Top

Gepubliceerd in:

01-06-2012 | Original Article

Anxiety Sensitivity, Emotional Avoidance, and PTSD Symptom Severity Among Crack/Cocaine Dependent Patients in Residential Treatment

Auteurs: James A. Naifeh, Matthew T. Tull, Kim L. Gratz

Gepubliceerd in: Cognitive Therapy and Research | Uitgave 3/2012

Abstract

High rates of co-occurring posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) have been found among patients receiving treatment for substance use disorders (SUD), and there is evidence that this particular co-occurrence is associated with negative SUD treatment outcomes. Thus, there is utility in establishing the role of psychological vulnerabilities related to PTSD within SUD populations, with the goal of ultimately informing targeted interventions and improving clinical outcomes. Anxiety sensitivity (AS) and emotional avoidance (EA) may be two important factors in this regard, as both have been found to demonstrate associations with posttraumatic stress in other clinical and nonclinical populations. To expand upon this literature, the current study examined the associations between AS and EA and PTSD symptom severity in a sample of traumatic event-exposed crack/cocaine dependent patients in residential SUD treatment (n = 62), as well as the extent to which EA mediated the relation between AS and PTSD symptom severity. As hypothesized, AS and EA were associated with PTSD symptom severity above and beyond the effects of gender and non-specific anxiety symptoms. However, the hypothesis that EA would mediate the relation between AS and PTSD symptom severity was only partially supported. Implications of these findings for understanding and treating co-occurring SUD-PTSD are discussed.

vorige artikel The Benefits of Expressive Writing on Autobiographical Memory Specificity: A Randomized Controlled Trial

volgende artikel Erratum to: Repetitive Thought and Emotional Distress: Rumination and Worry as Prospective Predictors of Depressive and Anxious Symptomatology

We examined this possibility but did not find a significant interaction effect for AS and EA after controlling for the covariates. However, due to limited statistical power, we cannot draw strong conclusions regarding the importance of this interaction.

American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th Text Revised ed ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.

Antony, M. M. (2001). Measures for panic disorder and agoraphobia. In M. M. Antony, S. M. Orsillo, & L. Roemer (Eds.), Practitioner’s guide to empirically based measures of anxiety (pp. 95–125). Dordrecht, Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers.

Antony, M. M., Bieling, P. J., Cox, B. J., Enns, M. W., & Swinson, R. P. (1998). Psychometric properties of the 42-item and 21-item versions of the depression anxiety stress scales in clinical groups and a community sample. Psychological Assessment, 10, 176–181. doi:10.1037/1040-3590.10.2.176.CrossRef

Back, S. E., Brady, K. T., Jaanimagi, U., & Jackson, J. L. (2006). Cocaine dependence and PTSD: A pilot study of symptom interplay and treatment preferences. Addictive Behaviors, 31, 351–354. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2005.05.008.PubMedCrossRef

Batten, S. V., DeViva, J. C., Santanello, A. P., Morris, L. J., Benson, P. R., & Mann, M. A. (2009). Acceptance and commitment therapy for comorbid PTSD and substance use disorders. In J. T. Blackledge, J. Ciarrochi, & F. P. Deane (Eds.), Acceptance and commitment therapy: Contemporary theory, research and practice (pp. 311–328). Bowen Hills, Queensland, Australia: Australian Academic Press.

Blake, D. D., Weathers, F. W., Nagy, L. M., Kaloupek, D. G., Gusman, F. D., Charney, D. S., et al. (1995). The development of a clinician-administered PTSD scale. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 8, 75–90. doi:10.1002/jts.2490080106.PubMedCrossRef

Blake, D. D., Weathers, F. W., Nagy, L. N., Kaloupek, D. G., Klauminser, G., Charney, D. S., et al. (1990). A clinician rating scale for assessing current and lifetime PTSD: The CAPS-1. The Behavior Therapist, 18, 187–188.

