Introduction
The Prevalence of Teen Dating Violence
Theories That Explain Teen Dating Violence
Early Factors That Predict Teen Dating Violence
Parental monitoring
Child victimization
Internalizing and externalizing problems
Gender parity
Family structure and parental education
Current Study
Methods
Procedure
Sample
Measures
Dating violence
Parental monitoring
Corporal punishment
Bullying
Aggression
Anxiety and depression
Sociodemographics
Missing Data
Data Analysis
Results
Coexistence of Teen Dating Violence Perpetration and Victimization
Number of classes | Residual Df | χ2 (p) | G2 (p) | BIC | AIC | Entropya |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 620 | 3836 (0.00) | 3797.674 (1.00) | 9452.16 | 9344.936 | |
2 | 595 | 3452 (0.00) | 2227.356 (1.00) | 8133.535 | 7914.535 | 0.83 |
3 | 570 | 3252 (0.00) | 1831.184 (1.00) | 7899.055 | 7568.445 | 0.84 |
4 | 545 | 1260 (0.00) | 1631.195 (1.00) | 7860.759 | 7418.457 | 0.83 |
5 | 520 | 1269 (0.00) | 1508.239 (1.00) | 7899.496 | 7345.501 | 0.83 |
6 | 495 | 1005 (1.00) | 1405.121 (1.00) | 7958.07 | 7292.383 | – |
7 | 470 | 9931 (1.00) | 1318.742 (1.00) | 8033.384 | 7256.004 | – |
8 | 445 | 9945 (1.00) | 1247.316 (1.00) | 8123.650 | 7234.578 | – |
Class 1: Controlling overlap | Class 2: No violence | Class 3: Controlling and physical violence overlap | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Predicted class membership (SEa) | 0.45 (0.02) | 0.42 (0.02) | 0.13 (0.02) | |||
Probability of class membership (SEa) | ||||||
Victimization | Perpetration | Victimization | Perpetration | Victimization | Perpetration | |
Physical violence | ||||||
Slapped/scratched | ||||||
Never | 0.92 (0.01) | 0.95 (0.02) | 0.97 (0.48) | 0.98 (0.01) | 0.52 (0.08) | 0.63 (0.08) |
Occasionally (1–9 times) | 0.07 (0.02) | 0.05 (0.02) | 0.03 (0.01) | 0.01 (0.00) | 0.42 (0.08) | 0.31 (0.08) |
Frequently (over 9 times) | 0.01 (0.01) | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.00 (0.49) | 0.01 (0.00) | 0.06 (0.05) | 0.06 (0.00) |
Bitten/kicked | ||||||
Never | 0.94 (0.02) | 0.95 (0.02) | 0.98 (0.24) | 0.99 (0.24) | 0.65 (0.12) | 0.73 (0.10) |
Occasionally (1–9 times) | 0.06 (0.02) | 0.05 (0.02) | 0.02 (0.02) | 0.01 (0.01) | 0.27 (10) | 0.21 (0.09) |
Frequently (over 9 times) | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.00 (0.24) | 0.00 (0.24) | 0.08 (0.09) | 0.06 (0.05) |
Pushed/shoved/grabbed | ||||||
Never | 0.87 (0.03) | 0.89 (0.03) | 0.97 (0.02) | 0.98 (0.01) | 0.45 (0.12) | 0.59 (0.10) |
Occasionally (1–9 times) | 0.13 (0.03) | 0.11 (0.03) | 0.03 (0.02) | 0.02 (0.01) | 0.44 (0.10) | 0.35 (0.10) |
Frequently (over 9 times) | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.11 (0.12) | 0.06 (0.05) |
Hit with fist/object | ||||||
Never | 0.99 (0.00) | 0.99 (0.00) | 0.99 (0.00) | 1.00 (0.00) | 0.91 (0.12) | 0.95 (0.04) |
Occasionally (1–9 times) | 0.01 (0.00) | 0.01 (0.00) | 0.01 (0.00) | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.08 (0.06) | 0.04 (0.04) |
Frequently (over 9 times) | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.01 (0.00) | 0.01 (0.02) |
Twisted arm/bent back fingers | ||||||
Never | 1.00 (0.00) | 1.00 (0.00) | 1.00 (0.00) | 1.00 (0.00) | 0.91 (0.06) | 0.96 (0.04) |
Occasionally (1–9 times) | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.08 (0.06) | 0.02 (0.03) |
Frequently (over 9 times) | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.01 (0.00) | 0.02 (0.03) |
Threatened with knife/gunb | ||||||
Never | 1.00 (0.00) | 1.00 (0.00) | 1.00 (0.00) | 1.00 (0.00) | 0.95 (0.05) | 0.98 (0.04) |
Occasionally (1–9 times) | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.04 (0.05) | 0.01 (0.02) |
