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01-11-2010 | Wetenschap

Waar dissociatie vandaan komt – het schemergebied tussen slapen en waken

Auteurs: D. van der Kloet, prof. dr. H.L.J.G. Merckelbach

Gepubliceerd in: GZ - Psychologie | Uitgave 7/2010

Samenvatting

Sommige mensen herkennen zichzelf wel eens niet wanneer ze in de spiegel kijken. Anderen vinden soms kleding in hun kast waarvan ze zich niet kunnen herinneren dat ze die gekocht hebben. Dat zijn voorbeelden van wat in jargon dissociatieve symptomen worden genoemd. Van dissociatie is sprake als bewustzijn, geheugen en emotie niet langer in de pas lopen.

Dissociatie blijkt samen te hangen met slaapverstoringen. We zullen in dit artikel bespreken hoe droomachtige belevingen zich aan het wakende bewustzijn kunnen opdringen, wat kan leiden tot dissociatieve symptomen. Het zal duidelijk worden dat slaap op diverse manieren kan bijdragen aan dissociatie. Zo blijkt slaapgebrek en de daaruit voortkomende vermoeidheid dissociatieve symptomen te verergeren. Daarnaast bestaat er een verband tussen het ’s nachts hebben van ongewone slaapervaringen (nachtmerries, hypnopompe hallucinaties, etc.) en dissociatieve symptomen overdag. In de klinische literatuur overheerst nog steeds de opvatting dat trauma de directe oorzaak is van dissociatie. Onderzoek naar slaap en dissociatie wijst in een andere richting. Het kan de aanzet vormen voor nieuwe behandelmethoden van dissociatieve stoornissen, namelijk interventies die zich richten op het normaliseren van de slaap-waakcyclus. We zullen eindigen met een agenda voor toekomstig onderzoek om het slaap-dissociatiemodel verder te onderbouwen en te nuanceren.

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Giesbrecht, T., Lynn, S.J., Lilienfeld, S.O., e.a. (2008). Cognitive processes in dissociation: An analysis of core theoretical assumptions. Psychological Bulletin, 134, 617-647.

Giesbrecht, T., Smeets, T., Leppink, J., e.a. (2007). Acute dissociation after 1 night of sleep loss. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 116, 599 - 606.

Hamner, M.B., Brodrick, P.S., & Labbate, L.A. (2001). Gabapentin in PTSD: A retrospective, clinical series of adjunctive therapy. Annals of Clinical Psychiatry, 13, 141 - 146.

Koffel, E., & Watson, D. (2009b). Unusual sleep experiences, dissociation, and schizotypy: Evidence for a common domain. Clinical Psychology Review, 29, 548- 559.

LaVia, M.C., & Brewerton, T.D. (1996). Cataplexy and the switch process of multiple personality disorder. Psychiatry Research, 63, 231-232.

Simeon, D., & Abugel, J. (2006). Feeling unreal: Depersonalization disorder and the loss of the self. Oxford University Press, New York.

Van der Kloet, D., Merckelbach, H., Giesbrecht, T., & Lynn, S.J. (2010). Dissociative symptoms, sleep, and memory. Manuscript in voorbereiding.

Watson, D. (2001). Dissociations of the night: Individual differences in sleeprelated experiences and their relation to dissociation and schizotypy. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 110, 526-535.

Watson, D. (2003). To dream, perchance to remember: individual differences in dream recall. Personality and Individual Differences, 34, 1271-1286.

Titel: Waar dissociatie vandaan komt – het schemergebied tussen slapen en waken
Auteurs: D. van der Kloet
prof. dr. H.L.J.G. Merckelbach
Publicatiedatum: 01-11-2010
Uitgeverij: Bohn Stafleu van Loghum
Gepubliceerd in: GZ - Psychologie / Uitgave 7/2010
Print ISSN: 1879-5080
Elektronisch ISSN: 1879-5099
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s41480-010-0077-x

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