Top

Gepubliceerd in:

26-06-2020 | Original Paper

Linking Attachment and Executive Function Systems: Exploring Associations in a Sample of Children of Young Mothers

Auteurs: Meera Menon, Rachel C. Katz, M. Ann Easterbrooks

Gepubliceerd in: Journal of Child and Family Studies | Uitgave 8/2020

Abstract

Attachment and executive function (EF) are two related systems that develop early in life and may mediate associations between care experiences and later functioning. Though theoretically related, the associations between attachment and EF have not been fully explored among children experiencing adversity. In the current study, we took a person-centered approach to examining attachment representations and EF among children of adolescent mothers. Using Latent Profile Analysis, we identified three groups of attachment representations: a “secure” group, an “insecure-avoidant” group, and an “insecure-disorganized” group. We then explored differences in EF performance across the identified groups. Our results indicated that the “secure” group generally outperformed the “insecure-disorganized” and “insecure-avoidant” groups. Though the “insecure-avoidant” group generally outperformed the “insecure-disorganized” group, significant differences were found only on one task. Our findings document links between attachment and EF among children experiencing adversity and may suggest that prevention or intervention efforts to support the development of secure attachments will also foster optimal EF, those higher-order cognitive processes that drive goal-directed behavior.

vorige artikel Parenting Profiles, Intolerance of Uncertainty, and Worry among Chinese Primary School Children

volgende artikel Relations of Maternal Depression and Parenting Self-Efficacy to the Self-Regulation of Infants in Low-Income Homes

Ainsworth, M., Blehar, M., Waters, E., & Wall, S. (1978). Patterns of attachment: a psychological study of the strange situation. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.

Arminger, G., Stein, P., & Wittenberg, J. (1999). Mixtures of conditional mean- and covariance-structure models. Psychometrika, 64(4), 475–494. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02294568.CrossRef

Arnsten, A. F. (2009). Stress signalling pathways that impair prefrontal cortex structure and function. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 10(6), 410.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

Asparouhov, T., & Muthén, B. (2014). Auxiliary variables in mixture modeling: using the BCH method in Mplus to estimate a distal outcome model and an arbitrary secondary model. Mplus Web Notes, 21(2). https://www.statmodel.com/examples/webnotes/webnote21.pdf.

Beck, D. M., Schaefer, C., Pang, K., & Carlson, S. M. (2011). Executive function in preschool children: test-retest reliability. Journal of Cognition and Development, 12(2), 169–193.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

Beebe, D. W., Pfiffner, L. J., & McBurnett, K. (2000). Evaluation of the validity of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children–Third Edition comprehension and picture arrangement subtests as measures of social intelligence. Psychological Assessment, 12(1), 97–101.PubMedCrossRef

Benoit, D. (2004). Infant-parent attachment: definition, types, antecedents, measurement and outcome. Paediatrics & Child Health, 9(8), 541–545.CrossRef

Berlin, L. J., & Cassidy, J. (2003). Mothers’ self‐reported control of their preschool children’s emotional expressiveness: a longitudinal study of associations with infant–mother attachment and children’s emotion regulation. Social Development, 12(4), 477–495.CrossRef

Bernard, K., & Dozier, M. (2010). Examining infants’ cortisol responses to laboratory tasks among children varying in attachment disorganization: stress reactivity or return to baseline. Developmental Psychology, 46(6), 1771–1778. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0020660.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

Bernard, K., Dozier, M., Bick, J., Lewis-Morrarty, E., Lindhiem, O., & Carlson, E. (2012). Enhancing attachment organization among maltreated children: results of a randomized clinical trial. Child Development, 83(2), 623–636. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2011.01712.x.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

Bernier, A., Beauchamp, M. H., Carlson, S. M., & Lalonde, G. (2015). A secure base from which to regulate: attachment security in toddlerhood as a predictor of executive functioning at school entry. Developmental Psychology, 51(9), 1177–1189. https://doi.org/10.1037/dev0000032.PubMedCrossRef

Bernier, A., Carlson, S. M., Deschênes, M., & Matte-Gagné, C. (2012). Social factors in the development of early executive functioning: a closer look at the caregiving environment. Developmental Science, 15(1), 12–24. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7687.2011.01093.x.PubMedCrossRef

