Top

Mindfulness

Gepubliceerd in:

19-02-2024 | ORIGINAL PAPER

The Psychometric Properties of the Chinese Version of the State Mindfulness Scale for Physical Activity 2

Auteurs: Qing Zhang, Chengwei Liu, Jinxin Yang, Yahui Liu, Ningchen Li, Nan Chen

Gepubliceerd in: Mindfulness | Uitgave 3/2024

Abstract

Objectives

Physical activity is a crucial behavior for improving health, and state mindfulness plays an important role in promoting intrinsic motivation for physical activity. The State Mindfulness Scale for Physical Activity 2 (SMS–PA2) was developed to assess the associations between state mindfulness and physical activity. However, cross-cultural studies are lacking. The present study aimed to validate a Mandarin Chinese version of the SMS–PA2, the SMS–PA2(MC).

Method

A total of 699 university students, aged 17 to 22 years, from two universities in Jinan, located in Shandong Province, China, participated in the study. Data were collected through an online survey platform. Participants completed the Chinese versions of several self-report measures, including the SMS–PA2(MC), trait mindfulness, intrinsic motivation, and state anxiety.

Results

Exploratory factor analysis indicated that the SMS–PA2(MC) maintained its original 4-factor structure with 18 items, excluding 1 item with a low factor loading. Confirmatory factor analysis of an 18-item version provided support for the findings. The SMS–PA2(MC) demonstrated acceptable internal consistency and composite reliability. Furthermore, it also exhibited satisfactory concurrent validity, convergent validity, and incremental validity.

Conclusions

The SMS–PA2(MC) exhibits favorable psychometric properties, confirming the findings of the original version. The scale consists of 4 factors and demonstrates reliability when administered to a sample of college students.

vorige artikel Psychometric Properties of the Swedish Version of the Compassion Scale

volgende artikel Ultra-Brief Breath Counting (Mindfulness) Training Abolishes Negative Affect–Induced Alcohol Motivation in Hazardous Community Drinkers

Ab Hamid, M. R., Sami, W., & Mohmad Sidek, M. H. (2017). Discriminant validity assessment: Use of Fornell & Larcker criterion versus HTMT criterion. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 890, 012163. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/890/1/012163CrossRef

Andrade, C., Arriaga, P., & Carvalho, M. (2019). The psychometric properties of the Portuguese version of the State Mindfulness Scale. Mindfulness, 10(12), 2661–2672. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-019-01241-4CrossRef

Baer, R. A., Smith, G. T., Hopkins, J., Krietemeyer, J., & Toney, L. (2006). Using self-report assessment methods to explore facets of mindfulness. Assessment, 13(1), 27–45. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191105283504CrossRefPubMed

Black, D. S., Sussman, S., Johnson, C. A., & Milam, J. (2012). Psychometric assessment of the Mindful Attention Awareness Scale (MAAS) among Chinese adolescents. Assessment, 19(1), 42–52. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191111415365CrossRefPubMed

Brown, T. A. (2006). Confirmatory factor analysis for applied research. The Guilford Press.

Brown, K. W., & Ryan, R. M. (2003). The benefits of being present: Mindfulness and its role in psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84(4), 822–848. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.84.4.822CrossRefPubMed

Burschka, J. M., Keune, P. M., Oy, U. H., Oschmann, P., & Kuhn, P. (2014). Mindfulness-based interventions in multiple sclerosis: Beneficial effects of Tai Chi on balance, coordination, fatigue and depression. BMC Neurology, 14(1), 165. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12883-014-0165-4CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Cocca, A., Liukkonen, J., Mayorga-Vega, D., & Viciana-Ramírez, J. (2014). Health-related physical activity levels in Spanish youth and young adults. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 118(1), 247–260. https://doi.org/10.2466/10.06.PMS.118k16w1CrossRefPubMed

Cortina, J. M. (1993). What is coefficient alpha? An examination of theory and applications. Journal of Applied Psychology, 78(1), 98–104. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.78.1.98CrossRef