Bonin, M. F., Norton, G. R., Asmundson, G. J. G., Dicurzio, S., & Pidlubney, S. (2000). Drinking away the hurt: The nature and prevalence of PTSD in substance abuse patients attending a community-based treatment program. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 31, 55–66. doi:10.1016/S0005-7916(00)00008-2.PubMedCrossRef

Bornovalova, M. A., Ouimette, P., Crawford, A. V., & Levy, R. (2009). Testing gender effects on the mechanisms explaining the association between post-traumatic stress symptoms and substance use frequency. Addictive Behaviors, 34, 685–692. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2009.04.005.PubMedCrossRef

Brady, K. T., Back, S. E., & Coffey, S. F. (2004). Substance abuse and posttraumatic stress disorder. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 13, 206–209. doi:10.1111/j.0963-7214.2004.00309.x.CrossRef

Broman-Fulks, J. J., Ruggiero, K. J., Green, B. A., Kilpatrick, D. G., Danielson, C. K., Resnick, H. S., et al. (2006). Taxometric investigation of PTSD: Data from two nationally representative samples. Behavior Therapy, 37, 364–380. doi:10.1016/j.beth.2006.02.006.PubMedCrossRef

Brown, T. A., Chorpita, B. F., Korotitsch, W., & Barlow, D. H. (1997). Psychometric properties of the depression anxiety stress scales (DASS) in clinical samples. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 35, 79–89. doi:10.1016/S0005-7967(96)00068-X.PubMedCrossRef

Campbell-Sills, L., Barlow, D. H., Brown, T. A., & Hofmann, S. G. (2006). Effects of suppression and acceptance on emotional responses of individuals with anxiety and mood disorders. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 44, 1251–1263. doi:10.1016/j.brat.2005.10.001.PubMedCrossRef

Chawla, N., & Ostafin, B. (2007). Experiential avoidance as a functional dimensional approach to psychopathology: An empirical review. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 63, 871–890. doi:10.1002/jclp.20400.PubMedCrossRef

Clara, I. P., Cox, B. J., & Enns, M. W. (2001). Confirmatory factor analysis of the depression anxiety stress scales in depressed and anxious patients. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 23, 61–67. doi:10.1023/A:1011095624717.CrossRef

Cottler, L. B., Compton, W. M., Mager, D., Spitznagel, E. L., & Janca, A. (1992). Posttraumatic stress disorder among substance users from the general population. American Journal of Psychiatry, 149, 664–670.PubMed

Daughters, S. B., Lejuez, C. W., Bornovalova, M. A., Kahler, C. W., Strong, D. R., & Brown, R. A. (2005a). Distress tolerance as a predictor of early treatment dropout in a residential substance abuse treatment facility. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 114, 729–734. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.114.4.729.PubMedCrossRef

Daughters, S. B., Lejuez, C. W., Kahler, C. W., Strong, D. R., & Brown, R. A. (2005b). Psychological distress tolerance and duration of most recent abstinence attempt among residential treatment-seeking substance abusers. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 19, 208–211. doi:10.1037/0893-164X.19.2.208.PubMedCrossRef

Daughters, S. B., Sargeant, M. N., Bornovalova, M. A., Gratz, K. L., & Lejuez, C. W. (2008). The relationship between distress tolerance and antisocial personality disorder among male inner-city treatment seeking substance users. Journal of Personality Disorders, 22, 509–524. doi:10.1521/pedi.2008.22.5.509.PubMedCrossRef

Elhai, J. D., Gray, M. J., Kashdan, T. B., & Franklin, C. L. (2005). Which instruments are most commonly used to assess traumatic event exposure and posttraumatic effects?: A survey of traumatic stress professionals. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 18, 541–545. doi: 10.1002/jts.20062.PubMedCrossRef

Elwood, L. S., Hahn, K. S., Olatunji, B. O., & Williams, N. L. (2009). Cognitive vulnerabilities to the development of PTSD: A review of four vulnerabilities and the proposal of an integrative vulnerability model. Clinical Psychology Review, 29, 87–100. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2008.10.002.PubMedCrossRef

Fedoroff, I. C., Taylor, S., Asmundson, G. J. G., & Koch, W. J. (2000). Cognitive factors in traumatic stress reactions: Predicting PTSD symptoms from anxiety sensitivity and beliefs about harmful events. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 28, 5–15.

