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Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review

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07-06-2023 | Invited:Review

What Do We Know About Depression Among Youth and How Can We Make Progress Toward Improved Understanding and Reducing Distress? A New Hope

Auteurs: Benjamin L. Hankin, Julianne M. Griffith

Gepubliceerd in: Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review | Uitgave 4/2023

Abstract

This paper summarizes many findings about depression among children and adolescents. Depression is prevalent, highly distressing, and exerts considerable burden worldwide. Rates surge from childhood through young adulthood and have increased over the last decade. Many risk factors have been identified, and evidence-based interventions exist targeting mostly individual-level changes via psychological or pharmacological means. At the same time, the field appears stuck and has not achieved considerable progress in advancing scientific understanding of depression’s features or delivering interventions to meet the challenge of youth depression’s high and growing prevalence. This paper adopts several positions to address these challenges and move the field forward. First, we emphasize reinvigoration of construct validation approaches that may better characterize youth depression’s phenomenological features and inform more valid and reliable assessments that can enhance scientific understanding and improve interventions for youth depression. To this end, history and philosophical principles affecting depression’s conceptualization and measurement are considered. Second, we suggest expanding the range and targets of treatments and prevention efforts beyond current practice guidelines for evidence-based interventions. This broader suite of interventions includes structural- and system-level change focused at community and societal levels (e.g., evidence-based economic anti-poverty interventions) and personalized interventions with sufficient evidence base. We propose that by focusing on the FORCE (Fundamentals, Openness, Relationships, Constructs, Evidence), youth depression research can provide new hope.

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In the context of the present paper, “youth” is used to refer to school-aged children and adolescents, specifically, as much of the evidence and empirical emphasis of the literature to date has focused on these periods of development. We wish to note, however, that the ideas and suggestions promulgated in this paper may provide meaningful directions for efforts to improve research and intervention efforts targeting earlier periods of development (e.g., infancy, preschool age). That is, fundamentals, openness, relationships, constructs, and evidence are essential to improving our understanding of and capacity to respond to the needs of vulnerable young people across the lifespan.

We will proceed to discuss several key events and players involved in the development of the model DSM as it relates to youth depression; however, for more information regarding the history of the DSM, we direct interested readers to several excellent reviews in this area (Blashfield, 1984; Blashfield et al., 2014; Clark, Cuthbert et al., 2017; Frances & Widiger, 2012; Horwitz; Kendler, 2016, 2017; Wilson, 1993).

We use “intervention” to refer to both prevention and treatment efforts.

Contrast Dr. Felix, as the first NIMH director’s “bible” reference, to the most recent outgoing NIMH Director, Dr. Insel, saying DSM is not the “bible” of psychiatric classification.

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Titel: What Do We Know About Depression Among Youth and How Can We Make Progress Toward Improved Understanding and Reducing Distress? A New Hope
Auteurs: Benjamin L. Hankin
Julianne M. Griffith
Publicatiedatum: 07-06-2023
Uitgeverij: Springer US
Gepubliceerd in: Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review / Uitgave 4/2023
Print ISSN: 1096-4037
Elektronisch ISSN: 1573-2827
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10567-023-00437-4

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