Top

Gepubliceerd in:

14-07-2019 | Empirical Research

Evaluating the Short-term Impact of Media Aware Parent, a Web-based Program for Parents with the Goal of Adolescent Sexual Health Promotion

Auteurs: Tracy M. Scull, Christina V. Malik, Elyse M. Keefe, Alexander Schoemann

Gepubliceerd in: Journal of Youth and Adolescence | Uitgave 9/2019

Abstract

Parents can significantly impact their adolescent child’s sexual and relationship decision-making, yet many parents are not effectively communicating with their teens about these topics. Media are sexual socialization agents for adolescents, which can encourage early or risky sexual activity. Media Aware Parent is a web-based program for parents of adolescents that was designed to improve adolescent sexual health by providing parents with the skills to have high-quality communication with their child about sex and relationships as well as to mediate their media usage. This web-based randomized controlled trial was conducted in 2018–2019 with parent-child pairs (grades 7, 8, or 9; N = 355) from across the United States. Parent participants identified as mostly female (75%), white/Caucasian (74%); and non-Hispanic (92%). The youth sample was more balanced in terms of gender (45% female) and more diverse with respect to race (66% white) and ethnicity (86% non-Hispanic). Twenty-eight percent of the families identified as a single parent household, and 35% of the youth were eligible for free school lunch. The present study assessed the short-term effects of Media Aware Parent on parent–adolescent communication, adolescent sexual health outcomes, and media-related outcomes across a one-month timeframe. Parents were randomly assigned to the intervention (Media Aware Parent) or active control group (online access to medically-accurate information on adolescent sexual health). The intervention improved parent–adolescent communication quality as rated by both parents and youth. Youth were more likely to understand that their parent did not want them to have sex at this early age. Youth reported more agency over hook-ups, more positive attitudes about sexual health communication and contraception/protection, and more self-efficacy to use contraception/protection, if they decide to have sexual activity. The intervention improved media literacy skills in both parents and youth, and resulted in youth being more aware of family media rules. Parents gave overwhelming positive feedback about Media Aware Parent. The results from this pretest-posttest study provide evidence that Media Aware Parent is an effective web-based program for parents seeking to enhance parent–adolescent communication and media mediation, and positively impact their adolescents’ sexual health outcomes.

vorige artikel A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of School-Based Stress, Anxiety, and Depression Prevention Programs for Adolescents

volgende artikel Parent-Adolescent Communication and Adolescent Delinquency: Unraveling Within-Family Processes from Between-Family Differences

Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50, 179–211.CrossRef

Ajzen, I., & Fishbein, M. (1975). Belief, attitude, intention, and behavior: an introduction to theory and research. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.

Akers, A. Y., Holland, C. L., & Bost, J. (2011). Interventions to improve parental communication about sex: a systematic review. Pediatrics, 127(3), 494–510. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2010-2194. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21321027.

Anderson, M. & Jiang, J. (2018). Pew Research Center. Teens, social media and technology. Washington, DC.

Aspy, C. B., Vesely, S. K., Oman, R. F., Rodine, S., Marshall, L., & McLeroy, K. (2006). Parental communication and youth sexual behaviour. Journal of Adolescence, 30(3), 449–466. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2006.04.007.CrossRefPubMed

Austin, E. W. (2007). The message interpretation process model. In J. J. Arnett (Ed.) Encyclopedia of children, adolescents, and the media. (Vol. 535, p. 536). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage

Baams, L., Overbeek, G., Dubas, J. S., Doornwaard, S. M., Rommes, E., & van Aken, M. A. (2015). Perceived realism moderates the relation between sexualized media consumption and permissive sexual attitudes in Dutch adolescents. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 44(3), 743–754. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-014-0443-7. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25501659.

Basen-Engquist, K., Masse, L. C., Coyle, K., Kirby, D., Parcel, G. S., Banspach, S., & Nodora, J. (1999). Validity of scales measuring the psychosocial determinants of HIV/STD-related risk behavior in adolescents. Health Education Research, 14(1), 25–38.CrossRefPubMed

Beckett, M. K., Elliott, M. N., Martino, S., Kanouse, D. E., Corona, R., Klein, D. J., & Schuster, M. A. (2010). Timing of parent and child communication about sexuality relative to children’s sexual behaviors. Pediatrics, 125(1), 34–42. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2009-0806. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19969618.

Bleakley, A., Hennessy, M., Fishbein, M., & Jordan, A. (2008). It works both ways: The relationship between exposure to sexual content in the media and adolescent sexual behavior. Media Psychology, 11(4), 443–461. https://doi.org/10.1080/15213260802491986. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20376301.