Feldner, M. T., Zvolensky, M. J., Schmidt, N. B., & Smith, R. C. (2008). A prospective test of anxiety sensitivity as a moderator of the relation between gender and posttraumatic symptom maintenance among high anxiety sensitive young adults. Depression and Anxiety, 25, 190–199. doi:10.1002/da.20281.PubMedCrossRef

Foa, E. B., Hembree, E. A., & Rothbaum, B. O. (2007). Prolonged exposure therapy for PTSD: Emotional processing of traumatic experiences: Therapist guide. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.

Foa, E. B., Huppert, J. D., & Cahill, S. P. (2006). Emotional processing theory: An update. In B. O. Rothbaum (Ed.), Pathological anxiety: Emotional processing in etiology and treatment (pp. 3–24). New York, NY: Guilford Press.

Foa, E. B., & Kozak, M. J. (1986). Emotional processing of fear: Exposure to corrective information. Psychological Bulletin, 99, 20–35. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.99.1.20.PubMedCrossRef

Forbes, D., Haslam, N., Williams, B. J., & Creamer, M. (2005). Testing the latent structure of posttraumatic stress disorder: A taxometric study of combat veterans. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 18, 647–656. doi:10.1002/jts.20073.PubMedCrossRef

Fox, H. C., Axelrod, S. R., Paliwal, P., Sleeper, J., & Sinha, R. (2007). Difficulties in emotion regulation and impulse control during cocaine abstinence. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 89, 298–301. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2006.12.026.PubMedCrossRef

Gratz, K. L., Bornovalova, M. A., Delany-Brumsey, A., Nick, B., & Lejuez, C. W. (2007). A laboratory-based study of the relationship between childhood abuse and experiential avoidance among inner-city substance users: The role of emotional nonacceptance. Behavior Therapy, 38, 256–268. doi:10.1016/j.beth.2006.08.006.PubMedCrossRef

Gratz, K. L., & Roemer, L. (2004). Multidimensional assessment of emotion regulation and dysregulation: Development, factor structure, and initial validation of the difficulties in emotion regulation scale. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 26, 41–54. doi:10.1023/B:JOBA.0000007455.08539.94.CrossRef

Gratz, K. L., Rosenthal, M. Z., Tull, M. T., Lejuez, C. W., & Gunderson, J. G. (2006). An experimental investigation of emotion dysregulation in borderline personality disorder. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 115, 850–855. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.115.4.850.PubMedCrossRef

Gratz, K. L., Tull, M. T., & Gunderson, J. G. (2008). Preliminary data on the relationship between anxiety sensitivity and borderline personality disorder: The role of experiential avoidance. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 42, 550–559. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2007.05.011.PubMedCrossRef

Gray, M. J., Litz, B. T., Hsu, J. L., & Lombardo, T. W. (2004). Psychometric properties of the life events checklist. Assessment, 11, 330–341. doi:10.1177/1073191104269954.PubMedCrossRef

Gross, J. J., & John, O. P. (2003). Individual differences in two emotion regulation processes: Implications for affect, relationships, and well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85, 348–362. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.85.2.348.PubMedCrossRef

Gross, J. J., & Levenson, R. W. (1997). Hiding feelings: The acute effects of inhibiting negative and positive emotion. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 106, 95–103. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.106.1.95.PubMedCrossRef

Hayes, S. C., Strosahl, K. D., & Wilson, K. G. (1999). Acceptance and commitment therapy: An experiential approach to behavior change. New York, NY: Guilford Press.