Bernier, A., Carlson, S. M., & Whipple, N. (2010). From external regulation to self-regulation: early parenting precursors of young children’s executive functioning. Child Development, 81(1), 326–339. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2009.01397.x.PubMedCrossRef

Blair, C. (2002). School readiness: Integrating cognition and emotion in a neurobiological conceptualization of children’s functioning at school entry. American Psychologist, 57(2), 111–127. https://doi.org/10.1037//0003-066X.57.2.111.PubMedCrossRef

Blair, C. (2010). Stress and the development of self-regulation in context. Child Development Perspectives, 4(3), 181–188. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1750-8606.2010.00145.x.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

Blair, C., & Diamond, A. (2008). Biological processes in prevention and intervention: The promotion of self-regulation as a means of preventing school failure. Development and Psychopathology, 20(3). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579408000436.

Bohlin, G., Eninger, L., Brocki, K. C., & Thorell, L. B. (2012). Disorganized attachment and inhibitory capacity: predicting externalizing problem behaviors. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 40(3), 449–458. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-011-9574-7.PubMedCrossRef

Bowlby, J. (1958). The nature of the child’s tie to his mother. The International Journal of Psycho-Analysis, 39, 350.PubMed

Bowlby, J. (1973). Attachment and loss. Vol. 1. attachment. New York, NY: Basic.

Bretherton, I., & Oppenheim, D. (2003). The MacArthur story battery: development, directions for administration, reliability, validity, and reflections about meaning. In: R. Emde, D. P. Wolf, D. Oppenheim (Eds.). Revealing the inner worlds of young children: The MacArthur story stem battery and parent-child narratives (pp. 55–80). New York: Oxford University Press.

Bretherton, Inge (1990). Communication patterns, internal working models, and the intergenerational transmission of attachment relationships. Infant Mental Health Journal, 11(3), 237–252. https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-0355(199023)11:3<237::AID-IMHJ2280110306>3.0.CO;2-X.

Bronfenbrenner, U., & Morris, P. A. (2007). The bioecological model of human development. In: Handbook of Child Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470147658.chpsy0114.

Broussard, E. R. (1994). Infant attachment in a sample of adolescent mothers. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 25(4), 211–219. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02250990.CrossRef

Carvalho, C. F., Menezes-Filho, J. A., Matos, V. P., de, Bessa, J. R., Coelho-Santos, J., Viana, G. F. S., & Abreu, N. (2014). Elevated airborne manganese and low executive function in school-aged children in Brazil. NeuroToxicology, 45, 301–308. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuro.2013.11.006.PubMedCrossRef

Cassidy, J., & Berlin, L. J. (1994). The insecure/ambivalent pattern of attachment: theory and research. Child Development, 65(4), 971–991. https://doi.org/10.2307/1131298.PubMedCrossRef

Cassidy, J. (2008). The nature of the child’s ties. In J. Cassidy & P. R. Shaver (Eds.), Handbook of attachment: theory, research, and clinical applications. 2nd ed. (pp. 3–22). New York, NY: Guilford Press.

Claussen, A. H., Mundy, P. C., Mallik, S. A., & Willoughby, J. C. (2002). Joint attention and disorganized attachment status in infants at risk. Development and Psychopathology, 14(2), 279–291.PubMedCrossRef

Collins, N. L., Cooper, M. L., Albino, A., & Allard, L. (2002). Psychosocial vulnerability from adolescence to adulthood: a prospective study of attachment style differences in relationship functioning and partner choice. Journal of Personality, 70(6), 965–1008. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-6494.05029.PubMedCrossRef

Cyr, C., Euser, E. M., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., & Ijzendoorn, M. H. V. (2010). Attachment security and disorganization in maltreating and high-risk families: a series of meta-analyses. Development and Psychopathology, 22(1), 87–108. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579409990289.PubMedCrossRef

De Ruiter, C., & van Ijzendoorn, M. (1993). Attachment and cognition: a review of the literature. International Journal of Educational Research, 19(6), 525–540.CrossRef

de Wolff, M. S., & van IJzendoorn, M. H. (1997). Sensitivity and attachment: a meta-analysis on parental antecedents of infant attachment. Child Development, 68(4), 571–591. https://doi.org/10.2307/1132107.PubMedCrossRef

Diamond, A. (2014). Executive functions: insights into ways to help more children thrive. Zero to Three Journal, 35(2), 9–17.

