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2016 | OriginalPaper | Hoofdstuk

2 Theorieën over motorisch leren en handelen

B Motorisch handelen

Auteurs : Bouwien Smits-Engelsman, Bert Steenbergen, Gerard P. van Galen

Gepubliceerd in: Kinderfysiotherapie

Uitgeverij: Bohn Stafleu van Loghum

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Samenvatting

Onderzoek van de motorische (on)vermogens van een kind vraagt een theoretisch referentiekader dat duidelijk maakt dat bewegen meer is dan het aanspannen of ontspannen van spieren. Bewegen is het gebruikmaken van de motorische vrijheidsgraden van ons lichaam om daarmee doelen te realiseren zoals onszelf verplaatsen, het manipuleren van objecten, communiceren met medemensen, maar ook uiting geven aan onze emoties. In de neurowetenschappen worden al deze doelgerichte handelingen acties genoemd. Het succesvol uitvoeren van dergelijke acties of juist het gebrek daaraan door een stoornis of disfunctie kan vele oorzaken hebben, waarbij een scala aan factoren een rol speelt. De activatie van spieren en hun (reflexmatige) regeling kunnen door neurale of anatomische beschadiging als gevolg van ziekte tekortschieten. Maar evengoed kan de cognitieve vertaling van het doel van de actie (intenties) in actieplannen en scenario’s falen doordat de patiënt het vermogen mist om wat hij zou willen doen te vertalen in plannen of het vermogen mist de plannen te activeren. Het alleen observeren van een motorische handeling biedt daarom niet genoeg aanknopingspunten voor een motorische probleemanalyse en behandeling. Immers, de uiterlijk waarneembare handeling is het gevolg van vele cognitieve, neuromusculaire en biomechanische voorwaarden die elkaar kunnen verstoren, aanvullen en gedeeltelijk compenseren. De visie die in dit hoofdstuk wordt verdedigd, is dat de kinderfysiotherapeutische probleemanalyse en het opstellen van een interventieplan moeten geschieden vanuit een kenniskader waarin zowel de cognitieve, motivationele, emotionele, neuromusculaire en biomechanische processen een plaats hebben. Als de kinderfysiotherapeut de motoriek beoordeelt, zal in eerste instantie gekeken moeten worden naar wat de intentie van de actie was en of het doel van de beweging gehaald wordt. Facetten die van belang zijn bij de observatie, hebben betrekking op de timing en krachtsregulatie, op de aanpassingsmogelijkheden aan de fysieke effecten van het bewegen in relatie tot onze leefwereld (de context) en in relatie tot onze lichaamseigen mogelijkheden. Een belangrijk punt is of er efficiënt gebruikgemaakt kan worden van die mogelijkheden (optimaal gebruik van vrijheidsgraden).
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Metagegevens
Titel
2 Theorieën over motorisch leren en handelen
Auteurs
Bouwien Smits-Engelsman
Bert Steenbergen
Gerard P. van Galen
Copyright
2016
Uitgeverij
Bohn Stafleu van Loghum
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-368-1592-5_3