Skip to main content
Top
Gepubliceerd in: Cognitive Therapy and Research 3/2012

01-06-2012 | Original Article

Psychological Predictors of Anxiety in Response to the H1N1 (Swine Flu) Pandemic

Auteurs: Michael G. Wheaton, Jonathan S. Abramowitz, Noah C. Berman, Laura E. Fabricant, Bunmi O. Olatunji

Gepubliceerd in: Cognitive Therapy and Research | Uitgave 3/2012

Log in om toegang te krijgen
share
DELEN

Deel dit onderdeel of sectie (kopieer de link)

  • Optie A:
    Klik op de rechtermuisknop op de link en selecteer de optie “linkadres kopiëren”
  • Optie B:
    Deel de link per e-mail

Abstract

Pandemic illnesses, such as the H1N1 influenza (swine flu) are often highly publicized in the mass media and can be associated with high levels of anxiety and compensatory behavior (e.g., using hand sanitizers). The present research sought to investigate the psychological processes associated with swine-flu related anxiety during the H1N1 influenza pandemic of 2009–2010. Participants were 315 college students who completed survey measures between September 25th 2009 and February 16th 2010, which encompassed the peak of flu season and a time of intense media attention to this particular outbreak. Data revealed that anxiety in response to the swine flu was common in the sample. Regression analysis indicated that health anxiety, contamination fears and disgust sensitivity were significant predictors of swine flu-related anxiety. Implications for how concerns over pandemic illnesses such as the swine flu can be conceptualized and clinically managed are discussed.
Voetnoten
1
In order to test the dimensionality of the SFI we submitted the nine retained items to a principal axis factor analysis with oblique (promax) rotation to allow the factors to be correlated. The first three eigenvalues from this analysis were 4.16, 1.44 and 0.77 and examination of the scree plot suggested retaining a two-factor solution. In the promax-rotated solution, five items (# 1, 7–10) saliently loaded on the first factor, three items (#3–5) saliently loaded on the second factor and one item (#2) loaded on both factors. The factors were correlated (r = .55). Importantly, the statements in three items saliently loading on the second factor all began with the question “how” while all of the other items began differently, indicating that question wording may have influenced the separation of these items from the others (e.g., a method factor). Recommendations for factor analysis have suggested that factors defined by three or fewer items may be less reliable and replicable, and four or more items are generally recommended to retain a factor (Guadagnoli and Velicer 1988). As such we opted to consider the SFI as a unidimensional measure and used the total score in all analyses.
 