Braun-Courville, D. K., & Rojas, M. (2009). Exposure to sexually explicit Web sites and adolescent sexual attitudes and behaviors. Journal of Adolescent Health, 45(2), 156–162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2008.12.004. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19628142.

Brown, J. D., Halpern, C. T., & L’Engle, K. L. (2005). Mass media as a sexual super peer for early maturing girls. Journal of Adolescent Health, 36(5), 420–427. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2004.06.003. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15837346.

Byrne, S., Katz, S. J., Lee, T., Linz, D., & McIlrath, M. (2014). Peers, predators, and porn: Predicting parental underestimation of children’s risky online experiences. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 19(2), 215–231. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcc4.12040.CrossRef

Cederbaum, J. A., Rodriguez, A. J., Sullivan, K., & Gray, K. (2017). Attitudes, norms, and the effect of socialconnectedness on adolescent sexual riskintention. Journal of School Health, 87(8), 75–583.CrossRef

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2018). Sexually transmitted disease surveillance; 2017.

Collier, K. M., Coyne, S. M., Rasmussen, E. E., Hawkins, A. J., Padilla-Walker, L. M., Erickson, S. E., & Memmott-Elison, M. K. (2016). Does parental mediation of media influence child outcomes? A meta-analysis on media time, aggression, substance use, and sexual behavior. Dev Psychol, 52(5), 798–812. https://doi.org/10.1037/dev0000108. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26914217.

Conger, R., Lasley, P., Lorenz, F. O., Simons, R., Whitbeck, L. B., Elder Jr, G. H., & Norem, R. (2011). Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [distributor], 2011. Iowa youth and families project, 1989–1992. https://doi.org/10.3886/ICPSR26721.v2.

Copen, C. E., Dittus, P., & Leichliter, J. S. (2016). U.S. Department Of Health And Human Services; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; National Center for Health Statistics. Confidentiality concerns and sexual and reproductive health care among adolescents and young adults aged 15–25. Washington, D.C.

Coyne, S. M., Ward, L. M., Kroff, S. L., Davis, E. J., Holmgren, H. G., Jensen, A. C., Essig, L. W. (2019). Contributions of mainstream sexual media exposure to sexual attitudes, perceived peer norms, and sexual behavior: a meta-analysis. Journal of Adolescent Health. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2018.11.016. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30691937.

Crosby, R. A., Hanson, A., & Rager, K. (2009). The protective value of parental sex education: a clinic-based exploratory study of adolescent females. Journal of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology, 22(3), 189–192. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpag.2008.08.006. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19539206.

DiIorio, C., Dudley, W. T., Wang, D., Wasserman, J., Eichler, M., Belcher, L., & West-Edwards, C. (2001). Measurement of parenting self-efficacy and outcome expectancy related to discussions about sex. Journal of Nursing Measurement, 9(2), 135–149. https://doi.org/10.1891/1061-3749.9.2.135.CrossRefPubMed

Dillman Carpentier, F. R., Stevens, E. M., Wu, L., & Seely, N. (2017). Sex, love, and risk-n-responsibility: a content analysis of entertainment television. Mass Communication and Society, 20(5), 686–709. https://doi.org/10.1080/15205436.2017.1298807.CrossRefPubMed

Dittus, P., & Jaccard, J. (2000). Adolescents’ perceptions of maternal disapproval of sex: Relationship to sexual outcomes. Journal of Adolescent Health, 26, 268–278.CrossRefPubMed

Farringdon, F., Holgate, C., McIntyre, F., & Bulsara, M. (2013). A level of discomfort! Exploring the relationship between maternal sexual health knowledge, religiosity and comfort discussing sexual health issues with adolescents. Sexuality Research and Social Policy, 11(2), 95–103. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13178-013-0122-9.CrossRef

Flores, D., & Barroso, J. (2017). 21st century parent-child sex communication in the United States: A process review. The Journal of Sex Research, 54(4-5), 532–548. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499.2016.1267693.CrossRefPubMed

Gibbons, F. X., Gerrard, M., Blanton, H., & Russell, D. W. (1998). Reasoned action and social reaction: Willingness and intention as independent predictors of health risk. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74(5), 1164–1180.CrossRefPubMed

Gottfried, J. A., Vaala, S. E., Bleakley, A., Hennessy, M., & Jordan, A. (2013). Does the effect of exposure to TV sex on adolescent sexual behavior vary by genre? Communication Research, 40(1). https://doi.org/10.1177/0093650211415399

Guilamo-Ramos, V., Thimm-Kaiser, M., Benzekri, A., Rodriguez, C., Fuller, T. R., Warner, L., & Koumans, E. H. (2019). Father-son communication about consistent and correct condom use. Pediatrics, 143(1), pii: e20181609.CrossRefPubMed

Hoge, D. R. (1972). A validated intrinsic religious motivation scale. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 11(4), 369–376.CrossRef

Jaccard, J., Dittus, P. J., & Gorgon, V. V. (2000). Parent-teen communication about premarital sex: Factors associated with the extent of communication. Journal of Adolescent Research, 15(2), 187–208.CrossRef

Johnson, A. Z., Sieving, R. E., Pettingell, S. L., & McRee, A. L. (2015). The roles of partner communication and relationship status in adolescent contraceptive use. Journal of Pediatric Health Care, 29(1), 61–69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pedhc.2014.06.008. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25150381.

