Top

Gepubliceerd in:

19-09-2022 | ORIGINAL PAPER

What Happens When You Smoke a Cigarette Mindfully? A Deductive Qualitative Study

Auteurs: Min-Jeong Yang, Dana Ketcher, Katie Witkiewitz, Marina Unrod, Sana Baban, David W. Wetter, Christine Vinci

Gepubliceerd in: Mindfulness | Uitgave 10/2022

Abstract

Objectives

The mindful smoking exercise instructs participants to pay attention to a range of experiences while smoking a cigarette with the expectation that it will modify the often automatic process of smoking. Given its theoretical value, mindfulness- and acceptance and commitment therapy–based smoking cessation interventions have usually included a mindful smoking exercise. However, its utility has not been empirically examined. Through qualitative analyses, the current study examined smokers’ lived experience with mindful smoking during an 8-week telehealth group–based smoking cessation and alcohol modification trial.

Methods

Participants were smokers who were present in group during the mindful smoking exercise. The recordings of sessions and follow-up interviews in which discussion on mindful smoking took place were transcribed and hand-coded for qualitative analysis. A thematic content analytic approach was used to identify themes.

Results

Participants (N = 20) were 75% female (mean age = 49.75, average cigarettes per day = 16.35). Identified themes mapped onto both the theoretical rationale for mindful smoking (e.g., attention/awareness, decentering, similarity/difference between mindful versus automatic smoking) and cognitive-affective-behavioral responses (e.g., unpleasant/pleasant experience, shifts in desire to smoke, cognitive reappraisal). The most prominent themes were attention/awareness, similarity/difference between mindful versus automatic smoking, and unpleasant/pleasant experience. Dynamic interplay between themes was also observed and representative quotes are included.

Conclusions

Our findings indicate that intentionally paying attention to smoking led to the reporting of a heightened awareness of automatic behavior accompanied by noticing unpleasant aspects of smoking, potentially facilitating change in one’s relationship to smoking. Theoretical implications of mindful smoking in the context of addiction are discussed.

vorige artikel The Effects of an Online Mindfulness Intervention on Emotion Regulation upon Autobiographical Memory Retrieval in Depression Remission: a Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial

volgende artikel Motivation for Meditation and Its Association with Meditation Practice in a National Sample of Internet Users

Baer, R. A., Smith, G. T., & Allen, K. B. (2004). Assessment of mindfulness by self-report: The Kentucky inventory of mindfulness skills. Assessment, 11(3), 191–206. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191104268029CrossRefPubMed

Baer, R. A., Smith, G. T., Hopkins, J., Krietemeyer, J., & Toney, L. (2006). Using self-report assessment methods to explore facets of mindfulness. Assessment, 13(1), 27–45. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191105283504CrossRefPubMed

Baer, R. A., Smith, G. T., Lykins, E., Button, D., Krietemeyer, J., Sauer, S., Walsh, E., Duggan, D., & Williams, J. M. G. (2008). Construct validity of the five facet mindfulness questionnaire in meditating and nonmeditating samples. Assessment, 15(3), 329–342. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191107313003CrossRefPubMed

Baker, T. B., Piper, M. E., McCarthy, D. E., Majeskie, M. R., & Fiore, M. C. (2004). Addiction motivation reformulated: An affective processing model of negative reinforcement. Psychological Review, 111(1), 33–51. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.111.1.33CrossRefPubMed

Bishop, S. R., Lau, M., Shapiro, S., Carlson, L., Anderson, N. D., Carmody, J., Segal, Z. V., Abbey, S., Speca, M., & Velting, D. (2004). Mindfulness: A proposed operational definition. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 11(3), 230–241. https://doi.org/10.1093/clipsy/bph077CrossRef

Bowen, S., Chawla, N., Grow, J., & Marlatt, A. (2021). Mindfulness-based relapse prevention for addictive behaviors: A clinician's guide (2nd ed.). The Guilford Press.

Breslin, F. C., Zack, M., & McMain, S. (2002). An information-processing analysis of mindfulness: Implications for relapse prevention in the treatment of substance abuse. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 9(3), 275–299. https://doi.org/10.1093/clipsy.9.3.275CrossRef

Brewer, J. (2019). Mindfulness training for addictions: Has neuroscience revealed a brain hack by which awareness subverts the addictive process? Current Opinion in Psychology, 28, 198–203. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2019.01.014CrossRefPubMed

Brewer, J. A., Elwafi, H. M., & Davis, J. H. (2013). Craving to quit: Psychological models and neurobiological mechanisms of mindfulness training as treatment for addictions. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 27(2), 366–379. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0028490CrossRefPubMed

Brewer, J. A., Mallik, S., Babuscio, T. A., Nich, C., Johnson, H. E., Deleone, C. M., Minnix-Cotton, C. A., Byrne, S. A., Kober, H., & Weinstein, A. J. (2011). Mindfulness training for smoking cessation: Results from a randomized controlled trial. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 119(1–2), 72–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2011.05.027CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Brown, K. W., & Ryan, R. M. (2003). The benefits of being present: Mindfulness and its role in psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84(4), 822–848. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.84.4.822CrossRefPubMed