Drake, K., Belsky, J., & Fearon, M. R. (2014). From early attachment to engagement with learning in school: the role of self-regulation and persistence. Developmental Psychology, 50(5), 1350–1361.PubMedCrossRef

Easterbrooks, M. A., Crossman, M. K., Caruso, A., Raskin, M., & Miranda-Julian, C. (2017). Maternal mind–mindedness and toddler behavior problems: the moderating role of maternal trauma and posttraumatic stress. Development and Psychopathology, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579417000360.

Fay‐Stammbach, T., Hawes, D. J., & Meredith, P. (2014). Parenting influences on executive function in early childhood: a review. Child Development Perspectives, 8(4), 258–264.CrossRef

Feeney, J. A., Noller, P., & Patty, J. (1993). Adolescents’ interactions with the opposite sex: influence of attachment style and gender. Journal of Adolescence, 16(2), 169–186. https://doi.org/10.1006/jado.1993.1015.PubMedCrossRef

Fox, S. E., Levitt, P., & Nelson, C. A. (2010). How the timing and quality of early experiences influence the development of brain architecture. Child Development, 81(1), 28–40. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2009.01380.x.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

Gallo, L. C., & Matthews, K. A. (2006). Adolescents’ attachment orientation influences ambulatory blood pressure responses to everyday social interactions. Psychosomatic Medicine, 68(2), 253–261. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.psy.0000204633.33599.81.PubMedCrossRef

Gilliom, M., Shaw, D. S., Beck, J. E., Schonberg, M. A., & Lukon, J. L. (2002). Anger regulation in disadvantaged preschool boys: Strategies, antecedents, and the development of self-control. Developmental Psychology, 38(2), 222–235. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.38.2.222.PubMedCrossRef

Granot, D., & Mayseless, O. (2001). Attachment security and adjustment to school in middle childhood. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 25(6), 530–541.CrossRef

Granqvist, P., Sroufe, L. A., Dozier, M., Hesse, E., Steele, M., van IJzendoorn, M., et al. (2017). Disorganized attachment in infancy: a review of the phenomenon and its implications for clinicians and policy-makers. Attachment & Human Development, 1–25. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616734.2017.1354040.

Grant, K. E., Compas, B. E., Stuhlmacher, A. F., Thurm, A. E., McMahon, S. D., & Halpert, J. A. (2003). Stressors and child and adolescent psychopathology: Moving from markers to mechanisms of risk. Psychological Bulletin, 129(3), 447–466. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.129.3.447.PubMedCrossRef

Green, J., & Goldwyn, R. (2002). Annotation: attachment disorganisation and psychopathology: new findings in attachment research and their potential implications for developmental psychopathology in childhood. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 43(7), 835–846. https://doi.org/10.1111/1469-7610.00102.PubMedCrossRef

Gunnar, M., & Quevedo, K. (2007). The neurobiology of stress and development. Annual Review of Psychology, 58, 145–173. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.58.110405.085605.PubMedCrossRef

Hofmann, W., Schmeichel, B. J., & Baddeley, A. D. (2012). Executive functions and self-regulation. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 16(3), 174–180. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2012.01.006.PubMedCrossRef

Holmberg, J., Robinson, J., Corbitt-Price, J., & Wiener, P. (2007). Using narratives to assess competencies and risks in young children: experiences with high risk and normal populations. Infant Mental Health Journal, 28(6), 647–666. https://doi.org/10.1002/imhj.20158.PubMedCrossRef

Jacobsen, T., Edelstein, W., & Hofmann, V. (1994). A longitudinal study of the relation between representations of attachment in childhood and cognitive functioning in childhood and adolescence. Developmental Psychology, 30(1), 112.CrossRef

