Top

Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders

Gepubliceerd in:

10-06-2021 | Brief Report

The Association of Prenatal Vitamins and Folic Acid Supplement Intake with Odds of Autism Spectrum Disorder in a High-Risk Sibling Cohort, the Early Autism Risk Longitudinal Investigation (EARLI)

Auteurs: Katharine K. Brieger, Kelly M. Bakulski, Celeste L. Pearce, Ana Baylin, John F. Dou, Jason I. Feinberg, Lisa A. Croen, Irva Hertz-Picciotto, Craig J. Newschaffer, M. Daniele Fallin, Rebecca J. Schmidt

Gepubliceerd in: Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders | Uitgave 6/2022

Abstract

We examined maternal prenatal vitamin use or supplemental folic acid intake during month one of pregnancy for association with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in the Early Autism Risk Longitudinal Investigation, an enriched-risk pregnancy cohort. Total folic acid intake was calculated from monthly prenatal vitamins, multivitamins, and other supplement reports. Clinical assessments through age 3 years classified children as ASD (n = 38) or non-ASD (n = 153). In pregnancy month one, prenatal vitamin use (59.7%) was not significantly associated with odds of ASD (OR = 0.70, 95%CI 0.32, 1.53). Sample size was limited and residual confounding was possible. Given the estimated effect sizes in this and previous work, prenatal vitamin intake during early pregnancy could be a clinically useful preventative measure for ASD.

vorige artikel Alexithymic But Not Autistic Traits Impair Prosocial Behavior

volgende artikel Brief Report: Sex/Gender Differences in Adolescents with Autism: Socialization Profiles and Response to Social Skills Intervention

Alleen toegankelijk voor geautoriseerde gebruikers

Al-Farsi, Y. M., Waly, M. I., Deth, R. C., Al-Sharbati, M. M., Al-Shafaee, M., Al-Farsi, O., Al-Khaduri, M. M., Gupta, I., Ali, A., Al-Khalili, M., Al-Adawi, S., Hodgson, N. W., & Ouhtit, A. (2013). Low folate and vitamin B12 nourishment is common in Omani children with newly diagnosed autism. Nutrition, 29(3), 537–541. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nut.2012.09.014CrossRefPubMed

American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders : DSM-5 (5th ed.). American Psychiatric Association.

Bailey, L. B. (1998). Dietary reference intakes for folate: The debut of dietary folate equivalents. Nutrition Reviews, 56(10), 294–299. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-4887.1998.tb01662.xCrossRefPubMed

Maenner, M. J., Shaw, K. A., Baio, J., Washington, A., Patrick, M., DiRienzo, M., … Dietz, P. M. (2020). Prevalence of autism spectrum disorder among children aged 8 Years—autism and developmental disabilities monitoring network, 11 sites, United States, 2016. MMWR Surveillance Summaries, 69(4), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.ss6904a1

Berry, R. J., Li, Z., Erickson, J. D., Li, S., Moore, C. A., Wang, H., Mulinare, J., Zhao, P., Wong, L. Y., Gindler, J., Hong, S. X., & Correa, A. (1999). Prevention of neural-tube defects with folic acid in China China-US Collaborative Project for Neural Tube Defect Prevention. New England Journal of Medicine, 341(20), 1485–1490. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199911113412001CrossRefPubMed

Bilder, D. A., Bakian, A. V., Viskochil, J., Clark, E. A., Botts, E. L., Smith, K. R., Pimentel, R., McMahon, W. M., & Coon, H. (2013). Maternal prenatal weight gain and autism spectrum disorders. Pediatrics, 132(5), e1276-1283. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2013-1188CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Blumberg, J. B., Cena, H., Barr, S. I., Biesalski, H. K., Dagach, R. U., Delaney, B., Frei, B., Moreno Gonzalez, M. I., Hwalla, N., Lategan-Potgieter, R., McNulty, H., van der Pols, J. C., Winichagoon, P., & Li, D. (2018). The use of multivitamin/multimineral supplements: A modified Delphi consensus panel report. Clinical Therapeutics, 40(4), 640–657. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinthera.2018.02.014CrossRefPubMed

Bosco, J. L., Tseng, M., Spector, L. G., Olshan, A. F., & Bunin, G. R. (2010). Reproducibility of reported nutrient intake and supplement use during a past pregnancy: A report from the Children’s Oncology Group. Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology, 24(1), 93–101. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3016.2009.01070.xCrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Botto, L. D., Mulinare, J., & Erickson, J. D. (2000). Occurrence of congenital heart defects in relation to maternal mulitivitamin use. American Journal of Epidemiology, 151(9), 878–884. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a010291CrossRefPubMed

