2002). Sensitivity analysis for importance assessment. Risk Analysis, 22(3), 579–590. https://doi.org/10.1111/0272-4332.00040CrossRefPubMed

Sawyer, M. G., Bittman, M., La Greca, A. M., Crettenden, A. D., Harchak, T. F., & Martin, J. (2010). Time demands of caring for children with autism: What are the implications for maternal mental health? Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 40(5), 620–628. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-009-0912-3CrossRefPubMed

Seymour, M., Giallo, R., & Wood, C. E. (2017). The psychological and physical health of fathers of children with autism spectrum disorder compared to fathers of children with long-term disabilities and fathers of children without disabilities. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 69, 8–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2017.07.018CrossRefPubMed

Singh, K., & Zimmerman, A. W. (2015). Sleep in autism spectrum disorder and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. In Kothare, S. (Ed.) Seminars in pediatric neurology (113–125). WB Saunders. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spen.2015.03.006

Sivertsen, B., Posserud, M. B., Gillberg, C., Lundervold, A. J., & Hysing, M. (2012). Sleep problems in children with autism spectrum problems: A longitudinal population-based study. Autism, 16(2), 139–150. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362361311404255CrossRefPubMed

Stevens, T., Peng, L., & Barnard-Brak, L. (2016). The comorbidity of ADHD in children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 31, 11–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rasd.2016.07.003CrossRef

The United States Census Bureau. (2016). 2016 National Survey of Children’s Health Frequently Asked Questions. Retrieved from https://www.census.gov/content/dam/Census/programs-surveys/nsch/tech-documentation/methodology/NSCH-2016-FAQs.pdf

The United States Census Bureau. (2017). 2017 National Survey of Children’s Health Frequently Asked Questions. Retrieved from https://www.census.gov/content/dam/Census/programs-surveys/nsch/tech-documentation/methodology/2017-NSCH-FAQs.pdf

The United States Census Bureau. (2018). 2018 National Survey of Children’s Health Frequently Asked Questions. Retrieved from https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/nsch/technical-documentation/methodology/2018-NSCH-FAQs.pdf

The United States Census Bureau. (2019). 2019 National Survey of Children’s Health Frequently Asked Questions. Retrieved from https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/nsch/technical-documentation/methodology/2019-NSCH-FAQs.pdf

Tilford, J. M., Payakachat, N., Kuhlthau, K. A., Pyne, J. M., Kovacs, E., Bellando, J., Williams, D. K., Brouwer, W. B., & Frye, R. E. (2015). Treatment for sleep problems in children with autism and caregiver spillover effects. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 45(11), 3613–3623. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-015-2507-5CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Tomeny, T. S. (2017). Parenting stress as an indirect pathway to mental health concerns among mothers of children with autism spectrum disorder. Autism, 21(7), 907–911. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362361316655322CrossRefPubMed

Umezawa, Y., Lu, Q., You, J., Kagawa-Singer, M., Leake, B., & Maly, R. C. (2012). Belief in divine control, coping, and race/ethnicity among older women with breast cancer. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 44(1), 21–32. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12160-012-9358-5CrossRefPubMed

Verhoeff, M. E., Blanken, L. M., Kocevska, D., Mileva-Seitz, V. R., Jaddoe, V. W., White, T., Verhulst, F., Luijk, M. P., & Tiemeier, H. (2018). The bidirectional association between sleep problems and autism spectrum disorder: A population-based cohort study. Molecular Autism, 9(1), 8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13229-018-0194-8CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Vohra, R., Madhavan, S., Sambamoorthi, U., & St Peter, C. (2014). Access to services, quality of care, and family impact for children with autism, other developmental disabilities, and other mental health conditions. Autism, 18(7), 815–826. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362361313512902CrossRefPubMed

Willis, K., Timmons, L., Pruitt, M., Schneider, H. L., Alessandri, M., & Ekas, N. V. (2016). The relationship between optimism, coping, and depressive symptoms in Hispanic mothers and fathers of children with autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 46(7), 2427–2440. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-016-2776-7CrossRefPubMed

Yorke, I., White, P., Weston, A., Rafla, M., Charman, T., & Simonoff, E. (2018). The association between emotional and behavioral problems in children with autism spectrum disorder and psychological distress in their parents: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 48(10), 3393–3415. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-018-3605-yCrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Zaidman-Zait, A., Mirenda, P., Duku, E., Szatmari, P., Georgiades, S., Volden, J., Zwaigenbaum, L., Vaillancourt, T., Bryson, S., Smith, I., & Fombonne, E. (2014). Examination of bidirectional relationships between parent stress and two types of problem behavior in children with autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 44(8), 1908–1917. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-014-2064-3CrossRefPubMed

Titel: Factors Predicting Poor Mental and Physical Health in Parents of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: Results from 2016 to 2019 National Survey of Children’s Health
Auteurs: Jiwon Lee
Brian Barger
Publicatiedatum: 23-12-2022
Uitgeverij: Springer US
Gepubliceerd in: Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders / Uitgave 3/2024
Print ISSN: 0162-3257
Elektronisch ISSN: 1573-3432
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-022-05870-y

Bohn Stafleu van Loghum

Deel dit onderdeel of sectie (kopieer de link)

Abstract

Log in om toegang te krijgen

Andere artikelen Uitgave 3/2024

A Pilot Study on the Effect of Peer Support on Quality of Life of Adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorder and Gender Dysphoria

Correction: Autism Prevalence and the Intersectionality of Assigned Sex at Birth, Race, and Ethnicity on Age of Diagnosis

A Systematic Review of Family Functioning in Families of Children on the Autism Spectrum

Associations Between Parenting Stress and Quality Time in Families of Youth with Autism Spectrum Disorder

A Qualitative Study of Adults’ and Support Persons’ Experiences of Support After Autism Diagnosis

Screening, Diagnosis, and Intervention for Autism: Experiences of Black and Multiracial Families Seeking Care