Kerns, K. A., Abraham, M. M., Schlegelmilch, A., & Morgan, T. A. (2007). Mother–child attachment in later middle childhood: assessment approaches and associations with mood and emotion regulation. Attachment & Human Development, 9(1), 33–53. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616730601151441.CrossRef

Kochanska, G., Philibert, R. A., & Barry, R. A. (2009). Interplay of genes and early mother–child relationship in the development of self-regulation from toddler to preschool age. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 50(11), 1331–1338. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2008.02050.x.PubMedCrossRef

Kohen, D. E., Leventhal, T., Dahinten, V. S., & McIntosh, C. N. (2008). Neighborhood disadvantage: pathways of effects for young children. Child Development, 79(1), 156–169. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2007.01117.x.PubMedCrossRef

Levine, M. (1984). Pediatric Examination of Educational Readiness at Middle Childhood. Cambridge, MA: Educators Publication Service.

Lind, T., Lee Raby, K., Caron, E. B., Roben, C. K. P., & Dozier, M. (2017). Enhancing executive functioning among toddlers in foster care with an attachment-based intervention. Development and Psychopathology, 29(02), 575–586. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579417000190.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

Lindquist, M. A., & Mejia, A. (2015). Zen and the art of multiple comparisons. Psychosomatic Medicine, 77(2), 114–125. https://doi.org/10.1097/PSY.0000000000000148.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

Lo, Y., Mendell, N. R., & Rubin, D. B. (2001). Testing the number of components in a normal mixture. Biometrika, 88(3), 767–778.CrossRef

Lyons-Ruth, K., Bronfman, E., & Parsons, E. (1999). Maternal frightened, frightening, or atypical behavior and disorganized infant attachment patterns. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 64(3), 67–96.PubMedCrossRef

Madigan, S., Moran, G., & Pederson, D. R. (2006). Unresolved states of mind, disorganized attachment relationships, and disrupted interactions of adolescent mothers and their infants. Developmental Psychology, 42(2), 293–304. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.42.2.293.PubMedCrossRef

Main, M., & Cassidy, J. (1988). Categories of response to reunion with the parent at age 6: Predictable from infant attachment classifications and stable over a 1-month period. Developmental Psychology, 24(3), 415–426. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.24.3.415.CrossRef

Main, M., & Solomon, J. (1990). Procedures for identifying infants as disorganized/disoriented during the Strange situation. In M. T. Greenberg, D. Cicchetti & E. M. Cummings (Eds.), Attachment in the preschool years: theory, research, and intervention. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Masyn, K. E. (2013). Latent class analysis and finite mixture modeling. In T. D. Little (Ed.), The Oxford handbook of quantitative methods. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.

Meuwissen, A. S., & Englund, M. M. (2016). Executive function in at-risk children: Importance of father-figure support and mother parenting. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 44, 72–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appdev.2016.04.002.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

Mikulincer, M., Shaver, P. R., & Pereg, D. (2003). Attachment theory and affect regulation: the dynamics, development, and cognitive consequences of attachment-related strategies. Motivation and Emotion, 27(2), 77–102. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1024515519160.CrossRef

Mollborn, S., & Dennis, J. A. (2012). Investigating the life situations and development of teenage mothers’ children: evidence from the ECLS-B. Population Research and Policy Review, 31(1), 31–66.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

Moss, E., & St-Laurent, D. (2001). Attachment at school age and academic performance. Developmental Psychology, 37(6), 863–874. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.37.6.863.PubMedCrossRef

Moss, E., Cyr, C., Bureau, J.-F., Tarabulsy, G. M., & Dubois-Comtois, K. (2005). Stability of attachment during the preschool period. Developmental Psychology, 41(5), 773–783. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.41.5.773.PubMedCrossRef

Muthén, L. K., & Muthén, B. O. (1998-2016). Mplus user’s guide: statistical analysis with latent variables: user’s guide. 8th ed. Los Angeles, CA: Muthén & Muthén.