Hayes, S. C., Wilson, K. G., Gifford, E. V., Follette, V. M., & Strosahl, K. (1996). Experiential avoidance and behavioral disorders: A functional dimensional approach to diagnosis and treatment. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 64, 1152–1168. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.64.6.1152.PubMedCrossRef

Hien, D. A., Nunes, E., Levin, F. R., & Fraser, D. (2000). Posttraumatic stress disorder and short-term outcome in early methadone treatment. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 19, 31–37. doi:10.1016/S0740-5472(99)00088-4.PubMedCrossRef

Jacobsen, L. K., Southwick, S. M., & Kosten, T. R. (2001). Substance use disorders in patients with posttraumatic stress disorder: A review of the literature. American Journal of Psychiatry, 158, 1184–1190. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.158.8.1184.PubMedCrossRef

Kessler, R. C., Sonnega, A., Bromet, E., Hughes, M., & Nelson, C. B. (1995). Posttraumatic stress disorder in the National Comorbidity survey. Archives of General Psychiatry, 52(12), 1048–1060.PubMedCrossRef

Kraemer, H. C., Wilson, G. T., Fairburn, C. G., & Agras, W. S. (2002). Mediators and moderators of treatment effects in randomized clinical trials. Archives of General Psychiatry, 59, 877–883. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.59.10.877.PubMedCrossRef

Kubany, E. S., Haynes, S. N., Leisen, M. B., Owens, J. A., Kaplan, A. S., Watson, S. B., et al. (2000). Development and preliminary validation of a brief broad-spectrum measure of trauma exposure: The traumatic life events questionnaire. Psychological Assessment, 12, 210–224. doi:10.1037/1040-3590.12.2.210.PubMedCrossRef

Lejuez, C. W., Bornovalova, M. A., Reynolds, E. K., Daughters, S. B., & Curtin, J. J. (2007). Risk factors in the relationship between gender and crack/cocaine. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 15, 165–175. doi:10.1037/1064-1297.15.2.165.PubMedCrossRef

Lejuez, C. W., Paulson, A., Daughters, S. B., Bornovalova, M. A., & Zvolensky, M. J. (2006). The association between heroin use and anxiety sensitivity among inner-city individuals in residential drug use treatment. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 44, 667–677. doi:10.1016/j.brat.2005.04.006.PubMedCrossRef

Lejuez, C. W., Zvolensky, M. J., Daughters, S. B., Bornovalova, M. A., Paulson, A., Tull, M. T., et al. (2008). Anxiety sensitivity: A unique predictor of dropout among inner-city heroin and crack/cocaine users in residential substance use treatment. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 46, 811–818. doi:10.1016/j.brat.2008.03.010.PubMedCrossRef

Lilienfeld, S. O. (1999). Anxiety sensitivity and the structure of personality. In S. Taylor (Ed.), Anxiety sensitivity: Theory, research, and treatment of the fear of anxiety (pp. 149–180). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Lovibond, S. H., & Lovibond, P. F. (1995). Manual for the depression anxiety stress scales. Sydney, Australia: Psychology Foundation.

Marshall, G. N., Miles, J. N. V., & Stewart, S. H. (2010). Anxiety sensitivity and PTSD symptom severity are reciprocally related: Evidence from a longitudinal study of physical trauma survivors. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 119, 143–150. doi:10.1037/a0018009.PubMedCrossRef

Marx, B. P., & Sloan, D. M. (2002). The role of emotion in the psychological functioning of adult survivors of childhood sexual abuse. Behavior Therapy, 33, 563–577. doi:10.1016/S0005-7894(02)80017-X.CrossRef

Marx, B. P., & Sloan, D. M. (2005). Peritraumatic dissociation and experiential avoidance as predictors of posttraumatic stress symptomatology. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 43, 569–583. doi:10.1016/j.brat.2004.04.004.PubMedCrossRef