Literatuur
go back to reference Abramowitz, J. S., & Braddock, A. E. (2008). Psychological treatment of hypochondriasis and health anxiety: A biopsychosocial approach. Cambridge, MA: Hogrefe & Huber. Abramowitz, J. S., & Braddock, A. E. (2008). Psychological treatment of hypochondriasis and health anxiety: A biopsychosocial approach. Cambridge, MA: Hogrefe & Huber.
go back to reference Abramowitz, J. S., Deacon, B., Olatunji, B., Wheaton, M. G., Berman, N., Losardo, D., et al. (2010). Assessment of obsessive-compulsive symptom dimensions: Development and evaluation of the Dimensional Obsessive-Compulsive Scale. Psychological Assessment, 22, 180–198.PubMedCrossRef Abramowitz, J. S., Deacon, B., Olatunji, B., Wheaton, M. G., Berman, N., Losardo, D., et al. (2010). Assessment of obsessive-compulsive symptom dimensions: Development and evaluation of the Dimensional Obsessive-Compulsive Scale. Psychological Assessment, 22, 180–198.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Abramowitz, J. S., Deacon, B. J., & Valentiner, D. P. (2007). The Short Health Anxiety Inventory: Psychometric properties and construct validity in a non-clinical sample. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 31, 871–883.CrossRef Abramowitz, J. S., Deacon, B. J., & Valentiner, D. P. (2007). The Short Health Anxiety Inventory: Psychometric properties and construct validity in a non-clinical sample. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 31, 871–883.CrossRef
go back to reference American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (Vol. 4 text revision). Washington, DC: Author. American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (Vol. 4 text revision). Washington, DC: Author.
go back to reference Antony, M. M., Bieling, P. J., Cox, B. J., Enns, M. W., & Swinson, R. P. (1998). Psychometric properties of the 42-item and 21-item versions of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS) in clinical groups and a community sample. Psychological Assessment, 10, 176–181.CrossRef Antony, M. M., Bieling, P. J., Cox, B. J., Enns, M. W., & Swinson, R. P. (1998). Psychometric properties of the 42-item and 21-item versions of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS) in clinical groups and a community sample. Psychological Assessment, 10, 176–181.CrossRef
go back to reference Coles, M. E., Cook, L. M., & Blake, T. R. (2006). Assessing obsessive compulsive symptoms and cognitions on the internet: Evidence for the comparability of paper and Internet administration. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 45, 2232–2240.CrossRef Coles, M. E., Cook, L. M., & Blake, T. R. (2006). Assessing obsessive compulsive symptoms and cognitions on the internet: Evidence for the comparability of paper and Internet administration. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 45, 2232–2240.CrossRef
go back to reference Cox, B., Borger, S., & Enns, M. (1999). Anxiety sensitivity and emotional disorders: Psychometric studies and their theoretical implications. In S. Taylor (Ed.), Anxiety sensitivity: Theory, research, and treatment of the fear of anxiety (pp. 115–148). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum. Cox, B., Borger, S., & Enns, M. (1999). Anxiety sensitivity and emotional disorders: Psychometric studies and their theoretical implications. In S. Taylor (Ed.), Anxiety sensitivity: Theory, research, and treatment of the fear of anxiety (pp. 115–148). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
go back to reference Deacon, B., & Maack, D. J. (2008). The effects of safety behaviors on the fear of contamination: An experimental investigation. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 46, 537–547.PubMedCrossRef Deacon, B., & Maack, D. J. (2008). The effects of safety behaviors on the fear of contamination: An experimental investigation. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 46, 537–547.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Deacon, B., & Olatunji, B. O. (2007). Specificity of disgust sensitivity in the prediction of behavioral avoidance in contamination fear. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 45, 2110–2120.PubMedCrossRef Deacon, B., & Olatunji, B. O. (2007). Specificity of disgust sensitivity in the prediction of behavioral avoidance in contamination fear. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 45, 2110–2120.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference DeVellis, R. F. (1991). Scale development: Theory and applications. Newbury Park: Sage. DeVellis, R. F. (1991). Scale development: Theory and applications. Newbury Park: Sage.
go back to reference Guadagnoli, E., & Velicer, W. F. (1988). Relation of sample size to the stability of component patterns. Psychological Bulletin, 103, 265–275.PubMedCrossRef Guadagnoli, E., & Velicer, W. F. (1988). Relation of sample size to the stability of component patterns. Psychological Bulletin, 103, 265–275.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Haidt, J., McCauley, C., & Rozin, P. (1994). Individual differences in sensitivity to disgust: A scale sampling seven domains of disgust elicitors. Personality and Individual Differences, 16, 701–713.CrossRef Haidt, J., McCauley, C., & Rozin, P. (1994). Individual differences in sensitivity to disgust: A scale sampling seven domains of disgust elicitors. Personality and Individual Differences, 16, 701–713.CrossRef
go back to reference Henry, J. D., & Crawford, J. R. (2005). The 21-item version of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS–21): Normative data and psychometric evaluation in a large non-clinical sample. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 44, 227–239.PubMedCrossRef Henry, J. D., & Crawford, J. R. (2005). The 21-item version of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS–21): Normative data and psychometric evaluation in a large non-clinical sample. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 44, 227–239.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Izard, C. E. (1993). Organizational and motivational functions of discrete emotions. In M. Lewis & J. M. Haviland (Eds.), Handbook of emotions. New York: Guilford Press. Izard, C. E. (1993). Organizational and motivational functions of discrete emotions. In M. Lewis & J. M. Haviland (Eds.), Handbook of emotions. New York: Guilford Press.
go back to reference Johnson, N. P. A. S., & Mueller, J. (2002). Updating the accounts: Global Mortality of the 1918–1920 “Spanish” influenza pandemic. Bulletin of the History of Medicine, 76, 105–115.PubMedCrossRef Johnson, N. P. A. S., & Mueller, J. (2002). Updating the accounts: Global Mortality of the 1918–1920 “Spanish” influenza pandemic. Bulletin of the History of Medicine, 76, 105–115.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Lovibond, S. H., & Lovibond, P. F. (1995). Manual for the depression anxiety stress scales. Sydney: Psychology Foundation. Lovibond, S. H., & Lovibond, P. F. (1995). Manual for the depression anxiety stress scales. Sydney: Psychology Foundation.