Ng, F. F.-Y., Tamis-LeMonda, C., Yoshikawa, H., & Sze, I. N.-L. (2015). Inhibitory control in preschool predicts early math skills in first grade: evidence from an ethnically diverse sample. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 39(2), 139–149. https://doi.org/10.1177/0165025414538558.CrossRef

Nylund-Gibson, K., & Masyn, K. E. (2016). Covariates and mixture modeling: Results of a simulation study exploring the impact of misspecified effects on class enumeration. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 23(6), 782–797. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705511.2016.1221313.CrossRef

O’Connor, E., & McCartney, K. (2007). Attachment and cognitive skills: an investigation of mediating mechanisms. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 28(5), 458–476. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appdev.2007.06.007.CrossRef

Orsini, A. (1994). Corsi’s Block-Tapping Test: standardization and concurrent validity with WISC—R for Children Aged 11 to 16. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 79(3_suppl), 1547–1554. https://doi.org/10.2466/pms.1994.79.3f.1547.PubMedCrossRef

Ostrosky‐Solís, F., & Oberg, G. (2006). Neuropsychological functions across the world—common and different features: from digit span to moral judgment. International Journal of Psychology, 41(5), 321–323.CrossRef

Pallini, S., Chirumbolo, A., Morelli, M., Baiocco, R., Laghi, F., & Eisenberg, N. (2018). The relation of attachment security status to effortful self-regulation: a meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 144(5), 501–531. https://doi.org/10.1037/bul0000134.PubMedCrossRef

Perneger, T. V. (1998). What’s wrong with Bonferroni adjustments. BMJ: British Medical Journal, 316(7139), 1236–1238.PubMedCrossRef

Ponitz, C. C., McClelland, M. M., Jewkes, A. M., Connor, C. M., Farris, C. L., & Morrison, F. J. (2008). Touch your toes! Developing a direct measure of behavioral regulation in early childhood. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 23, 141–158. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecresq.2007.01.004.CrossRef

R Core Team (2015). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. www.R-project.org.

Rafferty, Y., Griffin, K. W., & Lodise, M. (2011). Adolescent motherhood and developmental outcomes of children in early Head Start: the influence of maternal parenting behaviors, well-being, and risk factors within the family setting. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 81(2), 228–245. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-0025.2011.01092.x.PubMedCrossRef

Raykov, T. (2016). Latent class analysis in social science research. course book. Inter-University Consortium for Political and Social Research (ICPSR). Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan.

Reiner, I., & Splaun, A. K. (2008). Story stem attachment focused coding scheme. unpublished manual. New York, NY: The New School for Social Science Research.

Rispoli, K. M., McGoey, K. E., Koziol, N. A., & Schreiber, J. B. (2013). The relation of parenting, child temperament, and attachment security in early childhood to social competence at school entry. Journal of School Psychology, 51(5), 643–658. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsp.2013.05.007.PubMedCrossRef

Schwarz, G. (1978). Estimating the dimension of a model. The Annals of Statistics, 6(2), 461–464.CrossRef

Shaver, P. R., & Mikulincer, M. (2007). Adult attachment strategies and the regulation of emotion. In J. J. Gross (Ed.), Handbook of emotion regulation, (pp. 446–465). The Guilford Press.

Shonkoff, J. P., Garner, A. S., Siegel, B. S., Dobbins, M. I., Earls, M. F., Garner, A. S., & Wood, D. L. (2012). The lifelong effects of early childhood adversity and toxicstress. Pediatrics, 129(1), e232–e246. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2011-2663.PubMedCrossRef

Solomon, J., & George, C. (2016). The measurement of attachment security and related constructs in infancy and early childhood. In J. Cassidy & P. R. Shaver (Eds.), Handbook of attachment, Third Edition: Theory, research, and clinical applications. 3rd ed. (pp. 366–395). New York, NY: Guilford Press.

Spieker, S. J., Nelson, D. C., Petras, A., Jolley, S. N., & Barnard, K. E. (2003). Joint influence of child care and infant attachment security for cognitive and language outcomes of low-income toddlers. Infant Behavior and Development, 26(3), 326–344. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0163-6383(03)00034-1.CrossRef

Splaun, A. K., Reiner, I., Steele, M., Steele, H., & Murphy, A. (2010). The congruence of parents' and their childrenas representations of their relationship. The New School Psychology Bulletin, 7(1), 1–11.