Frequently (over 9 times) | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.01 (0.02) | 0.01 (0.04) |
Controlling behaviors | ||||||
Checking your phone | ||||||
Never | 0.18 (0.03) | 0.24 (0.03) | 0.77 (0.03) | 0.81 (0.03) | 0.04 (0.03) | 0.14 (0.07) |
Occasionally (1–9 times) | 0.65 (0.03) | 0.66 (0.03) | 0.22 (0.03) | 0.17 (0.03) | 0.34 (0.09) | 0.42 (0.07) |
Frequently (over 9 times) | 0.17 (0.03) | 0.10 (0.02) | 0.01 (0.00) | 0.02 (0.01) | 0.62 (0.10) | 0.44 (0.08) |
Limited contact w/friends | ||||||
Never | 0.51 (0.04) | 0.71 (0.03) | 0.96 (0.01) | 0.98 (0.01) | 0.16 (0.07) | 0.39 (0.11) |
Occasionally (1–9 times) | 0.44 (0.04) | 0.29 (0.03) | 0.04 (0.01) | 0.02 (0.01) | 0.55 (0.09) | 0.50 (0.10) |
Frequently (over 9 times) | 0.04 (0.02) | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.29 (0.08) | 0.11 (06) |
Stopped from meeting people | ||||||
Never | 0.51 (0.04) | 0.68 (0.03) | 0.96 (0.02) | 0.97 (0.01) | 0.12 (0.06) | 0.35 (0.11) |
Occasionally (1–9 times) | 0.46 (0.04) | 0.32 (0.03) | 0.04 (0.02) | 0.03 (0.01) | 0.51 (0.09) | 0.50 (0.10) |
Frequently (over 9 times) | 0.03 (0.01) | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.37 (0.09) | 0.15 (0.07) |
Asked where/who you were out with | ||||||
Never | 0.02 (0.01) | 0.09 (0.02) | 0.66 (0.04) | 0.70 (0.04) | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.09 (0.07) |
Occasionally (1–9 times) | 0.62 (0.04) | 0.65 (0.04) | 0.33 (0.04) | 0.29 (0.04) | 0.15 (0.06) | 0.37 (0.08) |
Frequently (over 9 times) | 0.36 (0.04) | 0.26 (0.07) | 0.01 (0.00) | 0.01 (00) | 0.85 (0.06) | 0.54 (0.08) |
Victim-Perpetrator Group Predictors
β (SE) | OR (CI 95%) | |
---|---|---|
Outcome reference class = “No violence” | ||
Controlling overlap | ||
Intercept | −0.47 (0.25) | 1.23 (0.38–1.03) |
Predictors | ||
Corporal punishment at age 7 | 0.23 (0.20) | 1.26 (0.85–1.87) |
Victim of bullying at age 7 | 0.93 (0.75) | 2.54 (0.58–11.01) |
Incipient perpetrator of bullying at age 7 | 0.38 (0.36) | 1.47 (0.72–3.00) |
Overlap bullying at age 7 | 2.04 (1.12) | 7.70 (0.85–69.69) |
Aggression at age 7 | −0.19 (0.59) | 0.83 (0.26–2.63) |
Anxiety and depression at age 7 | 0.33 (0.43) | 1.40 (0.59–3.19) |
Parental monitoring | 0.23 (0.28) | 1.25 (0.73–2.15) |
Covariables | ||
Gender (reference = Male) | ||
Female | 0.48 (0.19)** | 1.62 (1.13–2.33) |
Family structure (reference = both biological parents) | ||
One biological parent | 0.11 (0.24) | 1.12 (0.70–1.78) |
One biological parent and a stepparent | 0.86 (0.43)* | 2.37 (1.02–5.48) |
Other | −0.10 (0.59) | 0.90 (0.57–2.88) |
Parental level of education (reference = lower than university) | ||
University degree or higher | −0.56 (0.21)** | 0.57 (0.38–0.87) |
Controlling and physical violence overlap | ||
Intercept | −1.87 (0.39)* | 0.15 (0.07–0.33) |
Predictors | ||
Corporal punishment at age 7 | 0.67 (0.28)* | 1.95 (1.12–3.40) |
Victim of bullying at age 7 | 2.23 (0.78)** | 9.71 (2.10–44.89) |
Incipient perpetrator of bullying at age 7 | 0.76 (0.49) | 2.15 (0.83–5.57) |
Overlap bullying at age 7 | 1.47 (1.46) | 4.36 (0.25–76.77) |
Aggression at age 7 | −0.37 (0.90) | 0.69 (0.12–4.08) |
Anxiety and depression at age 7 | 0.53 (0.65) | 1.70 (0.47–6.16) |
Parental monitoring | 0.04 (0.41) | 1.04 (0.46–2.33) |
Covariables | ||
Gender (reference = Male) | ||
Female | 0.27 (0.29) | 1.31 (0.75–2.29) |
Family structure (reference = both biological parents) | ||
One biological parent | −0.26 (0.24) | 0.77 (35–1.68) |
One biological parent and a stepparent | 1.30 (0.56)* | 3.68 (1.24–10.94) |
Other | 0.68 (0.73) | 1.96 (0.49–8.75) |
Parental level of education (reference = lower than university) | ||
University degree or higher | −1.00 (0.38)** | 0.37 (0.17–0.77) |