Top

Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology

Gepubliceerd in:

01-02-2010

Vigilance and Avoidance of Threat in the Eye Movements of Children with Separation Anxiety Disorder

Auteurs: Tina In-Albon, Joe Kossowsky, Silvia Schneider

Gepubliceerd in: Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology | Uitgave 2/2010

Abstract

The vigilance-avoidance attention pattern is found in anxious adults, who initially gaze more at threatening pictures than nonanxious adults (vigilance), but subsequently gaze less at them than nonanxious adults (avoidance). The present research, using eye tracking methodology, tested whether anxious children show the same pattern. Children with separation anxiety disorder or no mental disorder viewed pairs of pictures, while the direction of their gaze was tracked. Each picture pair showed one picture of a woman separating from a child, the other picture of a woman reuniting with a child. The results supported the vigilance-avoidance model in children. Although the two groups’ gaze direction did not differ during the first second of viewing, anxious children gazed significantly more at separating (threatening) pictures than nonanxious children after a period of 1 s. But after 3 s the pattern reversed: anxious children gazed significantly less at the separating pictures than nonanxious children.

vorige artikel Anxiety as a Predictor of Age at First Use of Substances and Progression to Substance Use Problems Among Boys

volgende artikel Relations Among Perceived Control Over Anxiety-Related Events, Worry, and Generalized Anxiety Disorder in a Sample of Adolescents

We are grateful to one of the anonymous reviewers for this suggestion.

Beck, A. T., Emery, G., & Greenberg, R. L. (1985). Anxiety disorder and phobias: A cognitive perspective. New York: Basic Books.

Boehnke, K., Silbereisen, R. K., Reynolds, C. R., & Richmond, B. O. (1986). What I think and feel—German experience with the revised form of the children’s manifest anxiety scale. Personality and Individual Differences, 7, 553–560.CrossRef

Bögels, S., & Zigterman, D. (2000). Dysfunctional cognitions in children with social phobia, separation anxiety disorder and generalized anxiety disorder. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 28(2), 205–211.CrossRefPubMed

Bögels, S., & Mansell, W. (2004). Attention processes in the maintenance and treatment of social phobia: hypervigilance, avoidance and self-focused attention. Clinical Psychology Review, 24, 827–856.CrossRefPubMed

Bögels, S. M., Snieder, N., & Kindt, M. (2003). Specificity of dysfunctional thinking in children with symptoms of social anxiety, separation anxiety and generalized anxiety. Behaviour Change, 20(3), 160–169.CrossRef

Bradley, M. M., & Lang, P. J. (1994). Measuring emotion: the self-assessment manikin and the semantic differential. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 25(1), 49–59.CrossRefPubMed

Brückl, T. M., Wittchen, H.-U., Höfler, M., Pfister, H., Schneider, S., & Lieb, R. (2007). Childhood separation anxiety and the risk for subsequent psychopathology: Results from a community study. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 76, 47–56.CrossRefPubMed

Cartwright-Hatton, S., McNicol, K., & Doubleday, E. (2006). Anxiety in a neglected population: prevalence of anxiety disorders in pre-adolescent children. Clinical Psychology Review, 26(7), 817–833.CrossRefPubMed

Dalgleish, T., Taghavi, R., Neshat-Doost, H., Moradi, A., Canterbury, R., & Yule, W. (2003). Patterns of processing bias for emotional information across clinical disorders: A comparison of attention, memory, and prospective cognition in children and adolescents with depression, generalized anxiety, and posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 32(1), 10–21.PubMed

Eysenck, M. W. (1992). Anxiety: The cognitive perspective. Hove: Erlbaum.

Field, A. P. (2006). Watch out for the beast: fear information and attentional bias in children. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 35(3), 431–439.PubMed

Field, A. P., & Lawson, J. (2003). Fear information and the development of fears during childhood: effects on implicit fear responses and behavioural avoidance. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 41, 1277–1293.CrossRefPubMed

Field, A. P., & Lawson, J. (2008). The verbal information pathways to fear and subsequent causal learning in children. Cognition and Emotion, 22(3), 459–479.CrossRef

Garner, M., Mogg, K., & Bradley, B. P. (2006). Orienting and maintenance of gaze to facial expressions in social anxiety. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 115(4), 760–770.CrossRefPubMed

Grawe, K., Donati, R., & Bernauer, F. (1994). Psychotherapie im Wandel. Von der Konfession zur Profession. Göttingen: Hogrefe.