Cox, A. E., Ullrich-French, S., & French, B. F. (2016). Validity evidence for the State Mindfulness Scale for Physical Activity. Measurement in Physical Education and Exercise Science, 20(1), 38–49. https://doi.org/10.1080/1091367X.2015.1089404CrossRef

Cox, A. E., Ullrich-French, S., & Austin, B. (2020). Testing the role of state mindfulness in facilitating autonomous physical activity motivation. Mindfulness, 11(4), 1018–1027. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-020-01311-yCrossRef

Cronbach, L. J. (1951). Coefficient alpha and the internal structure of tests. Psychometrika, 16(3), 297–334. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02310555CrossRef

Deci, E. L., Ryan, R. M., Schultz, P. P., & Niemiec, C. P. (2015). Being aware and functioning fully: Mindfulness and interest taking within self-determination theory. In K. W. Brown, J. D. Creswell, & R. M. Ryan (Eds.), Handbook of mindfulness: Theory, research, and practice (pp. 112–129). Guilford Press.

Deng, Y.-Q., Li, S., Tang, Y.-Y., Zhu, L.-H., Ryan, R., & Brown, K. (2012). Psychometric properties of the Chinese translation of the Mindful Attention Awareness Scale (MAAS). Mindfulness, 3(1), 10–14. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-011-0074-1CrossRef

Donald, J. N., Bradshaw, E. L., Ryan, R. M., Basarkod, G., Ciarrochi, J., Duineveld, J. J., Guo, J., & Sahdra, B. K. (2020). Mindfulness and its association with varied types of motivation: A systematic review and meta-analysis using self-determination theory. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 46(7), 1121–1138. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167219896136CrossRefPubMed

Dunn, T. J., Baguley, T., & Brunsden, V. (2014). From alpha to omega: A practical solution to the pervasive problem of internal consistency estimation. British Journal of Psychology, 105(3), 399–412. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjop.12046CrossRefPubMed

Fabrigar, L. R., & Wegener, D. T. (2012). Exploratory factor analysis. Oxford University Press.

Fagaras, S.-P., Radu, L.-E., & Vanvu, G. (2015). The level of physical activity of university students. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 197, 1454–1457. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.07.094CrossRef

Farb, N. A. S., Anderson, A. K., Mayberg, H., Bean, J., McKeon, D., & Segal, Z. V. (2010). Minding one’s emotions: Mindfulness training alters the neural expression of sadness. Emotion, 10(1), 25–33. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0017151CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Field, A. (2005). Discovering statistics using SPSS (2nd ed.). Sage Publications.

Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error: Algebra and statistics. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(3), 382–388. https://doi.org/10.1177/002224378101800313CrossRef

Gaetano, A. (2016). Relationship between physical inactivity and effects on individual health status. Journal of Physical Education and Sport, 16(2), 1069–1074.

Ge, Y., Xin, S., Luan, D., Zou, Z., Liu, M., Bai, X., & Gao, Q. (2019). Association of physical activity, sedentary time, and sleep duration on the health-related quality of life of college students in Northeast China. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 17(1), 124. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12955-019-1194-xCrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Grasdalsmoen, M., Eriksen, H. R., Lønning, K. J., & Sivertsen, B. (2020). Physical exercise, mental health problems, and suicide attempts in university students. BMC Psychiatry, 20(1), 175. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-020-02583-3CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Gravetter, F., & Wallnau, L. (2014). Essentials of statistics for the behavioral sciences (8th ed.). Belmont.

Guthold, R., Stevens, G. A., Riley, L. M., & Bull, F. C. (2018). Worldwide trends in insufficient physical activity from 2001 to 2016: A pooled analysis of 358 population-based surveys with 1·9 million participants. The Lancet Global Health, 6(10), e1077–e1086. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(18)30357-7CrossRefPubMed

Hair, J. F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2016). A Primer on Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). Sage. http://hdl.handle.net/11420/4083

Hansen, B. H., Dalene, K. E., Ekelund, U., Fagerland, M. W., Kolle, E., Steene-Johannessen, J., Tarp, J., & Anderssen, S. A. (2020). Step by step: Association of device-measured daily steps with all-cause mortality–a prospective cohort study. Medicine & Science in Sports & ExercIse, 30, 1705–1711. https://doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000679948.00022.70CrossRef