McDermott, M. J., Tull, M. T., Gratz, K. L., Daughters, S. B., & Lejuez, C. W. (2009). The role of anxiety sensitivity and difficulties in emotion regulation in posttraumatic stress disorder among crack/cocaine dependent patients in residential substance abuse treatment. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 23, 591–599. doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2009.01.006.PubMedCrossRef

Najavits, L. M., Weiss, R. D., & Shaw, S. R. (1999). A clinical profile of women with posttraumatic stress disorder and substance dependence. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 13, 98–104. doi:10.1037/0893-164X.13.2.98.CrossRef

Ouimette, P. C., Ahrens, C., Moos, R. H., & Finney, J. W. (1997). Posttraumatic stress disorder in substance abuse patients: Relationship to 1-year posttreatment outcomes. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 11, 34–47. doi:10.1037/0893-164X.11.1.34.CrossRef

Ouimette, P. C., Coolhart, D., Funderburk, J. S., Wade, M., & Brown, P. J. (2007). Precipitants of first substance use in recently abstinent substance use disorder patients with PTSD. Addictive Behaviors, 32, 1719–1727. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2006.11.020.PubMedCrossRef

Ouimette, P. C., Finney, J. W., & Moos, R. H. (1999). Two-year posttreatment functioning and coping of substance abuse patients with posttrauamtic stress disorder. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 13, 105–114. doi:10.1037/0893-164X.13.2.105.CrossRef

Peterson, R. A., & Reiss, S. (1992). Anxiety sensitivity index manual (2nd ed.). Worthington, OH: International Diagnostic Systems.

Plumb, J. C., Orsillo, S. M., & Luterek, J. A. (2004). A preliminary test of the role of experiential avoidance in post-event functioning. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 35, 245–257. doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2004.04.011.PubMedCrossRef

Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F. (2004). SPSS and SAS procedures for estimating indirect effects in simple mediation models. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 36, 717–731.CrossRef

Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F. (2008). Asymptotic and resampling strategies for assessing and comparing indirect effects in multiple mediator models. Behavior Research Methods, 40, 879–891. doi:10.3758/BRM.40.3.879.PubMedCrossRef

Reiss, S. (1991). Expectancy model of fear, anxiety, and panic. Clinical Psychology Review, 11, 141–153. doi:10.1016/0272-7358(91)90092-9.CrossRef

Resick, P. A., & Schnicke, M. K. (1996). Cognitive processing therapy for rape victims: A treatment manual. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications.

Roemer, L., Litz, B. T., Orsillo, S. M., & Wagner, A. W. (2001). A preliminary investigation of the role of strategic withholding of emotions in PTSD. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 14, 149–156. doi:10.1023/A:1007895817502.CrossRef

Ruscio, A. M., Ruscio, J., & Keane, T. M. (2002). The latent structure of posttraumatic stress disorder: A taxometric investigation of reactions to extreme stress. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 111, 290–301. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.111.2.290.PubMedCrossRef

Saladin, M. E., Drobes, D. J., Coffey, S. F., Dansky, B. S., Brady, K. T., & Kilpatrick, D. G. (2003). PTSD symptom severity as a predictor of cue-elicited drug craving in victims of violent crime. Addictive Behaviors, 28, 1611–1629. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2003.08.037.PubMedCrossRef

Salters-Pedneault, K., Tull, M. T., & Roemer, L. (2004). The role of avoidance of emotional material in the anxiety disorders. Applied and Preventive Psychology, 11, 95–114. doi:10.1016/j.appsy.2004.09.001.CrossRef

Saunders, J. B., Aasland, O. G., Babor, T. F., De la Fuente, J. R., & Grant, M. (1993). Development of the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT): WHO Collaborative Project on early detection of persons with harmful alcohol consumption. Addiction, 88, 791–803.PubMedCrossRef

