Introduction
Methods
Study design
The 15D instrument
Statistical analysis
Results
Characteristics of the study population
Variables | Reference population (%)a | N | % | 15D index value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | 95% CI | p valueb | ||||
Total | 100 | 2000 | 100 | 0.810 | 0.800–0.819 | – |
Gender | ||||||
Male | 46.9 | 855 | 42.8 | 0.820 | 0.805–0.835 | 0.0711 |
Female | 53.1 | 1145 | 57.3 | 0.802 | 0.789–0.815 | |
Age groups (years) | ||||||
18–24 | 10.0 | 202 | 10.1 | 0.782 | 0.741–0.822 | 0.1286 |
25–34 | 15.2 | 441 | 22.1 | 0.823 | 0.801–0.844 | |
35–44 | 19.5 | 337 | 16.9 | 0.819 | 0.795–0.843 | |
45–54 | 16.0 | 285 | 14.3 | 0.825 | 0.802–0.848 | |
55–64 | 16.8 | 337 | 16.9 | 0.803 | 0.781–0.826 | |
65 and above | 22.5 | 398 | 19.9 | 0.796 | 0.777–0.815 | |
Highest level of education | ||||||
Primary | 23.8 | 544 | 27.2 | 0.775 | 0.753–0.796 | < 0.0001 |
Secondary | 55.0 | 909 | 45.5 | 0.807 | 0.792–0.822 | |
Tertiary | 21.2 | 547 | 27.4 | 0.849 | 0.835–0.863 | |
Settlement type | ||||||
Capital | 17.9 | 390 | 19.5 | 0.825 | 0.806–0.845 | 0.0003 |
City | 52.6 | 979 | 49.0 | 0.822 | 0.809–0.835 | |
Village | 29.5 | 631 | 31.6 | 0.781 | 0.761–0.800 | |
Geographical region | ||||||
Central Hungary | 30.4 | 619 | 31.0 | 0.811 | 0.794–0.827 | 0.9850 |
Great Plain and North | 30.2 | 790 | 39.5 | 0.810 | 0.794–0.825 | |
Transdanubia | 39.5 | 591 | 29.6 | 0.809 | 0.790–0.827 | |
Employment status | ||||||
Employed | 53.1 | 1074 | 53.7 | 0.827 | 0.814–0.840 | < 0.0001 |
Retired | 26.1 | 502 | 25.1 | 0.805 | 0.789–0.822 | |
Disability pensioner | 3.1 | 55 | 2.8 | 0.559 | 0.486–0.631 | |
Student | 3.1 | 68 | 3.4 | 0.853 | 0.807–0.900 | |
Unemployed | 4.7 | 91 | 4.6 | 0.792 | 0.748–0.836 | |
Homemaker/housewife | 1.0 | 49 | 2.5 | 0.801 | 0.746–0.857 | |
Other | 8.9 | 161 | 8.1 | 0.787 | 0.745–0.830 | |
Marital status | ||||||
Married | 45.6 | 825 | 41.3 | 0.835 | 0.822–0.848 | < 0.0001 |
Domestic partnership | 13.4 | 417 | 20.9 | 0.834 | 0.814–0.853 | |
Single | 18.5 | 472 | 23.6 | 0.767 | 0.743–0.791 | |
Widowed | 11.4 | 129 | 6.5 | 0.780 | 0.741–0.819 | |
Divorced | 11.1 | 157 | 7.9 | 0.766 | 0.729–0.803 | |
Household’s per capita net monthly income (HUF)c | ||||||
1st quintile (≤ 75,000.3) | N/A | 300 | 15.0 | 0.751 | 0.720–0.781 | < 0.0001 |
2nd quintile (75,000.3 & ≤ 112,500.5) | N/A | 377 | 18.8 | 0.786 | 0.763–0.808 | |
3rd quintile (> 112,500.5 & ≤ 142,500.3) | N/A | 295 | 14.8 | 0.808 | 0.785–0.831 | |
4th quintile (> 142,500.3 & ≤ 212,500.5) | N/A | 373 | 18.6 | 0.828 | 0.808–0.848 | |
5th quintile (> 212,500.5) | N/A | 275 | 13.8 | 0.834 | 0.810–0.858 | |
Diagnosis of any chronic diseasec,d | ||||||
Mental | 48.0 | 168 | 8.4 | 0.795 | 0.754–0.835 | < 0.0001 |
Physical | 726 | 36.3 | 0.842 | 0.830–0.853 | ||
Both | 535 | 26.8 | 0.698 | 0.678–0.717 | ||
None | 52.0 | 406 | 20.3 | 0.903 | 0.884–0.922 |