Kann, L., McManus, T., Harris, W. A., Shanklin, S. L., Flint, K. H., Queen, B.,… Ethier, K. A. (2018). Youth risk behavior surveillance-United States, 67(8), 2017.

Kaplan, D. L., Jones, E. J., Olson, E. C., & Yunzal-Butler, C. B. (2013). Early age of first sex and health riskin an urban adolescent population. Journal of School Health, 83(5), 350–356.CrossRefPubMed

Kugler, K. C., Vasilenko, S. A., Butera, N. M., & Coffman, D. L. (2017). Long-term consequences of early sexual initiation on young adult health: a causal inference approach. Journal of Early Adolescence, 37(5), 662–676. https://doi.org/10.1177/0272431615620666. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28529400.

L’Engle, K. L., Brown, J. D., & Kenneavy, K. (2006). The mass media are an important context for adolescents’ sexual behavior. Journal of Adolescent Health, 38(3), 186–192. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2005.03.020. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16488814.

Lindberg, L. D., Maddow-Zimet, I., & Boonstra, H. (2016). Changes in adolescents’ receipt of sex education, 2006-2013. Journal of Adolescent Health, 58(6), 621–627. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2016.02.004. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27032487.

Little, T. D. (2013). Longitudinal structural equation modeling. New York, NY: Guilford Press.

Mallett, K. A., Turrisi, R., Ray, A. E., Stapleton, J., Abar, C., Mastroleo, N. R., & Larimer, M. E. (2011). Do parents know best? Examining the relationship between parenting profiles, prevention efforts, and peak drinking in college students. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 41(12), 2904–2927. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2011.00860.x. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24109150.

Martinez, G. M., Copen, C. E., & Abma, J. C. (2011). Teenagers in the United States: sexual activity, contraceptive use, and childbearing, 2006–2010 national survey of family growth. National Center for Health Statistics. Vital Health Stat, 23(31).

Martino, S. C., Elliott, M. N., Corona, R., Kanouse, D. E., & Schuster, M. A. (2008). Beyond the “big talk”: The roles of breadth and repetition in parent–adolescent communication about sexual topics. Pediatrics, 121(3), e612–618. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2007-2156. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18310180.

Ott, M. A., & Sucato, G. S. Committee on Adolescence. (2014). Contraception for adolescents. Pediatrics, 134(4), e1257–1281. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2014-2300. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25266435.

Pariera, K. L. (2016). Barriers and prompts to parent-child sexual communication. Journal of Family Communication, 16(3), 277–283. https://doi.org/10.1080/15267431.2016.1181068.CrossRef

Pariera, K. L., & Brody, E. (2018). “Talk more about it”: emerging adults’ attitudes about how and when parents should talk about sex. Sexuality Research and Social Policy, 15(2), 219–229. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13178-017-0314-9.CrossRef

Pinkleton, B. E., Austin, E. W., Chen, Y. C., & Cohen, M. (2012). The role of media literacy in shaping adolescents’ understanding of and responses to sexual portrayals in mass media. Journal of Health Communication, 17(4), 460–476. https://doi.org/10.1080/10810730.2011.635770. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22273591.

Pinkleton, B. E., Austin, E. W., Cohen, M., Chen, Y. C., & Fitzgerald, E. (2008). Effects of a peer-led media literacy curriculum on adolescents’ knowledge and attitudes toward sexual behavior and media portrayals of sex. Health Communication, 23(5), 462–472. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410230802342135. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18850393.

Prado, G., Pantin, H., Briones, E., Schwartz, S. J., Feaster, D., Huang, S., & Szapocznik, J. (2007). A randomized controlled trial of a parent-centered intervention in preventing substance use and HIV risk behaviors in Hispanic adolescents. J Consult Clin Psychol, 75(6), 914–926. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.75.6.914. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18085908.

R Core Team. (2018). R: a language and environment for statistical computing. Vienna, Austria: R Foundation for Statistical Computing.

Raudenbush, S. W., Spybrook, J., Bloom, H., Congdon, R., Hill, C., & Martinez, A. (2011). Optimal Design Software for Multi-level and Longitudinal Research (Version 3.01) {Software].