Henson, R. K., & Roberts, J. K. (2006). Use of exploratory factor analysis in published research: Common errors and some comment on improved practice. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 66(3), 393–416. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013164405282485MathSciNetCrossRef

Hooper, D., Coughlan, J., & Mullen, M. R. (2008). Evaluating model fit: A synthesis of the structural equation modelling literature. In A. Brown (Ed.), Proceedings of the 7th European Conference on Research Methodology for Business and Management Studies (pp. 195–200). Regent’s College.

Hu, L.-T., & Bentler, P. (1995). Evaluating model fit. In R. H. Hoyle (Ed.), Structural equation modeling. Concepts, issues, and applications (pp. 76–99). Sage.

Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6(1), 1–55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118CrossRef

Husted, J. A., Cook, R. J., Farewell, V. T., & Gladman, D. D. (2000). Methods for assessing responsiveness. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 53(5), 459–468. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0895-4356(99)00206-1CrossRefPubMed

Hutcheson, G., & Sofroniou, N. (1999). The multivariate social scientist: Introductory statistics using generalized linear models. Sage Publications.

Jorgensen, T. D., Pornprasertmanit, S., Schoemann, A. M., & Rosseel, Y. (2020). semTools: Useful tools for structural equation modeling. https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/semTools/index.html

Kaiser, H. F. (1960). The application of electronic computers to factor analysis. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 20(1), 141–151. https://doi.org/10.1177/001316446002000116CrossRef

Khoury, B., Vergara, R. C., Sadowski, I., & Spinelli, C. (2023). Embodied Mindfulness Questionnaire: Scale development and validation. Assessment, 30(2), 458–483. https://doi.org/10.1177/10731911211059856CrossRefPubMed

Kline, R. B. (1998). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. Methuen.

Kline, R. B. (2011). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (3rd ed.). Guilford Press

Korkmaz, S., Goksuluk, D., & Zararsiz, G. (2014). MVN: An R package for assessing multivariate normality. The R Journal, 6(2), 151. https://doi.org/10.32614/RJ-2014-031CrossRef

Kwan, M. Y., Cairney, J., Faulkner, G. E., & Pullenayegum, E. E. (2012). Physical activity and other health–risk behaviors during the transition into early adulthood. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 42(1), 14–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2011.08.026CrossRefPubMed

Lau, M. A., Bishop, S. R., Segal, Z. V., Buis, T., Anderson, N. D., Carlson, L., Shapiro, S., Carmody, J., Abbey, S., & Devins, G. (2006). The Toronto Mindfulness Scale: Development and validation. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 62(12), 1445–1467. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.20326CrossRefPubMed

Lawlor, M. S., Schonert-Reichl, K. A., Gadermann, A. M., & Zumbo, B. D. (2014). A validation study of the Mindful Attention Awareness Scale adapted for children. Mindfulness, 5(6), 730–741. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-013-0228-4CrossRef

Li, C.-H. (2016). Confirmatory factor analysis with ordinal data: Comparing robust maximum likelihood and diagonally weighted least squares. Behavior Research Methods, 48(3), 936–949. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-015-0619-7CrossRefPubMed

Lin, B., Teo, E. W., & Yan, T. (2022). Development and validation of Chinese university students’ Physical Activity Motivation Scale under the constraint of physical education policies. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 722635. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.722635

Lin, Y., & Gao, W. (2023). The effects of physical exercise on anxiety symptoms of college students: A meta-analysis. Frontiers in Psychology, 14, 1136900. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1136900CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Lindsay, E. K., & Creswell, J. D. (2017). Mechanisms of mindfulness training: Monitor and Acceptance Theory (MAT). Clinical Psychology Review, 51, 48–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2016.10.011CrossRefPubMed

Lipošek, S., Planinšec, J., Leskošek, B., & Pajtler, A. (2019). Physical activity of university students and its relation to physical fitness and academic success. Annales Kinesiologiae, 9(2), 89–104. https://doi.org/10.35469/ak.2018.171CrossRef