Braun, J. M., Froehlich, T., Kalkbrenner, A., Pfeiffer, C. M., Fazili, Z., Yolton, K., & Lanphear, B. P. (2014). Brief report: Are autistic-behaviors in children related to prenatal vitamin use and maternal whole blood folate concentrations? Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 44(10), 2602–2607. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-014-2114-xCrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Brucato, M., Ladd-Acosta, C., Li, M., Caruso, D., Hong, X., Kaczaniuk, J., Stuart, E. A., Fallin, M. D., & Wang, X. (2017). Prenatal exposure to fever is associated with autism spectrum disorder in the boston birth cohort. Autism Research, 10(11), 1878–1890. https://doi.org/10.1002/aur.1841CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Bryson, S. E., Zwaigenbaum, L., McDermott, C., Rombough, V., & Brian, J. (2008). The Autism Observation Scale for Infants: Scale development and reliability data. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 38(4), 731–738. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-007-0440-yCrossRefPubMed

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (1991). Effectiveness in disease and injury prevention use of folic acid for prevention of Spina Bifida and other neural tube defects—1983–1991. MMWR Weekly, 40(30), 513–516.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (1992). Recommendations for the use of folic acid to reduce the number of cases of spina bifida and other neural tube defects. MMWR Surveillance Summary, 41(No. RR-14).

Chen, J., Xin, K., Wei, J., Zhang, K., & Xiao, H. (2016). Lower maternal serum 25(OH) D in first trimester associated with higher autism risk in Chinese offspring. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 89, 98–101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2016.08.013CrossRefPubMed

Christian, M. A., Samms-Vaughan, M., Lee, M., Bressler, J., Hessabi, M., Grove, M. L., Shakespeare-Pellington, S., Coore Desai, C., Reece, J. A., Loveland, K. A., Boerwinkle, E., & Rahbar, M. H. (2018). Maternal exposures associated with autism spectrum disorder in Jamaican children. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 48(8), 2766–2778. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-018-3537-6CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Croen, L. A., Qian, Y., Ashwood, P., Zerbo, O., Schendel, D., Pinto-Martin, J., Daniele Fallin, M., Levy, S., Schieve, L. A., Yeargin-Allsopp, M., Sabourin, K. R., & Ames, J. L. (2019). Infection and fever in pregnancy and autism spectrum disorders: Findings from the study to explore early development. Autism Research, 12(10), 1551–1561. https://doi.org/10.1002/aur.2175CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Czeizel, A. E., & Dobo, M. (1994). Postnatal somatic and mental development after periconceptional multivitamin supplementation. Archives of Disease in Childhood, 70(3), 229–233. https://doi.org/10.1136/adc.70.3.229CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Delobel-Ayoub, M., Ehlinger, V., Klapouszczak, D., Maffre, T., Raynaud, J. P., Delpierre, C., & Arnaud, C. (2015). Socioeconomic disparities and prevalence of autism spectrum disorders and intellectual disability. PLoS ONE, 10(11), e0141964. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0141964CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

DeVilbiss, E. A., Magnusson, C., Gardner, R. M., Rai, D., Newschaffer, C. J., Lyall, K., Dalman, C., & Lee, B. K. (2017). Antenatal nutritional supplementation and autism spectrum disorders in the Stockholm youth cohort: population based cohort study. BMJ, 359, 4273. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.j4273CrossRef

Emerson, E. (2012). Deprivation, ethnicity and the prevalence of intellectual and developmental disabilities. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 66(3), 218–224. https://doi.org/10.1136/jech.2010.111773CrossRefPubMed

Gardener, H., Spiegelman, D., & Buka, S. L. (2009). Prenatal risk factors for autism: Comprehensive meta-analysis. British Journal of Psychiatry, 195(1), 7–14. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.108.051672CrossRef

Gardener, H., Spiegelman, D., & Buka, S. L. (2011). Perinatal and neonatal risk factors for autism: A comprehensive meta-analysis. Pediatrics, 128(2), 344–355. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2010-1036CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Goodrich, A. J., Volk, H. E., Tancredi, D. J., McConnell, R., Lurmann, F. W., Hansen, R. L., & Schmidt, R. J. (2018). Joint effects of prenatal air pollutant exposure and maternal folic acid supplementation on risk of autism spectrum disorder. Autism Research, 11(1), 69–80. https://doi.org/10.1002/aur.1885CrossRefPubMed

