Introduction
Methods
Participants
Procedures
Measures
Demographics
Behavioral and social drivers
Outcomes
Data analysis
Vaccine initiation and intent | Unweighted n | Weighted % |
---|---|---|
Definitely will not | 237 | 15.4 |
Probably will not | 135 | 8.7 |
Not sure | 110 | 7.3 |
Probably will | 43 | 3.1 |
Definitely will | 13 | 0.9 |
Vaccinated, at least one dose | 1,025 | 64.6 |
Total | 1,563 | 100.0 |
Demographics | Overall | Received ≥ 1 dose of COVID-19 vaccine | Bivariate associations | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | % | N | % | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | |
Age (years)± | |||||||
18–24 | 107 | 12.8 | 71 | 66.8 | 57.6–76.0 | Ref | |
25–34 | 288 | 23.5 | 174 | 57.9 | 51.5–64.3 | 0.68 | 0.42–1.12 |
35–44 | 323 | 22.5 | 216 | 67.3 | 61.7–72.9 | 1.02 | 0.63–1.67 |
45–54 | 281 | 15.9 | 187 | 64.6 | 58.5–70.7 | 0.91 | 0.55–1.48 |
55–64 | 371 | 17.8 | 257 | 68.6 | 63.4–73.9 | 1.09 | 0.67–1.76 |
65–74 | 147 | 5.5 | 92 | 63.9 | 55.5–72.2 | 0.88 | 0.51–1.52 |
75+ | 46 | 1.9 | 28 | 63.6 | 48.9–78.4 | 0.87 | 0.41–1.86 |
Gender | |||||||
Male | 802 | 49.7 | 544 | 66.7 | 62.9–70.5 | Ref | |
Female | 761 | 50.3 | 481 | 62.4 | 58.5–66.4 | 0.83 | 0.65–1.05 |
Race/ethnicity | |||||||
NH White | 962 | 60.3 | 615 | 61.4 | 58.0-64.7 | Ref | |
NH Black | 258 | 13.2 | 162 | 59.5 | 52.5–66.4 | 0.92 | 0.67–1.27 |
Hispanic | 187 | 17.8 | 128 | 71.7 | 63.8–79.5 | 1.59* | 1.06–2.40 |
NH Other | 156 | 8.7 | 120 | 80.2 | 72.7–87.7 | 2.56** | 1.56–4.19 |
Education± | |||||||
No high school diploma or GED | 140 | 14.0 | 77 | 57.4 | 48.2–66.5 | Ref | |
High school graduate or GED | 438 | 29.9 | 249 | 54.9 | 49.6–60.2 | 0.90 | 0.59–1.39 |
Some college or associate degree | 504 | 31.3 | 320 | 64.1 | 59.4–68.7 | 1.33 | 0.87–2.03 |
Bachelor’s degree or higher | 481 | 24.9 | 379 | 80.9 | 77.1–84.7 | 3.15** | 2.02–4.93 |
Household income± | |||||||
Less than $25,000 | 251 | 15.9 | 141 | 52.9 | 45.7–60.1 | Ref | |
$25,000-$49,999 | 287 | 18.5 | 163 | 56.6 | 49.9–63.3 | 1.17 | 0.78–1.75 |
$50,000-$74,999 | 238 | 16.2 | 151 | 64.7 | 57.8–71.5 | 1.60* | 1.04–2.45 |
$75,000-$99,999 | 233 | 14.7 | 147 | 59.7 | 52.6–66.8 | 1.29 | 0.85–1.96 |
$100,000-$199,999 | 399 | 26.8 | 303 | 74.3 | 69.2–79.3 | 2.45** | 1.65–3.62 |
$200,000 and above | 111 | 7.9 | 97 | 86.3 | 79.1–93.4 | 5.39** | 2.76–10.54 |
Political leaning± | |||||||
Extremely liberal | 58 | 3.9 | 50 | 89.2 | 80.5–97.9 | Ref | |
Liberal | 197 | 13.3 | 171 | 86.5 | 80.6–92.4 | 0.78 | 0.27–2.27 |
Slightly liberal | 137 | 9.9 | 109 | 78.1 | 69.6–86.7 | 0.44 | 0.15–1.27 |
Moderate | 528 | 36.6 | 349 | 64.5 | 59.8–69.2 | 0.22** | 0.08–0.57 |
Slightly conservative | 168 | 10.7 | 115 | 66.7 | 58.4–75.0 | 0.24** | 0.09–0.66 |
Conservative | 307 | 18.8 | 149 | 47.0 | 40.9–53.1 | 0.11** | 0.04–0.28 |
Extremely conservative | 107 | 6.9 | 42 | 35.9 | 25.9–45.8 | 0.07** | 0.02–0.19 |
Essential or frontline worker status | |||||||