Liu, J. D., Chung, P.-K., Zhang, C.-Q., & Si, G. (2015). Chinese-translated Behavioral Regulation in Exercise Questionnaire-2: Evidence from university students in the Mainland and Hong Kong of China. Journal of Sport and Health Science, 4(3), 228–234. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jshs.2014.03.017CrossRef

Loureiro, A., & Veloso, S. (2017). Green exercise, health and well-being. In G. Fleury-Bahi, E. Pol, & O. Navarro (Eds.), Handbook of Environmental Psychology and Quality of Life Research (pp. 149–169). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-31416-7_8

Markland, D., & Tobin, V. (2004). A modification to the Behavioural Regulation in Exercise Questionnaire to include an assessment of amotivation. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 26(2), 191–196. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.26.2.191CrossRef

Marques, A., Santos, T., Martins, J., Matos, M. G. D., & Valeiro, M. G. (2018). The association between physical activity and chronic diseases in European adults. European Journal of Sport Science, 18(1), 140–149. https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2017.1400109CrossRefPubMed

Marteau, T. M., & Bekker, H. (1992). The development of a six-item short-form of the state scale of the Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI). British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 31(3), 301–306. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8260.1992.tb00997.xCrossRefPubMed

McNeish, D. (2018). Thanks coefficient alpha, we’ll take it from here. Psychological Methods, 23(3), 412–433. https://doi.org/10.1037/met0000144CrossRefPubMed

Neace, S. M., Hicks, A. M., DeCaro, M. S., & Salmon, P. G. (2022). Trait mindfulness and intrinsic exercise motivation uniquely contribute to exercise self–efficacy. Journal of American College Health, 70(1), 13–17. https://doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2020.1748041CrossRefPubMed

Nunnally, J. C., & Bernstein, I. H. (1994). Psychometric theory (3rd ed.). McGraw-Hill.

Owen, K. B., Smith, J., Lubans, D., Ng, J., & Lonsdale, C. (2014). Self-determined motivation and physical activity in children and adolescents: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Preventive Medicine, 67, 270–279. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2014.07.033CrossRef

Peterson, R. A., & Kim, Y. (2013). On the relationship between coefficient alpha and composite reliability. Journal of Applied Psychology, 98(1), 194–198. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0030767CrossRefPubMed

Pullman, A. W., Masters, R. C., Zalot, L. C., Carde, L. E., Saraiva, M. M., Dam, Y. Y., Randall Simpson, J. A., & Duncan, A. M. (2009). Effect of the transition from high school to university on anthropometric and lifestyle variables in males. Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism, 34(2), 162–171. https://doi.org/10.1139/H09-007CrossRefPubMed

Revelle, W. (2021). psych: Procedures for personality and psychological research. Northwestern University. https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=psych

Rosseel, Y. (2012). lavaan: An R Package for Structural Equation Modeling. Journal of Statistical Software, 48(2). https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v048.i02

Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000a). Intrinsic and extrinsic motivations: Classic definitions and new directions. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 25(1), 54–67. https://doi.org/10.1006/ceps.1999.1020CrossRefPubMed

Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000b). Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. American Psychologist, 55(1), 68–78. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.55.1.68CrossRefPubMed

Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2007). Active human nature: Self-determination theory and the promotion and maintenance of sport, exercise and health. In M. S. Haggar & N. L. D. Chatzisarantis (Eds.), Intrinsic motivation and self-determination in exercise and sport (pp. 1–19). Human Kinetics.

Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2017). Self-determination theory: Basic psychological needs in motivation, development and wellness. Guilford Press.CrossRef

Ryan, R. M., Donald, J. N., & Bradshaw, E. L. (2021). Mindfulness and motivation: A process view using self-determination theory. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 30(4), 300–306. https://doi.org/10.1177/09637214211009511CrossRef

Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2022). Self-Determination Theory. In Maggino, F. (Ed.), encyclopedia of quality of life and well-being research (pp. 1–7). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-69909-7_2630-2

Sala, M., Rochefort, C., Lui, P. P., & Baldwin, A. S. (2020). Trait mindfulness and health behaviours: A meta-analysis. Health Psychology Review, 14(3), 345–393. https://doi.org/10.1080/17437199.2019.1650290CrossRefPubMed

Schreiber, J. B., Nora, A., Stage, F. K., Barlow, E. A., & King, J. (2006). Reporting structural equation modeling and confirmatory factor analysis results: A review. The Journal of Educational Research, 99(6), 323–338. https://doi.org/10.3200/JOER.99.6.323-338CrossRef

Sellbom, M., & Tellegen, A. (2019). Factor analysis in psychological assessment research: Common pitfalls and recommendations. Psychological Assessment, 31(12), 1428–1441. https://doi.org/10.1037/pas0000623CrossRefPubMed

Shang, Y., Xie, H.-D., & Yang, S.-Y. (2021). The relationship between physical exercise and subjective well-being in college students: The mediating effect of body image and self-esteem. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 658935. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.658935CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Shrestha, N. (2021). Factor analysis as a tool for survey analysis. American Journal of Applied Mathematics and Statistics, 9(1), 4–11. https://doi.org/10.12691/ajams-9-1-2MathSciNetCrossRef

Sigmundová, D., ChmelÍk, F., Sigmund, E., Feltlová, D., & Frömel, K. (2013). Physical activity in the lifestyle of Czech university students: Meeting health recommendations. European Journal of Sport Science, 13(6), 744–750. https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2013.776638CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Standage, M., Gillison, F. B., Ntoumanis, N., & Treasure, D. C. (2012). Predicting students’ physical activity and health-related well-being: A prospective cross-domain investigation of motivation across school physical education and exercise settings. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 34(1), 37–60. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.34.1.37CrossRefPubMed

Streiner, D. L. (2003). Starting at the beginning: An introduction to coefficient alpha and internal consistency. Journal of Personality Assessment, 80(1), 99–103. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327752JPA8001_18CrossRefPubMed

Su, C.-T., & Parham, L. D. (2002). Generating a valid questionnaire translation for cross-cultural use. The American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 56(5), 581–585. https://doi.org/10.5014/ajot.56.5.581CrossRefPubMed

Tanay, G., & Bernstein, A. (2013). State Mindfulness Scale (SMS): Development and initial validation. Psychological Assessment, 25(4), 1286–1299. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0034044CrossRefPubMed

Tavakol, M., & Dennick, R. (2011). Making sense of Cronbach’s alpha. International Journal of Medical Education, 2, 53–55. https://doi.org/10.5116/ijme.4dfb.8dfdCrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Tian, Y., Yang, D., Cody, D., & Cao, M. (2018). Validity and reliability of the Brief State Anxiety Scale in a college student population. Chinese Journal of Mental Health, 32(10), 886–888.

Tsafou, K.-E., Lacroix, J. P., Van Ee, R., Vinkers, C. D., & De Ridder, D. T. (2017). The relation of trait and state mindfulness with satisfaction and physical activity: A cross-sectional study in 305 Dutch participants. Journal of Health Psychology, 22(10), 1221–1232. https://doi.org/10.1177/1359105315624748CrossRefPubMed

Ullrich-French, S., Cox, A., Cole, A., Rhoades Cooper, B., & Gotch, C. (2017a). Initial validity evidence for the State Mindfulness Scale for Physical Activity with youth. Measurement in Physical Education and Exercise Science, 21(4), 177–189. https://doi.org/10.1080/1091367X.2017.1321543

Ullrich-French, S., González Hernández, J., & Hidalgo Montesinos, M. D. (2017b). Validity evidence for the adaptation of the State Mindfulness Scale for Physical Activity (SMS-PA) in Spanish youth. Psicothema. https://redined.educacion.gob.es/xmlui/handle/11162/147667

Ullrich-French, S., Cox, A. E., & Huong, C. (2022). The State Mindfulness Scale for Physical Activity 2: Expanding the assessment of monitoring and acceptance. Measurement in Physical Education and Exercise Science, 26(2), 116–129. https://doi.org/10.1080/1091367X.2021.1952207CrossRef