go back to reference Nunnally, J., & Bernstein, I. (1994). Psychometric theory. New York: McGraw-Hill. Nunnally, J., & Bernstein, I. (1994). Psychometric theory. New York: McGraw-Hill.
go back to reference Olatunji, B. O., Deacon, B. J., Abramowitz, J. S., & Valentiner, D. P. (2007a). Body vigilance in nonclinical and anxiety disorder samples: Structure, correlates, and prediction of health concerns. Behavior Therapy, 38, 392–401.PubMedCrossRef Olatunji, B. O., Deacon, B. J., Abramowitz, J. S., & Valentiner, D. P. (2007a). Body vigilance in nonclinical and anxiety disorder samples: Structure, correlates, and prediction of health concerns. Behavior Therapy, 38, 392–401.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Olatunji, B. O., & Sawchuk, C. N. (2005). Disgust: Characteristic features, social implications, and clinical manifestations. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 24, 932–962.CrossRef Olatunji, B. O., & Sawchuk, C. N. (2005). Disgust: Characteristic features, social implications, and clinical manifestations. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 24, 932–962.CrossRef
go back to reference Olatunji, B. O., Sawchuk, C. N., Lohr, J. M., & de Jong, P. J. (2004). Disgust domains in the prediction of contamination fear. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 42, 93–104.PubMedCrossRef Olatunji, B. O., Sawchuk, C. N., Lohr, J. M., & de Jong, P. J. (2004). Disgust domains in the prediction of contamination fear. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 42, 93–104.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Olatunji, B. O., Williams, N. L., Tolin, D. F., Sawchuck, C. N., Abramowitz, J. S., Lohr, J. M., et al. (2007b). The Disgust Scale: Item analysis, factor structure, and suggestions for refinement. Psychological Assessment, 19, 281–297.PubMedCrossRef Olatunji, B. O., Williams, N. L., Tolin, D. F., Sawchuck, C. N., Abramowitz, J. S., Lohr, J. M., et al. (2007b). The Disgust Scale: Item analysis, factor structure, and suggestions for refinement. Psychological Assessment, 19, 281–297.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Page, A. C., Hooke, G. R., & Morrison, D. L. (2007). Psychometric properties of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS) in depressed clinical samples. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 46, 283–297.PubMedCrossRef Page, A. C., Hooke, G. R., & Morrison, D. L. (2007). Psychometric properties of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS) in depressed clinical samples. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 46, 283–297.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Reiss, S., Peterson, R., Gursky, D. M., & McNally, R. J. (1986). Anxiety sensitivity, anxiety frequency, and the prediction of fearfulness. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 24, 1–8.PubMedCrossRef Reiss, S., Peterson, R., Gursky, D. M., & McNally, R. J. (1986). Anxiety sensitivity, anxiety frequency, and the prediction of fearfulness. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 24, 1–8.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Rubin, G. J., Amlot, R., Page, L., & Wessely, S. (2009). Public perceptions, anxiety, and behaviour change in relation to the swine flu outbreak: Cross sectional telephone survey. BMJ, 339, b2651.PubMedCrossRef Rubin, G. J., Amlot, R., Page, L., & Wessely, S. (2009). Public perceptions, anxiety, and behaviour change in relation to the swine flu outbreak: Cross sectional telephone survey. BMJ, 339, b2651.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Salkovskis, P. M., Rimes, K. A., Warwick, H. M., & Clark, D. M. (2002). The health anxiety inventory: Development and validation of scales for the measurement of health anxiety and hypochondriasis. Psychological Medicine, 32, 843–853.PubMedCrossRef Salkovskis, P. M., Rimes, K. A., Warwick, H. M., & Clark, D. M. (2002). The health anxiety inventory: Development and validation of scales for the measurement of health anxiety and hypochondriasis. Psychological Medicine, 32, 843–853.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Schmidt, N. B., Lerew, D. R., & Trakowski, J. H. (1997). Body vigilance in panic disorder: Evaluating attention to bodily perturbations. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 65, 214–220.PubMedCrossRef Schmidt, N. B., Lerew, D. R., & Trakowski, J. H. (1997). Body vigilance in panic disorder: Evaluating attention to bodily perturbations. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 65, 214–220.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Taylor, S., & Asmundson, G. (2004). Treating health anxiety: A cognitive-behavioral approach. New York: Guilford. Taylor, S., & Asmundson, G. (2004). Treating health anxiety: A cognitive-behavioral approach. New York: Guilford.
go back to reference Taylor, S., Zvolensky, M., Cox, B., Deacon, B., Heimberg, R., Ledley, D. R., et al. (2007). Robust dimensions of anxiety sensitivity: Development and initial validation of the Anxiety Sensitivity Index-3 (ASI-3). Psychological Assessment, 19, 176–188.PubMedCrossRef Taylor, S., Zvolensky, M., Cox, B., Deacon, B., Heimberg, R., Ledley, D. R., et al. (2007). Robust dimensions of anxiety sensitivity: Development and initial validation of the Anxiety Sensitivity Index-3 (ASI-3). Psychological Assessment, 19, 176–188.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Van den Bulck, J., & Custers, K. (2009). Television exposure is related to fear of avian flu, an ecological study across 23 member states of the European Union. European Journal of Public Health, 19, 370–374.PubMedCrossRef Van den Bulck, J., & Custers, K. (2009). Television exposure is related to fear of avian flu, an ecological study across 23 member states of the European Union. European Journal of Public Health, 19, 370–374.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Wheaton, M. G., Berman, N. C., Franklin, J. C., & Abramowitz, J. S. (2010). Health anxiety: Latent structure and associations with anxiety-related psychological processes. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 32, 565–574.CrossRef Wheaton, M. G., Berman, N. C., Franklin, J. C., & Abramowitz, J. S. (2010). Health anxiety: Latent structure and associations with anxiety-related psychological processes. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 32, 565–574.CrossRef
Metagegevens
Titel
Psychological Predictors of Anxiety in Response to the H1N1 (Swine Flu) Pandemic
Auteurs
Michael G. Wheaton
Jonathan S. Abramowitz
Noah C. Berman
Laura E. Fabricant
Bunmi O. Olatunji
Publicatiedatum
01-06-2012
Uitgeverij
Springer US
Gepubliceerd in
Cognitive Therapy and Research / Uitgave 3/2012
Print ISSN: 0147-5916
Elektronisch ISSN: 1573-2819
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-011-9353-3

Andere artikelen Uitgave 3/2012

Cognitive Therapy and Research 3/2012 Naar de uitgave