Hadwin, J., Frost, S., French, C. C., & Richards, A. (1997). Cognitive processing and trait anxiety in typically developing children: evidence for an interpretation bias. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 106, 486–490.CrossRefPubMed

Hadwin, J. A., Garner, M., & Perez-Olivas, G. (2006). The development of information processing biases in childhood anxiety: a review and exploration of its origins in parenting. Clinical Psychology Review, 26, 876–894.CrossRefPubMed

Hermans, D., Vansteenwegen, D., & Eelen, P. (1999). Eye movement registration as a continuous index of attention deployment: data from a group of spider anxious students. Cognition and Emotion, 13(4), 419–434.CrossRef

In-Albon, T., & Schneider, S. (2007). Psychotherapy of childhood anxiety disorders: a meta-analysis. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 76, 15–24.CrossRefPubMed

In-Albon, T., & Schneider, S. (2009). Using eye tracker methodology in children with anxiety disorders. In J. A. Hadwin & A. P. Field (Eds.), Information processing biases in child and adolescent anxiety (Chapter 6). Chichester: Wiley.

In-Albon, T., Klein, A., Rinck, M., Becker, E., & Schneider, S. (2008). Development and evaluation of a new paradigm for the assessment of anxiety disorder-specific interpretation bias using picture stimuli. Cognition and Emotion, 22(3), 422–436.CrossRef

In-Albon, T., Dubi, K., Rapee, R. M., & Schneider, S. (2009). Forced choice reaction time paradigm in children with separation anxiety disorder, social phobia and nonanxious controls. Behaviour Research and Therapy. doi:10.1016/j.brat.2009.08.003

Just, M. A., & Carpenter, P. A. (1976). Eye fixations and cognitive processes. Cognitive Psychology, 8(4), 441–480.CrossRef

Kendall, P. C. (1985). Toward a cognitive-behavioral model of child psychopathology and a critique of related interventions. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 13, 357–372.CrossRefPubMed

Kessler, R. C., Berglund, P., Demler, O., Jin, R., Merikangas, K. R., & Walters, E. E. (2005). Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of DSM-IV disorders in the national comorbidity survey replication. Archives of General Psychiatry, 62, 593–603.CrossRefPubMed

Kindt, M., Bögels, S., & Morren, M. (2003). Processing bias in children with separation anxiety disorder, social phobia and generalized anxiety disorder. Behaviour Change, 20(3), 143–150.CrossRef

Kovacs, M. (1981). Rating scales to assess depression in school-aged children. Acta Paedopsychiatrica, 46, 305–315.PubMed

LeDoux, J. (1996). The emotional brain. New York: Simon & Schuster.

Lewinsohn, P. M., Holm-Denoma, J. M., Small, J. W., Seeley, J. R., & Joiner, T. E. (2008). Separation anxiety disorder in childhood as a risk factor for future mental illness. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 47(5), 549–556.CrossRef

Lonigan, C. J., Vasey, M. V., Phillips, B. M., & Hazen, R. A. (2004). Temperament, anxiety, and the processing of threat-related stimuli. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 33(1), 8–20.CrossRefPubMed

MacLeod, C. (1990). Mood disorders and cognition. In M. W. Eysenck (Ed.), Cognitive psychology: An international review. Chichester: Wiley.

MacLeod, C., & Mathews, A. (1991). Biased cognitive operations in anxiety: accessibility of information or assignment of processing priorities. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 29, 599–610.CrossRefPubMed

MacLeod, C., Mathews, A., & Tata, P. (1986). Attentional bias in emotional disorders. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 95, 15–20.CrossRefPubMed

Martin, M., Horder, P., & Jones, G. V. (1992). Integral bias in naming of phobia-related words. Cognition and Emotion, 6, 479–486.CrossRef

Mathews, A. (1990). Why worry? The cognitive function of anxiety. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 28(6), 455–468.CrossRefPubMed

Mathews, A., & MacLeod, C. (1985). Selective processing of threat cues in anxiety states. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 23, 563–569.CrossRefPubMed

Mathews, A., & Mackintosh, B. (1998). A cognitive model of selective processing in anxiety. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 22, 539–560.CrossRef

Mogg, K., & Bradley, B. P. (1998). A cognitive-motivational analysis of anxiety. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 36, 809–848.CrossRefPubMed

Mogg, K., & Bradley, B. P. (2006). Time course of attentional bias for fear-related pictures in spider-fearful individuals. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 44, 1241–1250.CrossRefPubMed

Mogg, K., Millar, N., & Bradley, B. P. (2000). Biases in eye movements to threatening facial expressions in generalized anxiety disorder and depressive disorder. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 109(4), 695–704.CrossRefPubMed

Monk, C. S., Nelson, E. E., McClure, E. B., Mogg, K., Bradley, B. P., Leibenluft, E., et al. (2006). Ventrolateral prefrontal cortex activation and attentional bias in response to angry faces in adolescents with generalized anxiety disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 163, 1091–1097.CrossRefPubMed