Gotham, K., Pickles, A., & Lord, C. (2009). Standardizing ADOS scores for a measure of severity in autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 39(5), 693–705. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-008-0674-3CrossRefPubMed

Grant, W. B., & Soles, C. M. (2009). Epidemiologic evidence supporting the role of maternal vitamin D deficiency as a risk factor for the development of infantile autism. Dermatoendocrinol, 1(4), 223–228.CrossRef

Green, R., & Miller, J. W. (1999). Folate deficiency beyond megaloblastic anemia: hyperhomocysteinemia and other manifestations of dysfunctional folate status. Seminars in Hematology, 36(1), 47–64.PubMed

Hertz-Picciotto, I., Schmidt, R. J., & Krakowiak, P. (2018). Understanding environmental contributions to autism: Causal concepts and the state of science. Autism Research, 11(4), 554–586. https://doi.org/10.1002/aur.1938CrossRefPubMed

Hornig, M., Bresnahan, M. A., Che, X., Schultz, A. F., Ukaigwe, J. E., Eddy, M. L., Hirtz, D., Gunnes, N., Lie, K. K., Magnus, P., Mjaaland, S., Reichborn-Kjennerud, T., Schjolberg, S., Oyen, A. S., Levin, B., Susser, E. S., Stoltenberg, C., & Lipkin, W. I. (2018). Prenatal fever and autism risk. Molecular Psychiatry, 23(3), 759–766. https://doi.org/10.1038/mp.2017.119CrossRefPubMed

Huhta, J. C., & Linask, K. (2015). When should we prescribe high-dose folic acid to prevent congenital heart defects? Current Opinion in Cardiology, 30(1), 125–131. https://doi.org/10.1097/HCO.0000000000000124CrossRefPubMed

Krakowiak, P., Walker, C. K., Bremer, A. A., Baker, A. S., Ozonoff, S., Hansen, R. L., & Hertz-Picciotto, I. (2012). Maternal metabolic conditions and risk for autism and other neurodevelopmental disorders. Pediatrics, 129(5), e1121-1128. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2011-2583CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Levine, S. Z., Kodesh, A., Viktorin, A., Smith, L., Uher, R., Reichenberg, A., & Sandin, S. (2018). Association of maternal use of folic acid and multivitamin supplements in the periods before and during pregnancy with the risk of autism spectrum disorder in offspring. JAMA Psychiatry, 75(2), 176–184. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2017.4050CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Li, Y. M., Ou, J. J., Liu, L., Zhang, D., Zhao, J. P., & Tang, S. Y. (2016). Association between maternal obesity and autism spectrum disorder in offspring: A Meta-analysis. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 46(1), 95–102. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-015-2549-8CrossRefPubMed

Loomes, R., Hull, L., & Mandy, W. P. L. (2017). What Is the male-to-female ratio in autism spectrum disorder? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 56(6), 466–474. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2017.03.013CrossRefPubMed

Lord, C., Risi, S., Lambrecht, L., Cook, E. H., Leventhal, B. L., DiLavore, P. C., Pickles, A., & Rutter, M. (2000). The Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule-Generic: A standard measure of social and communication deficits associated with the spectrum of autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 30(3), 205–223. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1005592401947CrossRefPubMed

Lord, C., Rutter, M., DiLavore, P. C., Risi, S., Gotham, K., & Bishop, S. L. (2012). Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS-2) (2nd ed.). Western Psychological Services.

Newschaffer, C. J., Croen, L. A., Fallin, M. D., Hertz-Picciotto, I., Nguyen, D. V., Lee, N. L., Berry, C. A., Farzadegan, H., Hess, H. N., Landa, R. J., Levy, S. E., Massolo, M. L., Meyerer, S. C., Mohammed, S. M., Oliver, M. C., Ozonoff, S., Pandey, J., Schroeder, A., & Shedd-Wise, K. M. (2012). Infant siblings and the investigation of autism risk factors. Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders, 4(1), 7. https://doi.org/10.1186/1866-1955-4-7CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Nilsen, R. M., Suren, P., Gunnes, N., Alsaker, E. R., Bresnahan, M., Hirtz, D., Hornig, M., Lie, K. K., Lipkin, W. I., Reichborn-Kjennerud, T., Roth, C., Schjolberg, S., Smith, G. D., Susser, E., Vollset, S. E., Oyen, A. S., Magnus, P., & Stoltenberg, C. (2013). Analysis of self-selection bias in a population-based cohort study of autism spectrum disorders. Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology, 27(6), 553–563. https://doi.org/10.1111/ppe.12077CrossRefPubMed