Rideout, V. (2015). Common Sense Media, Inc. The common sense census: media use by tweens and teens. Headquarters: San Francisco, CA.

Ryan, S., Franzetta, K., Manlove, J., & Holcombe, E. (2007). Adolescents’ discussions about contraception or STDs with partners before first sex. Perspect Sex Reprod Health, 39(3), 149–157. https://doi.org/10.1363/3914907. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17845526.

Schuster, M. A., Corona, R., Elliott, M. N., Kanouse, D. E., Eastman, K. L., Zhou, A. J., & Klein, D. J. (2008). Evaluation of talking parents, healthy teens, a new worksite based parenting programme to promote parent–adolescent communication about sexual health: randomised controlled trial. BMJ, 337, a308 https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.39609.657581.25. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18617492.

Scull, T. M., Kupersmidt, J. B., Malik, C. V., & Morgan-Lopez, A. A. (2018). Using media literacy education for adolescent sexual health promotion in middle school: randomized control trial of media aware. Journal of Health Communication, 23(12), 1051.CrossRefPubMed

Scull, T. M., & Malik, C. V. (2019). Role of entertainment media in sexual socialization. In R. Hobbs & P. Mihailidis (Eds), The international encyclopedia of media literacy (pp. 1–11). John Wiley & Sons Inc: New York, USA.

Scull, T. M., Malik, C. V., & Kupersmidt, J. B. (2014). A media literacy education approach to teaching adolescents comprehensive sexual health education. Journal of Media Literacy Education, 6(1), 1–14.PubMed

Sedgh, G., Finer, L. B., Bankole, A., Eilers, M. A., & Singh, S. (2015). Adolescent pregnancy, birth, and abortion rates across countries: Levels and recent trends. Journal of Adolescent Health, 56(2), 223–230. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2014.09.007. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25620306.

Signorielli, N., & Bievenour, A. (2015). Sex in adolescent programming: a content analysis. Communication Research Reports, 32(4), 304–313. https://doi.org/10.1080/08824096.2015.1089856.CrossRef

Soet, J. E., Dudley, W. N., & Dilorio, C. (1999). The effects of ethnicity and perceived power on women’s sexual behavior. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 23, 707–723.CrossRefPubMed

Tolman, D. L., & McClelland, S. I. (2011). Normative sexuality development in adolescence: A decade in review, 2000-2009. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 21(1), 242–255. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-7795.2010.00726.x.CrossRef

Valkenburg, P. M., Kremar, M., Peeters, A. L., & Marseille, N. M. (1999). Developing a scale to assess three styles of television mediation. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 43(1), 52–66.CrossRef

Ward, L. M., Erickson, S. E., Lippman, J., & Giaccardi, S. (2016). Sexual media content and effects. In J. F. Nussbaum (Ed.), Oxford research encyclopedia of communication (Vol. 1). Oxford University Press: Oxford, UK.

Widman, L., Choukas-Bradley, S., Noar, S. M., Nesi, J., & Garrett, K. (2016). Parent–adolescent sexual communication and adolescent safer sex behavior: a meta-analysis. JAMA Pediatr, 170(1), 52–61. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2015.2731. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26524189.

Wight, D., & Fullerton, D. (2013). A review of interventions with parents to promote the sexual health of their children. J Adolesc Health, 52(1), 4–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2012.04.014. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23260830.

Titel: Evaluating the Short-term Impact of Media Aware Parent, a Web-based Program for Parents with the Goal of Adolescent Sexual Health Promotion
Auteurs: Tracy M. Scull
Christina V. Malik
Elyse M. Keefe
Alexander Schoemann
Publicatiedatum: 14-07-2019
Uitgeverij: Springer US
Gepubliceerd in: Journal of Youth and Adolescence / Uitgave 9/2019
Print ISSN: 0047-2891
Elektronisch ISSN: 1573-6601
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-019-01077-0

Bohn Stafleu van Loghum

Deel dit onderdeel of sectie (kopieer de link)

Abstract

Log in om toegang te krijgen

Andere artikelen Uitgave 9/2019

Tanya Carroll Richardson: Zen Teen: 40 Ways to Stay Calm When Life Gets Stressful

Adolescent Decision-Making: The Value of Perceived Behavioral Control in Predicting Engagement in Suicide Prevention Behaviors

Parent-Adolescent Communication and Adolescent Delinquency: Unraveling Within-Family Processes from Between-Family Differences

Genetic and Environmental Influences on Adolescent Emotional Inertia in Daily Life

Peer Acceptance and Nonsuicidal Self-injury among Chinese Adolescents: A Longitudinal Moderated Mediation Model

Longitudinal Associations between Ethnic/Racial Identity and Discrimination among Asian and Latinx Adolescents