Moradi, A., Taghavi, R., Neshat-Doost, H., Yule, W., & Dalgleish, T. (1999). The performance of children and adolescents with PTSD on the Stroop colour naming task. Psychological Medicine, 29, 415–419.CrossRefPubMed

Muris, P., Kindt, M., Bögels, S. M., Merckelbach, H., Gadet, B., & Mouleart, V. (2000). Anxiety and threat perception abnormalities in normal children. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 22, 183–199.CrossRef

Muris, P., Rapee, R., Meesters, C., Schouten, E., & Geers, M. (2003). Threat perception abnormalities in children: the role of anxiety disorders symptoms, chronic anxiety, and state anxiety. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 17, 271–287.CrossRefPubMed

Öhman, A., Flykt, A., & Esteves, F. (2001). Emotion drives attention: detecting the snake in the grass. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 130, 466–478.CrossRef

Pflugshaupt, T., Mosimann, U. P., von Wartburg, R., Schmitt, W., Nyffeler, T., & Müri, R. M. (2005). Hypervigilance-avoidance pattern in spider phobia. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 19, 105–116.CrossRefPubMed

Pina, A. A., Silverman, W. K., Saavedra, L. M., & Weems, C. F. (2001). An analysis of the RCMAS lie scale in a clinic sample of anxious children. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 15, 443–457.CrossRefPubMed

Reynolds, C. R., & Richmond, B. O. (1978). What I think and feel: a revised measure of children’s manifest anxiety. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 6, 271–280.CrossRefPubMed

Rinck, M., & Becker, E. S. (2006). Spider fearfuls attend to threat, then quickly avoid it: evidence from eye movements. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 115(2), 231–238.CrossRefPubMed

Rohner, J.-C. (2002). The time-course of visual threat processing: high trait anxious individuals eventually avert their gaze from angry faces. Cognition and Emotion, 16(6), 837–844.CrossRef

Schneider, S., Unnewehr, S., In-Albon, T., & Margraf, J. (2008). Attention bias in children of patients with panic disorder. Psychopathology, 41, 179–186.CrossRefPubMed

Schneider, S., Unnewehr, S., & Margraf, J. (2009). Diagnostisches Interview psychischer Störungen im Kindes- und Jugendalter (Kinder-DIPS). Heidelberg: Springer.

Stiensmeier-Pelster, J., Schürmann, M., & Duda, K. (2000). Depressions-Inventar für Kinder und Jugendliche (DIKJ). Göttingen: Hogrefe.

Vasey, M. W., Daleiden, E. L., Williams, L. L., & Brown, L. M. (1995). Biased attention in childhood anxiety disorders: a preliminary study. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 23, 267–279.CrossRefPubMed

Waters, A. M., Lipp, O. V., & Spence, S. H. (2004). Attentional bias toward fear-related stimuli: an investigation with nonselected children and adults and children with anxiety disorders. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 89, 320–337.CrossRefPubMed

Williams, J. M. G., Watts, F. N., MacLeod, C., Mathews, A., & Mathews, A. (1997). Cognitive psychology and emotional disorders (2nd ed.). New York: Wiley. 1988.

Yiend, J., & Mathews, A. (2001). Anxiety and attention to threatening pictures. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 54A(3), 665–681.

Titel: Vigilance and Avoidance of Threat in the Eye Movements of Children with Separation Anxiety Disorder
Auteurs: Tina In-Albon
Joe Kossowsky
Silvia Schneider
Publicatiedatum: 01-02-2010
Uitgeverij: Springer US
Gepubliceerd in: Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology / Uitgave 2/2010
Print ISSN: 2730-7166
Elektronisch ISSN: 2730-7174
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-009-9359-4

Bohn Stafleu van Loghum

Deel dit onderdeel of sectie (kopieer de link)

Abstract

Log in om toegang te krijgen

Andere artikelen Uitgave 2/2010

Protective Effects of Maternal and Peer Support on Depressive Symptoms during Adolescence

Interrelations Between Executive Function and Symptoms of Hyperactivity/Impulsivity and Inattention in Preschoolers: A Two Year Longitudinal Study

Mothers as a Resource in Times of Stress: Interactive Contributions of Socialization of Coping and Stress to Youth Psychopathology

Relations Among Perceived Control Over Anxiety-Related Events, Worry, and Generalized Anxiety Disorder in a Sample of Adolescents

A Psychometric Analysis of the Revised Child Anxiety and Depression Scale—Parent Version in a Clinical Sample

Anxiety as a Predictor of Age at First Use of Substances and Progression to Substance Use Problems Among Boys