Health problems by 15D domains
Mean index values by sociodemographic and health-related characteristics
Age groups | Total | Males | Females | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | % | 15D index values | n | % | 15D index values | n | % | 15D index values | ||||
Mean | 95% CI | Mean | 95% CI | Mean | 95% CI | |||||||
18–24 | 202 | 10.1 | 0.782 | 0.741–0.822 | 85 | 9.9 | 0.741 | 0.667–0.816 | 117 | 10.2 | 0.811 | 0.767–0.855 |
25–34 | 441 | 22.1 | 0.823 | 0.801–0.844 | 148 | 17.3 | 0.822 | 0.783–0.860 | 293 | 25.6 | 0.823 | 0.798–0.849 |
35–44 | 337 | 16.9 | 0.819 | 0.795–0.843 | 162 | 18.9 | 0.824 | 0.788–0.860 | 175 | 15.3 | 0.814 | 0.782–0.846 |
45–54 | 285 | 14.3 | 0.825 | 0.802–0.848 | 131 | 15.3 | 0.857 | 0.826–0.888 | 154 | 13.4 | 0.798 | 0.764–0.832 |
55–64 | 337 | 16.9 | 0.803 | 0.781–0.826 | 145 | 17.0 | 0.837 | 0.808–0.865 | 192 | 16.8 | 0.778 | 0.745–0.811 |
65 and above | 398 | 19.1 | 0.796 | 0.777–0.815 | 184 | 21.5 | 0.812 | 0.786–0.837 | 214 | 18.7 | 0.783 | 0.755–0.810 |
Total | 2000 | 100.0 | 0.810 | 0.800–0.819 | 855 | 100.0 | 0.820 | 0.805–0.835 | 1145 | 100.0 | 0.802 | 0.789–0.815 |
Variables | N | % | Mean | 95% CI |
---|---|---|---|---|
Healthy | 406 | 20.3 | 0.903 | 0.884–0.922 |
Physical health conditions | 1261 | 63.1 | 0.781 | 0.769–0.792 |
Allergies | 332 | 16.6 | 0.764 | 0.741–0.788 |
Hypertension | 551 | 27.6 | 0.754 | 0.735–0.772 |
Thyroid diseases | 178 | 8.9 | 0.744 | 0.711–0.777 |
Atopic dermatitis | 56 | 2.8 | 0.731 | 0.661–0.802 |
Psoriasis | 53 | 2.7 | 0.728 | 0.665–0.791 |
Diabetes | 218 | 10.9 | 0.727 | 0.694–0.759 |
Other physical health conditions | 97 | 4.9 | 0.717 | 0.676–0.758 |
Other skin diseases | 44 | 2.2 | 0.715 | 0.644–0.785 |
Gastroesophageal reflux disease | 194 | 9.7 | 0.715 | 0.682–0.747 |
Musculoskeletal diseases | 483 | 24.2 | 0.713 | 0.693–0.733 |
Hyperlipidaemia | 252 | 12.6 | 0.712 | 0.682–0.741 |
Benign prostate hyperplasia | 90 | 4.5 | 0.711 | 0.666–0.757 |
Cataract | 85 | 4.3 | 0.707 | 0.661–0.753 |
Asthma | 119 | 6.0 | 0.701 | 0.659–0.742 |
Chronic bronchitis, emphysema, COPD | 101 | 5.1 | 0.701 | 0.656–0.747 |
Acne | 37 | 1.9 | 0.696 | 0.615–0.777 |
Hearing impairment | 136 | 6.8 | 0.682 | 0.639–0.725 |
Cancer, leukaemia, lymphoma | 50 | 2.5 | 0.676 | 0.603–0.749 |
Heart attack | 37 | 1.9 | 0.676 | 0.587–0.765 |
Headache, migraine | 147 | 7.4 | 0.674 | 0.631–0.717 |
Glaucoma | 32 | 1.6 | 0.670 | 0.590–0.751 |
Inflammatory bowel disease | 38 | 1.9 | 0.665 | 0.590–0.739 |
Coronary artery disease, angina | 58 | 2.9 | 0.651 | 0.586–0.715 |
Chronic kidney disease | 30 | 1.5 | 0.647 | 0.555–0.739 |
Arrhythmias | 178 | 8.9 | 0.642 | 0.607–0.678 |
Urinary incontinence | 74 | 3.7 | 0.625 | 0.560–0.689 |
Visual impairment | 171 | 8.6 | 0.618 | 0.580–0.655 |
Other heart disease | 75 | 3.8 | 0.612 | 0.547–0.676 |
Epilepsy | 17 | 0.9 | 0.578 | 0.424–0.732 |
Stroke | 34 | 1.7 | 0.567 | 0.470–0.664 |