Viladrich, C., Angulo-Brunet, A., & Doval, E. (2017). A journey around alpha and omega to estimate internal consistency reliability. Anales De Psicología, 33(3), 755–782. https://doi.org/10.6018/analesps.33.3.268401CrossRef

Walach, H., Buchheld, N., Buttenmüller, V., Kleinknecht, N., & Schmidt, S. (2006). Measuring mindfulness–The Freiburg Mindfulness Inventory (FMI). Personality and Individual Differences, 40(8), 1543–1555. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2005.11.025CrossRef

Wang, Y. (2016). Reasons in college students’ lack of extracurricular physical exercise and counter measures. Journal of Wuhan Institute of Physical Education, 50, 82–86. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1000-520X.2016.08.014CrossRef

Watkins, M. W. (2018). Exploratory factor analysis: A guide to best practice. Journal of Black Psychology, 44(3), 219–246. https://doi.org/10.1177/0095798418771807CrossRef

West, S. G., Finch, J. F., & Curran, P. J. (1995). Structural equation models with nonnormal variables: Problems and remedies. In R. H. Hoyle (Ed.), Structural equation modeling: Concepts, issues, and applications (pp. 56–75). Sage Publications.

Wild, D., Grove, A., Martin, M., Eremenco, S., McElroy, S., Verjee-Lorenz, A., & Erikson, P. (2005). Principles of good practice for the translation and cultural adaptation process for patient-reported outcomes (PRO) measures: Report of the ISPOR task force for translation and cultural adaptation. Value in Health, 8(2), 94–104. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1524-4733.2005.04054.xCrossRefPubMed

Wilson, P. M., Rodgers, W. M., Fraser, S. N., & Murray, T. C. (2004). Relationships between exercise regulations and motivational consequences in university students. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 75(1), 81–91. https://doi.org/10.1080/02701367.2004.10609136CrossRefPubMed

Yang, M., Zhou, X., Ye, C., Li, J., Sun, S., & Yu, X. (2022). Emphasizing mindfulness training in acceptance relieves anxiety and depression during pregnancy. Psychiatry Research, 312, 114540. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2022.114540CrossRefPubMed

Yu, S., Rodriguez, M. A., Deng, Y., Xiao, L., & Liu, X. (2021). The Toronto Mindfulness Scale: Psychometric properties of the Chinese version. Mindfulness, 12(8), 1976–1984. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-021-01655-zCrossRef

Zhang, Q., Liu, Y., Yang, J., Liu, C., & Yin, H. (2023). Translation and psychometric properties of the Mandarin Chinese version of the COVID-19 Impact Scale in college students. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 14, 1267943. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1267943CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Titel: The Psychometric Properties of the Chinese Version of the State Mindfulness Scale for Physical Activity 2
Auteurs: Qing Zhang
Chengwei Liu
Jinxin Yang
Yahui Liu
Ningchen Li
Nan Chen
Publicatiedatum: 19-02-2024
Uitgeverij: Springer US
Gepubliceerd in: Mindfulness / Uitgave 3/2024
Print ISSN: 1868-8527
Elektronisch ISSN: 1868-8535
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-024-02314-9

Bohn Stafleu van Loghum

Deel dit onderdeel of sectie (kopieer de link)

Abstract

Objectives

Method

Results

Conclusions

Log in om toegang te krijgen

Andere artikelen Uitgave 3/2024

Backdraft in Self-Compassion: An Overlooked Yet Vital Research Focus

Correction To: A Comprehensive Descriptive Analysis of Out-of-Session Meditation in a Residential Treatment Setting: Duration, Frequency, and Type of Practice

Validation and Confirmation of the Equanimity Scale-16 in India and its Relationship with Well-Being

Ultra-Brief Breath Counting (Mindfulness) Training Abolishes Negative Affect–Induced Alcohol Motivation in Hazardous Community Drinkers

Recalling Tough Times: Exploring the Effect of Acceptance on Autobiographical Memory in Daily Life

Psychometric Properties of the Swedish Version of the Compassion Scale