Sroufe, L. A. (2000). Early relationships and the development of children. Infant Mental Health Journal, 21(1–2), 67–74.CrossRef

Sroufe, L. A. (2005). Attachment and development: a prospective, longitudinal study from birth to adulthood. Attachment & Human Development, 7(4), 349–367. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616730500365928.CrossRef

Stievenart, M., Roskam, I., Meunier, J.-C., & Van de Moortele, G. (2011). The reciprocal relation between children’s attachment representations and their cognitive ability. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 35(11). https://doi.org/10.1177/0165025410370790.

Tufts Interdisciplinary Evaluation Research (TIER) (2015). The Massachusetts Healthy Families Evaluation-2 (MHFE-2): a randomized controlled trial of a statewide home visiting program for young parents. Final report to the Children’s Trust of Massachusetts.

Tufts Interdisciplinary Evaluation Research (TIER) (2017). The Massachusetts Healthy Families Evaluation-2 Early Childhood (MHFE-2EC): Follow-up study of a randomized, controlled trial of a statewide home visiting program for young parents. Final report to the Children’s Trust of Massachusetts. Medford, MA: Tufts University.

van IJzendoorn, M. H., & Kroonenberg, P. M. (1988). Cross-cultural patterns of attachment: a meta-analysis of the strange situation. Child Development, 59(1), 147–156. https://doi.org/10.2307/1130396.CrossRef

van IJzendoorn, M. H., Schuengel, C., & Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J. (1999). Disorganized attachment in early childhood: meta-analysis of precursors, concomitants, and sequelae. Development and Psychopathology, 11(2), 225–249.PubMedCrossRef

Wanless, S. B., McClelland, M. M., Acock, A. C., Ponitz, C. C., Son, S.-H., & Lan, X. (2011). Measuring behavioral regulation in four societies. Psychological Assessment, 23(2), 364–378.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

Wechsler, D. (1991). Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC-III): Manual (3rd ed). San Antonio, TX: The Psychological Corporation.

Wiebe, S. A., Sheffield, T., Nelson, J. M., Clark, C. A. C., Chevalier, N., & Espy, K. A. (2011). The structure of executive function in 3-year-olds. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 108(3), 436–452. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jecp.2010.08.008.PubMedCrossRef

Woodhouse, S. S., Dykas, M. J., & Cassidy, J. (2009). Perceptions of secure base provision within the family. Attachment & Human Development, 11(1), 47–67. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616730802500792.CrossRef

Zelazo, P. D. (2006). The dimensional change-card sort (DCCS): a method of assessing executive function in children. Nature Protocols, 1(1), 297–301.PubMedCrossRef

Zelazo, P. D., Anderson, J. E., Richler, J., Wallner-Allen, K., Beaumont, J. L., & Weintraub, S. (2013). II. NIH Toolbox Cognition Battery (CB): Measuring executive function and attention. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 78(4), 16–33.PubMedCrossRef

Titel: Linking Attachment and Executive Function Systems: Exploring Associations in a Sample of Children of Young Mothers
Auteurs: Meera Menon
Rachel C. Katz
M. Ann Easterbrooks
Publicatiedatum: 26-06-2020
Uitgeverij: Springer US
Gepubliceerd in: Journal of Child and Family Studies / Uitgave 8/2020
Print ISSN: 1062-1024
Elektronisch ISSN: 1573-2843
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-020-01759-5

Bohn Stafleu van Loghum

Deel dit onderdeel of sectie (kopieer de link)

Abstract

Log in om toegang te krijgen

Andere artikelen Uitgave 8/2020

Traumatic Events and Associated Symptoms amongst Caregiver-Child Dyads: Exploring Caregiver Sex Differences

Impact of Seeking Safety Dose on Depression and PTSD Symptoms Among Pregnant and Post-Partum Women

Supporting Children Living with Chronic Medical Conditions Through Empathetic Art

Evaluation of “SIBS”, An Intervention for Siblings and Parents of Children with Chronic Disorders

Psychologically Controlling Parenting during Toddlerhood: The Role of Mothers’ Perceived Parenting History and Emotion Regulation Style

Targeted Parents Surviving Parental Alienation: Consequences of the Alienation and Coping Strategies