No/Not sure | 1142 | 73.2 | 768 | 66.4 | 63.3–69.6 | Ref | |
Yes | 421 | 26.8 | 257 | 59.4 | 54.2–64.7 | 0.74* | 0.57–0.96 |
Difficulty running errands | |||||||
No | 1373 | 92.9 | 902 | 64.5 | 61.6–67.4 | Ref | |
Yes | 109 | 7.1 | 70 | 63.8 | 53.6–73.9 | 0.96 | 0.60–1.51 |
Mental health status | |||||||
Fair/poor | 181 | 12.3 | 116 | 59.3 | 51.2–67.4 | Ref | |
Excellent/very good/good | 1372 | 87.7 | 904 | 65.5 | 62.6–68.4 | 1.29 | 0.90–1.85 |
Rurality | |||||||
Urban | 513 | 32.3 | 351 | 69.2 | 64.6–73.7 | Ref | |
Rural | 275 | 17.7 | 149 | 51.7 | 45.1–58.3 | 0.48** | 0.34–0.67 |
Suburban | 775 | 50.0 | 525 | 66.2 | 62.3–70.1 | 0.87 | 0.66–1.15 |
Census region | |||||||
Northeast | 286 | 17.7 | 215 | 74.6 | 68.9–80.3 | Ref | |
Midwest | 315 | 20.8 | 205 | 62.9 | 56.9–68.9 | 0.58** | 0.39–0.86 |
South | 604 | 38.2 | 362 | 57.3 | 52.7–61.9 | 0.46** | 0.32–0.65 |
West | 358 | 23.2 | 243 | 70.3 | 65.0-75.7 | 0.81 | 0.54–1.20 |
Results
Vaccine initiation
Drivers of vaccine initiation at follow-up
Thinking and feeling
Social processes
Practical issues
Vaccine initiation by baseline intent
Discussion
Behavioral and social drivers of COVID-19 vaccine initiation at follow-up
Thinking and feeling
Construct | Assessment | Unvaccinated Respondents Mean (SD) | Vaccinated Respondents Mean (SD) | Model 1 Baseline | Model 2 Baseline & follow-up | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | ||||||
Thinking and feeling | |||||||||
Vaccine confidence | Baseline | 21.70 (6.79) | 33.32 (7.49) | 1.15** | 1.12–1.19 | 1.13** | 1.09–1.16 | ||
Risk perception | Baseline | 3.70 (1.81) | 5.14 (1.78) | 1.22** | 1.09–1.35 | 1.08 | 0.95–1.22 | ||
Social processes | |||||||||
Social norms | Baseline | 7.31 (2.71) | 11.33 (2.83) | 1.16** | 1.08–1.25 | 1.13** | 1.05–1.22 | ||
Exposure to negative information | Baseline | 5.01 (1.42) | 4.39 (1.69) | 0.96 | 0.85–1.08 | 1.00 | 0.87–1.15 | ||
Recommendation | Baseline | 6.76 (2.38) | 9.16 (3.22) | 1.11** | 1.03–1.18 | 1.12** | 1.03–1.22 | ||
Recommendation at follow-up | Follow-up | 0.21 (0.41) | 0.17 (0.37) | - | - | 1.72* | 1.06–2.81 | ||
Social responsibility to vaccinate | Follow-up | 0.08 (0.27) | 0.71 (0.45) | - | - | 10.22** | 6.11–17.07 | ||
Saw only pro-vaccination messages | Follow-up | 0.57 (0.50) | 0.58 (0.49) | - | - | 0.66 | 0.38–1.13 | ||
Saw both pro- and anti-vaccination messages | Follow-up | 0.25 (0.43) | 0.26 (0.44) | - | - | 0.88 | 0.48–1.62 | ||
Practical issues | |||||||||
Access experience | Baseline | 12.37 (2.97) | 12.73 (3.35) | 0.91** | 0.86–0.96 | 0.89** | 0.84–0.94 | ||
Vaccine requirement | Follow-up | 0.03 (0.17) | 0.21 (0.41) | - | - | 8.71** | 3.39–22.37 | ||
Vaccine incentives | Follow-up | 0.22 (0.42) | 0.16 (0.37) | - | - | 0.59* | 0.36–0.95 | ||
Had COVID-19 in the last 6 months | Follow-up | 0.17 (0.38) | 0.07 (0.25) | - | - | 0.57 | 0.30–1.07 | ||
Know someone who became seriously ill or died of COVID-19 | Follow-up | 0.42 (0.49) | 0.48 (0.50) | - | - | 0.75 | 0.51–1.09 |