Chawla, N., Collins, S., Bowen, S., Hsu, S., Grow, J., Douglass, A., & Marlatt, G. A. (2010). The mindfulness-based relapse prevention adherence and competence scale: Development, interrater reliability, and validity. Psychotherapy Research, 20(4), 388–397. https://doi.org/10.1080/10503300903544257CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Crane, R., Brewer, J., Feldman, C., Kabat-Zinn, J., Santorelli, S., Williams, J., & Kuyken, W. (2017). What defines mindfulness-based programs? The warp and the weft. Psychological Medicine, 47(6), 990–999. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291716003317CrossRefPubMed

Crane, R. S., Kuyken, W., Hastings, R. P., Rothwell, N., & Williams, J. M. G. (2010). Training teachers to deliver mindfulness-based interventions: Learning from the UK experience. Mindfulness, 1(2), 74–86. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-010-0010-9CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Craske, M. G., Hermans, D., & Vervliet, B. (2018). State-of-the-art and future directions for extinction as a translational model for fear and anxiety. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society b: Biological Sciences, 373(1742), 20170025. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2017.0025CrossRef

Davis, J. M., Manley, A. R., Goldberg, S. B., Smith, S. S., & Jorenby, D. E. (2014). Randomized trial comparing mindfulness training for smokers to a matched control. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 47(3), 213–221. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsat.2014.04.005CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

DeCuir-Gunby, J. T., Marshall, P. L., & McCulloch, A. W. (2011). Developing and using a codebook for the analysis of interview data: An example from a professional development research project. Field Methods, 23(2), 136–155. https://doi.org/10.1177/1525822X10388468CrossRef

Gifford, E. V., Kohlenberg, B. S., Hayes, S. C., Pierson, H. M., Piasecki, M. P., Antonuccio, D. O., & Palm, K. M. (2011). Does acceptance and relationship focused behavior therapy contribute to bupropion outcomes? A randomized controlled trial of functional analytic psychotherapy and acceptance and commitment therapy for smoking cessation. Behavior Therapy, 42(4), 700–715. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2011.03.002CrossRefPubMed

Glautier, S. (2004). Measures and models of nicotine dependence: Positive reinforcement. Addiction, 99, 30–50. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2004.00736.xCrossRefPubMed

Gross, J. J., & John, O. P. (2003). Individual differences in two emotion regulation processes: Implications for affect, relationships, and well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85(2), 348–362. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.85.2.348CrossRefPubMed

Gu, J., Strauss, C., Crane, C., Barnhofer, T., Karl, A., Cavanagh, K., & Kuyken, W. (2016). Examining the factor structure of the 39-item and 15-item versions of the five facet mindfulness questionnaire before and after mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for people with recurrent depression. Psychological Assessment, 28(7), 791–802. https://doi.org/10.1037/pas0000263CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Hemenway, M., Witkiewitz, K., Unrod, M., Brandon, K. O., Brandon, T. H., Wetter, D. W., Sutton, S. K., & Vinci, C. (2020). Development of a mindfulness-based treatment for smoking cessation and the modification of alcohol use: A protocol for a randomized controlled trial and pilot study findings. Contemporary Clinical Trials, 100, 106218. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cct.2020.106218CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Hofmann, S. G., & Hayes, S. C. (2019). The future of intervention science: Process-based therapy. Clinical Psychological Science, 7(1), 37–50. https://doi.org/10.1177/2167702618772296CrossRefPubMed

Hölzel, B. K., Lazar, S. W., Gard, T., Schuman-Olivier, Z., Vago, D. R., & Ott, U. (2011). How does mindfulness meditation work? Proposing mechanisms of action from a conceptual and neural perspective. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 6(6), 537–559. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691611419671CrossRefPubMed

Horvath, M., Grutman, A., O’Malley, S. S., Gueorguieva, R., Khan, N., Brewer, J. A., & Garrison, K. A. (2021). Smartband-based automatic smoking detection and real-time mindfulness intervention: Protocol for a feasibility trial. JMIR Research Protocols, 10(11), e32521. https://doi.org/10.2196/32521CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Kabat-Zinn, J. (2013). Full catastrophe living (Revised ed.). Bantam.

Korecki, J. R., Schwebel, F. J., Votaw, V. R., & Witkiewitz, K. (2020). Mindfulness-based programs for substance use disorders: A systematic review of manualized treatments. Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and Policy, 15(1), 1–37. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13011-020-00293-3CrossRef

Lau, M. A., Bishop, S. R., Segal, Z. V., Buis, T., Anderson, N. D., Carlson, L., Shapiro, S., Carmody, J., Abbey, S., & Devins, G. (2006). The Toronto mindfulness scale: Development and validation. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 62(12), 1445–1467. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.20326CrossRefPubMed

Li, W., Howard, M. O., Garland, E. L., McGovern, P., & Lazar, M. (2017). Mindfulness treatment for substance misuse: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 75, 62–96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsat.2017.01.008CrossRefPubMed

MacQueen, K. M., McLellan, E., Kay, K., & Milstein, B. (1998). Codebook development for team-based qualitative analysis. Cam Journal, 10(2), 31–36. https://doi.org/10.1177/1525822X980100020301CrossRef

National Cancer Institute. (2008). Clearing the air: Quit smoking today. NIH Publication.