Nuttall, J. R. (2017). The plausibility of maternal toxicant exposure and nutritional status as contributing factors to the risk of autism spectrum disorders. Nutritional Neuroscience, 20(4), 209–218. https://doi.org/10.1080/1028415X.2015.1103437CrossRefPubMed

Ozonoff, S., Young, G. S., Belding, A., Hill, M., Hill, A., Hutman, T., Johnson, S., Miller, M., Rogers, S. J., Schwichtenberg, A. J., Steinfeld, M., & Iosif, A. M. (2014). The broader autism phenotype in infancy: When does it emerge? Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 53(4), 398–407. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2013.12.020CrossRef

Ozonoff, S., Young, G. S., Carter, A., Messinger, D., Yirmiya, N., Zwaigenbaum, L., Bryson, S., Carver, L. J., Constantino, J. N., Dobkins, K., Hutman, T., Iverson, J. M., Landa, R., Rogers, S. J., Sigman, M., & Stone, W. L. (2011). Recurrence risk for autism spectrum disorders: A Baby Siblings Research Consortium study. Pediatrics, 128(3), e488-495. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2010-2825CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Pitkin, R. M. (2007). Folate and neural tube defects. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 85(1), 285S-288S. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/85.1.285SCrossRefPubMed

Raghavan, R., Fallin, M. D., & Wang, X. (2016). Maternal plasma folate, vitamin B12 levels and multivitamin supplementation during pregnancy and risk of Autism Spectrum Disorder in the Boston Birth Cohort. The FASEB Journal. https://doi.org/10.1096/fasebj.30.1_supplement.151.6CrossRef

Raghavan, R., Riley, A. W., Volk, H., Caruso, D., Hironaka, L., Sices, L., Hong, X., Wang, G., Ji, Y., Brucato, M., Wahl, A., Stivers, T., Pearson, C., Zuckerman, B., Stuart, E. A., Landa, R., Fallin, M. D., & Wang, X. (2018). Maternal multivitamin intake, plasma folate and vitamin B12 levels and autism spectrum disorder risk in offspring. Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology, 32(1), 100–111. https://doi.org/10.1111/ppe.12414CrossRefPubMed

Rai, D., Lewis, G., Lundberg, M., Araya, R., Svensson, A., Dalman, C., Carpenter, P., & Magnusson, C. (2012). Parental socioeconomic status and risk of offspring autism spectrum disorders in a Swedish population-based study. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 51(5), 467–476. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2012.02.012CrossRef

Rieder, M. J. (1994). Prevention of neural tube defects with periconceptional folic acid. Clinics in Perinatology, 21(3), 483–503.CrossRef

Saldanha, L. G., Dwyer, J. T., Andrews, K. W., Brown, L. L., Costello, R. B., Ershow, A. G., Gusev, P. A., Hardy, C. J., & Pehrsson, P. R. (2017). Is nutrient content and other label information for prescription prenatal supplements different from nonprescription products? Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, 117(9), 1429–1436. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jand.2017.04.002CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Sanghvi, T. G., Harvey, P. W., & Wainwright, E. (2010). Maternal iron-folic acid supplementation programs: Evidence of impact and implementation. Food and Nutrition Bulletin, 31(2 Suppl), S100-107. https://doi.org/10.1177/15648265100312S202CrossRefPubMed

Schmidt, R. J., Hansen, R. L., Hartiala, J., Allayee, H., Schmidt, L. C., Tancredi, D. J., Tassone, F., & Hertz-Picciotto, I. (2011). Prenatal vitamins, one-carbon metabolism gene variants, and risk for autism. Epidemiology, 22(4), 476–485. https://doi.org/10.1097/EDE.0b013e31821d0e30CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Schmidt, R. J., Iosif, A. M., Guerrero Angel, E., & Ozonoff, S. (2019). Association of maternal prenatal vitamin use with risk for autism spectrum disorder recurrence in Young siblings. JAMA Psychiatry. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2018.3901CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Schmidt, R. J., Tancredi, D. J., Ozonoff, S., Hansen, R. L., Hartiala, J., Allayee, H., Schmidt, L. C., Tassone, F., & Hertz-Picciotto, I. (2012). Maternal periconceptional folic acid intake and risk of autism spectrum disorders and developmental delay in the CHARGE (CHildhood Autism Risks from Genetics and Environment) case-control study. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 96(1), 80–89. https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.110.004416CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Schober, P., Bossers, S. M., & Schwarte, L. A. (2018). Statistical significance versus clinical importance of observed effect sizes: What do P values and confidence intervals really represent? Anesthesia and Analgesia, 126(3), 1068–1072. https://doi.org/10.1213/ANE.0000000000002798CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Steenweg-de Graaff, J., Ghassabian, A., Jaddoe, V. W., Tiemeier, H., & Roza, S. J. (2015). Folate concentrations during pregnancy and autistic traits in the offspring. The Generation R Study. European Journal of Public Health, 25(3), 431–433. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/cku126CrossRefPubMed

