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Gepubliceerd in:

02-02-2023 | Review

The effect of age on task switching: updated and extended meta-analyses

Auteurs: En-Ho Chen, Shulan Hsieh

Gepubliceerd in: Psychological Research | Uitgave 7/2023

Abstract

Cognitive flexibility is one of the crucial abilities for human survival. As people get older, whether their flexibility ability will be affected is one of the core research topics in aging research. Researchers have developed a task-switch paradigm in laboratories to mimic daily-life shifting task-set scenarios. However, the empirical evidence is equivocal. Considering every single study may have a biased sample; therefore, we hoped to combine smaller studies, making them into one extensive investigation, which may help show an actual effect. In the current study, we used two meta-analysis techniques, the Brinley plot (along with the State-trace plot) and conventional meta-analysis, to re-evaluate whether healthy aging influences cognitive flexibility. The results of the Brinley plot analysis showed no evidence of switch-specific age-related impairment as indexed by the local switch cost. Yet, older adults performed more slowly than younger adults across task conditions. The conventional meta-analysis further showed that the currently available findings were heterogenous and exhibited publication bias. Therefore, this study suggests that researchers should interpret their results cautiously while using a task-switching paradigm to address older adults’ shifting abilities. More parametric variables must be considered and developed in a task-switching paradigm to enhance its sensitivity and reveal older adults’ actual shifting ability.

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On the contrary, most of these aging studies consistently observed age-related differences in mixing costs, which reflect a form of working memory rather than shifting ability per se (e.g., Karayanidis, Whitson, Heathcote, & Michie, 2011; Kray and Lindenberger, 2000; Kray et al., 2004, 2008; Kray, Eppinger, & Mecklinger, 2005; Mayr, 2001; Mayr and Liebscher, 2001; Lien et al., 2008; Reimers and Maylor, 2005).

Some of the studies provided only switch costs but not the repeat and switch trials’ reaction times separately, which would be excluded.

Although the congruency effect may be an influential factor on local switch costs, but because some studies did not provide this level of information, and Grange and Becker (2019) have shown no age-related effect on response congruency, we decided to disregard this variable.

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Titel: The effect of age on task switching: updated and extended meta-analyses
Auteurs: En-Ho Chen
Shulan Hsieh
Publicatiedatum: 02-02-2023
Uitgeverij: Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Gepubliceerd in: Psychological Research / Uitgave 7/2023
Print ISSN: 0340-0727
Elektronisch ISSN: 1430-2772
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00426-023-01794-z

Bohn Stafleu van Loghum

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