Oikonomou, M. T., Arvanitis, M., & Sokolove, R. L. (2017). Mindfulness training for smoking cessation: A meta-analysis of randomized-controlled trials. Journal of Health Psychology, 22(14), 1841–1850. https://doi.org/10.1177/1359105316637667CrossRefPubMed

Robinson, T. E., & Berridge, K. C. (2008). The incentive sensitization theory of addiction: Some current issues. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society b: Biological Sciences, 363(1507), 3137–3146. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2008.0093CrossRef

Schuman-Olivier, Z., Trombka, M., Lovas, D. A., Brewer, J. A., Vago, D. R., Gawande, R., Dunne, J. P., Lazar, S. W., Loucks, E. B., & Fulwiler, C. (2020). Mindfulness and behavior change. Harvard Review of Psychiatry, 28(6), 371–394. https://doi.org/10.1097/HRP.0000000000000277CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Selchen, S., Hawley, L. L., Regev, R., Richter, P., & Rector, N. A. (2018). Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for OCD: Stand-alone and post-CBT augmentation approaches. International Journal of Cognitive Therapy, 11(1), 58–79. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41811-018-0003-3CrossRef

Sheehan, D. V., Lecrubier, Y., Sheehan, K. H., Amorim, P., Janavs, J., Weiller, E., Hergueta, T., Baker, R., & Dunbar, G. C. (1998). The mini-international neuropsychiatric interview (MINI): The development and validation of a structured diagnostic psychiatric interview for DSM-IV and ICD-10. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 59, 22–33.PubMed

Sobell, L. C., & Sobell, M. B. (1992). Timeline follow-back: A technique for assessing self-reported alcohol consumption. In R. Z. Litten & J. P. Allen (Eds.), Measuring alcohol consumption: Psychosocial and biochemical methods (pp. 41–72). Humana Press. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-0357-5_3

Sobell, L. C., Sobell, M. B. (2000). Alcohol timeline followback. In Handbook of psychiatric measures (pp. 477–479). American Psychiatric Association..

Strauss, A., & Corbin, J. (1998). Basics of qualitative research techniques. Sage Publications.

Stuckey, H. L. (2015). The second step in data analysis: Coding qualitative research data. Journal of Social Health and Diabetes, 3(1), 7–10.CrossRef

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2020). The health consequences of smoking - 50 years of progress: Executive summary. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health

Teasdale, J. D., Moore, R. G., Hayhurst, H., Pope, M., Williams, S., & Segal, Z. V. (2002). Metacognitive awareness and prevention of relapse in depression: Empirical evidence. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 70(2), 275–287. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.70.2.275CrossRefPubMed

Tiffany, S. T. (1990). A cognitive model of drug urges and drug-use behavior: Role of automatic and nonautomatic processes. Psychological Review, 97(2), 147–168.CrossRef

Vinci, C., Hemenway, M., Baban, S., Yang, M., Brandon, K., Witkiewitz, K., Unrod, M., Brandon, T. H., Wetter, D. W., & Sutton, S. (2022). Transition to telehealth: Challenges and benefits of conducting group-based smoking and alcohol treatment virtually. Contemporary Clinical Trials, 114, 106689. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cct.2022.106689CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Vinci, C., Sawyer, L., & Yang, M. (2021). Minding the gap: Leveraging mindfulness to inform cue exposure treatment. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 649409. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.649409CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Titel: What Happens When You Smoke a Cigarette Mindfully? A Deductive Qualitative Study
Auteurs: Min-Jeong Yang
Dana Ketcher
Katie Witkiewitz
Marina Unrod
Sana Baban
David W. Wetter
Christine Vinci
Publicatiedatum: 19-09-2022
Uitgeverij: Springer US
Gepubliceerd in: Mindfulness / Uitgave 10/2022
Print ISSN: 1868-8527
Elektronisch ISSN: 1868-8535
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-022-01984-7

Andere artikelen Uitgave 10/2022

A Feasibility Study of a Program Integrating Mindfulness, Yoga, Positive Psychology, and Emotional Intelligence in Tertiary-Level Student Musicians

Open Access
ORIGINAL PAPER

Education and Mindfulness: an Early Buddhist Contribution to the Ongoing Dialog

ORIGINAL PAPER

Biomarker Response to Mindfulness Intervention in Veterans Diagnosed with Post-traumatic Stress Disorder

ORIGINAL PAPER

No Effects of a Brief Mindfulness Intervention on Controlled Motivation and Amotivation, but Effect Moderation Through Trait Mindfulness: a Randomized Controlled Trial

Open Access
ORIGINAL PAPER

Self-compassion, Mindfulness, Stress, and Self-esteem Among Vietnamese University Students: Psychological Well-being and Positive Emotion as Mediators

ORIGINAL PAPER

Economic Evaluations of Mindfulness-Based Interventions: a Systematic Review

REVIEW