Suren, P., Roth, C., Bresnahan, M., Haugen, M., Hornig, M., Hirtz, D., Lie, K. K., Lipkin, W. I., Magnus, P., Reichborn-Kjennerud, T., Schjolberg, S., Davey Smith, G., Oyen, A. S., Susser, E., & Stoltenberg, C. (2013). Association between maternal use of folic acid supplements and risk of autism spectrum disorders in children. JAMA, 309(6), 570–577. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2012.155925CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Tamura, T., Goldenberg, R. L., Chapman, V. R., Johnston, K. E., Ramey, S. L., & Nelson, K. G. (2005). Folate status of mothers during pregnancy and mental and psychomotor development of their children at five years of age. Pediatrics, 116(3), 703–708. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2004-2189CrossRefPubMed

Virk, J., Liew, Z., Olsen, J., Nohr, E. A., Catov, J. M., & Ritz, B. (2016). Preconceptional and prenatal supplementary folic acid and multivitamin intake and autism spectrum disorders. Autism, 20(6), 710–718. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362361315604076CrossRefPubMed

Werler, M. M., Pober, B. R., Nelson, K., & Holmes, L. B. (1989). Reporting accuracy among mothers of malformed and nonmalformed infants. American Journal of Epidemiology, 129(2), 415–421. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a115145CrossRefPubMed

Wilson, R. D., Genetics, C., Wilson, R. D., Audibert, F., Brock, J. A., Carroll, J., Cartier, L., Gagnon, A., Johnson, J. A., Langlois, S., Murphy-Kaulbeck, L., Okun, N., Pastuck, M., Special, C., Deb-Rinker, P., Dodds, L., Leon, J. A., Lowel, H. L., Luo, W., … Van den Hof, M. (2015). Pre-conception folic acid and multivitamin supplementation for the primary and secondary prevention of neural tube defects and other folic acid-sensitive congenital anomalies. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Canada, 37(6), 534–552.

Xu, G., Jing, J., Bowers, K., Liu, B., & Bao, W. (2014). Maternal diabetes and the risk of autism spectrum disorders in the offspring: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 44(4), 766–775. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-013-1928-2CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Ye, B. S., Leung, A. O. W., & Wong, M. H. (2017). The association of environmental toxicants and autism spectrum disorders in children. Environmental Pollution, 227, 234–242. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2017.04.039CrossRefPubMed

Titel: The Association of Prenatal Vitamins and Folic Acid Supplement Intake with Odds of Autism Spectrum Disorder in a High-Risk Sibling Cohort, the Early Autism Risk Longitudinal Investigation (EARLI)
Auteurs: Katharine K. Brieger
Kelly M. Bakulski
Celeste L. Pearce
Ana Baylin
John F. Dou
Jason I. Feinberg
Lisa A. Croen
Irva Hertz-Picciotto
Craig J. Newschaffer
M. Daniele Fallin
Rebecca J. Schmidt
Publicatiedatum: 10-06-2021
Uitgeverij: Springer US
Gepubliceerd in: Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders / Uitgave 6/2022
Print ISSN: 0162-3257
Elektronisch ISSN: 1573-3432
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-021-05110-9

Bohn Stafleu van Loghum

Deel dit onderdeel of sectie (kopieer de link)

Abstract

Log in om toegang te krijgen

Andere artikelen Uitgave 6/2022

Therapeutic Riding or Mindfulness: Comparative Effectiveness of Two Recreational Therapy Interventions for Adolescents with Autism

“I Spent Most of Freshers in my Room”—A Qualitative Study of the Social Experiences of University Students on the Autistic Spectrum

Altered Cerebellum Spontaneous Activity in Juvenile Autism Spectrum Disorders Associated with Clinical Traits

Multidimensional Interoception and Autistic Traits Across life Stages: Evidence From a Novel Eye-tracking Task

Investigating Motor Preparation in Autism Spectrum Disorder With and Without Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

Pretense Awareness Context and Autism: Insights from Conversation Analysis