Gastric or duodenal ulcer | 40 | 2.0 | 0.561 | 0.467–0.656 |
Liver cirrhosis | 14 | 0.7 | 0.557 | 0.343–0.772 |
Mental health conditions | 703 | 35.2 | 0.721 | 0.703–0.739 |
Smoking addiction | 406 | 20.3 | 0.757 | 0.734–0.781 |
Other addictions | 10 | 0.5 | 0.717 | 0.573–0.860 |
Gambling addiction | 58 | 2.9 | 0.684 | 0.601–0.767 |
Alcohol addiction | 79 | 4.0 | 0.646 | 0.579–0.712 |
Generalized anxiety disorder | 307 | 15.4 | 0.645 | 0.614–0.676 |
Sleeping disorders | 178 | 8.9 | 0.620 | 0.582–0.658 |
Learning disability | 30 | 1.5 | 0.607 | 0.462–0.752 |
Substance addiction | 24 | 1.2 | 0.587 | 0.422–0.752 |
Sexual disorder | 40 | 2.0 | 0.567 | 0.477–0.657 |
Panic disorder | 115 | 5.8 | 0.564 | 0.514–0.615 |
Eating disorder | 27 | 1.4 | 0.560 | 0.424–0.696 |
Prescription drug addiction | 56 | 2.8 | 0.545 | 0.452–0.638 |
Bipolar depression | 35 | 1.8 | 0.529 | 0.426–0.633 |
Unipolar major depression | 28 | 1.4 | 0.522 | 0.411–0.633 |
Phobia | 49 | 2.5 | 0.492 | 0.393–0.590 |
Dysthymia | 64 | 3.2 | 0.475 | 0.411–0.539 |
Impulse-control disorder | 15 | 0.8 | 0.443 | 0.265–0.622 |
Personality disorder | 31 | 1.6 | 0.421 | 0.309–0.532 |
Dementia | 18 | 0.9 | 0.373 | 0.230–0.515 |
Psychotic disorders | 17 | 0.9 | 0.371 | 0.171–0.572 |
Obsessive compulsive disorder | 21 | 1.1 | 0.360 | 0.216–0.505 |
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder | 11 | 0.6 | 0.315 | 0.074–0.556 |
Autism spectrum disorder | 11 | 0.6 | 0.311 | 0.044–0.579 |
Post-traumatic stress disorder | 14 | 0.7 | 0.299 | 0.115–0.483 |
Multivariate linear regression of 15D index values
Variables | Coefficient | 95% CI | p value |
---|---|---|---|
Intercept | 0.799 | 0.744, 0.854 | < 0.0001 |
Gender | |||
Malea | – | – | – |
Female | − 0.005 | − 0.025, 0.014 | 0.5834 |
Age groups (years) | |||
18–24 | – | – | – |
25–34 | 0.050 | 0.000, 0.100 | 0.0498 |
35–44 | 0.077 | 0.025, 0.129 | 0.0035 |
45–54 | 0.090 | 0.039, 0.142 | 0.0006 |
55–64 | 0.089 | 0.035, 0.144 | 0.0014 |
65 and above | 0.075 | 0.014, 0.136 | 0.0165 |
Highest level of education | |||
Primary | − 0.028 | − 0.052, − 0.003 | 0.0253 |
Secondary | − 0.018 | − 0.035, 0.000 | 0.0512 |
Tertiarya | – | – | – |
Settlement type | |||
Capitala | – | – | – |
City | − 0.004 | − 0.035, 0.028 | 0.8213 |
Village | − 0.024 | − 0.058, 0.009 | 0.1575 |
Geographical region | |||
Central Hungarya | – | – | – |
Great Plain and North | 0.022 | − 0.006, 0.050 | 0.1264 |
Transdanubia | 0.020 | − 0.011, 0.050 | 0.2042 |
Employment status | |||
Employeda | – | – | – |
Retired | 0.019 | − 0.010, 0.048 | 0.1890 |
Disability pensioner | − 0.109 | − 0.161, − 0.057 | < 0.0001 |
Student | 0.076 | 0.013, 0.138 | 0.0171 |
Unemployed | − 0.006 | − 0.046, 0.034 | 0.7567 |
Homemaker/housewife | 0.020 | − 0.021, 0.062 | 0.3381 |
Other | − 0.009 | − 0.050, 0.032 | 0.6748 |
Marital status | |||
Singlea | – | – | – |
Married | 0.050 | 0.023, 0.077 | 0.0003 |
Domestic partnership | 0.064 | 0.036, 0.092 | < 0.0001 |
Widowed | 0.017 | − 0.032, 0.066 | 0.4961 |
Divorced | 0.037 | − 0.003, 0.077 | 0.0697 |
Household’s per capita net monthly income (HUF) | |||
Lower median (≤ 112,500)a | – | – | – |
Upper median (> 112,500) | 0.003 | − 0.019, 0.025 | 0.7944 |
Refused to answer | 0.017 | − 0.009, 0.043 | 0.2072 |
Physical health conditionsb | |||
Hypertension | − 0.021 | − 0.040, − 0.003 | 0.0223 |
Musculoskeletal diseases | − 0.051 | − 0.069, − 0.033 | < 0.0001 |
Allergies | 0.005 | − 0.015, 0.026 | 0.6226 |
Hyperlipidaemia | − 0.031 | − 0.054, − 0.009 | 0.0061 |
Diabetes | − 0.027 | − 0.053, − 0.001 | 0.0413 |
Gastroesophageal reflux disease | 0.003 | − 0.023, 0.030 | 0.8044 |
Thyroid diseases | 0.013 | − 0.011, 0.038 | 0.2863 |
Arrhythmias | − 0.053 | − 0.083, − 0.023 | 0.0006 |
Visual impairment | − 0.067 | − 0.100, − 0.034 | 0.0001 |
Headache, migraine | − 0.030 | − 0.063, 0.002 | 0.0671 |
Hearing impairment | − 0.041 | − 0.071, − 0.010 | 0.0092 |
Asthma | − 0.056 | − 0.092, − 0.021 | 0.0020 |
Chronic bronchitis, emphysema, COPD | 0.000 | − 0.039, 0.039 | 0.9876 |
Other physical health conditions | − 0.036 | − 0.079, 0.007 | 0.1014 |
Benign prostate hyperplasia | − 0.020 | − 0.057, 0.017 | 0.2935 |
Cataract | − 0.015 | − 0.057, 0.027 | 0.4788 |
Other heart disease | − 0.042 | − 0.092, 0.008 | 0.0997 |
Urinary incontinence | − 0.045 | − 0.091, 0.001 | 0.0578 |
Coronary artery disease, angina | − 0.029 | − 0.090, 0.032 | 0.3490 |
Atopic dermatitis | 0.023 | − 0.024, 0.070 | 0.3348 |
Psoriasis | − 0.021 | − 0.068, 0.026 | 0.3769 |
Cancer, leukaemia, lymphoma | − 0.021 | − 0.076, 0.034 | 0.4567 |
Other skin diseases | 0.008 | − 0.054, 0.069 | 0.8012 |
Gastric or duodenal ulcer | − 0.041 | − 0.107, 0.025 | 0.2201 |
Inflammatory bowel disease | 0.008 | − 0.051, 0.068 | 0.7807 |
Acne | 0.011 | − 0.055, 0.077 | 0.7369 |
Heart attack | 0.019 | − 0.057, 0.094 | 0.6245 |
Stroke | − 0.054 | − 0.139, 0.030 | 0.2050 |
Glaucoma | − 0.013 | − 0.096, 0.069 | 0.7514 |
Chronic kidney disease | 0.053 | − 0.019, 0.124 | 0.1474 |
Mental health conditionsb | |||
Smoking addiction | − 0.011 | − 0.030, 0.009 | 0.2735 |
Generalized anxiety disorder | − 0.107 | − 0.137, − 0.078 | < 0.0001 |
Sleeping disorders | − 0.036 | − 0.072, 0.000 | 0.0524 |
Panic disorder | − 0.057 | − 0.102, − 0.012 | 0.0125 |
Alcohol addiction | − 0.058 | − 0.111, − 0.005 | 0.0309 |
Dysthymia | − 0.050 | − 0.114, 0.015 | 0.1316 |
Gambling addiction | − 0.050 | − 0.116, 0.016 | 0.1373 |
Prescription drug addiction | − 0.108 | − 0.185, − 0.031 | 0.0059 |
Phobia | − 0.095 | − 0.177, − 0.012 | 0.0240 |
Sexual disorder | − 0.086 | − 0.157, − 0.015 | 0.0175 |
Bipolar depression | − 0.006 | − 0.094, 0.081 | 0.8886 |
Personality disorder | − 0.121 | − 0.231, − 0.012 | 0.0296 |
Learning disability | − 0.005 | − 0.104, 0.093 | 0.9198 |