Schmidt, N. B., Lerew, D. R., & Jackson, R. J. (1997). The role of anxiety sensitivity in the pathogenesis of panic: Prospective evaluation of spontaneous panic attacks during acute stress. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 106, 355–364. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.106.3.355.PubMedCrossRef

Schmidt, N. B., Lerew, D. R., & Jackson, R. J. (1999). Prospective evaluation of anxiety sensitivity in the pathogenesis of panic: Replication and extension. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 108, 532–537. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.108.3.532.PubMedCrossRef

Simpson, T., Jakupcak, M., & Luterek, J. A. (2006). Fear and avoidance of internal experiences among patients with substance use disorders and PTSD: The centrality of anxiety sensitivity. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 19, 481–491. doi:10.1002/jts.20128.PubMedCrossRef

Stewart, S. H., Zvolensky, M. J., & Eifert, G. H. (2002). The relations of anxiety sensitivity, experiential avoidance, and alexithymic coping to young adults’ motivations for drinking. Behavior Modification, 26, 274–296. doi:10.1177/0145445502026002007.PubMedCrossRef

Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2001). Using multivariate statistics (4th ed.). Boston, Massachusetts: Allyn and Bacon.

Taylor, S. (Ed.). (1999). Anxiety sensitivity: Theory, research, and treatment of the fear of anxiety. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Taylor, S. (2003). Anxiety sensitivity and its implications for understanding and treating PTSD. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy, 17, 179–186. doi:10.1891/jcop.17.2.179.57431.CrossRef

Taylor, S., Koch, W. J., & McNally, R. J. (1992). How does anxiety sensitivity vary across the anxeity disorders? Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 6, 249–259. doi:10.1016/0887-6185(92)90037-8.CrossRef

Taylor, C. T., Laposa, J. M., & Alden, L. E. (2004). Is avoidant personality disorder more than just social avoidance? Journal of Personality Disorders, 18, 571–594. doi:10.1521/pedi.18.6.571.54792.PubMedCrossRef

Tull, M. T., Barrett, H. M., McMillan, E. S., & Roemer, L. (2007). A preliminary investigation of the relationship between emotion regulation difficulties and posttraumatic stress symptoms. Behavior Therapy, 38, 303–313. doi:10.1016/j.beth.2006.10.001.PubMedCrossRef

Tull, M. T., Bornovalova, M. A., Patterson, R., Hopko, D. R., & Lejuez, C. W. (2008). Analogue research. In D. McKay (Ed.), Handbook of research methods in abnormal and clinical psychology (pp. 61–78). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.

Tull, M. T., & Gratz, K. L. (2008). Further examination of the relationship between anxiety sensitivity and depression: The mediating role of experiential avoidance and difficulties engaging in goal-directed behavior when distressed. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 22, 199–210. doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2007.03.005.PubMedCrossRef

Tull, M. T., Hahn, K. S., Evans, S. D., Salters-Pedneault, K., & Gratz, K. L. (in press). Examining the role of emotional avoidance in the relationship between posttraumatic stress disorder symptom severity and worry. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy.

Waldrop, A. E., Back, S. E., Verduin, M. L., & Brady, K. T. (2007). Triggers for cocaine and alcohol use in the presence and absence of posttraumatic stress disorder. Addictive Behaviors, 32, 634–639. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2006.06.001.PubMedCrossRef

Weathers, F. W., Keane, T. M., & Davidson, J. R. T. (2001). Clinician-administered PTSD scale: A review of the first ten years of research. Depression and Anxiety, 13, 132–156. doi:10.1002/da.1029.PubMedCrossRef

Weathers, F. W., Ruscio, A. M., & Keane, T. M. (1999). Psychometric properties of nine scoring rules for the clinician-administered posttraumatic stress disorder scale. Psychological Assessment, 11, 124–133. doi:10.1037/1040-3590.11.2.124.CrossRef

Zvolensky, M. J., Feldner, M. T., Eifert, G. H., & Stewart, S. H. (2001). Evaluating differential predictions of emotional reactivity during repeated 20% carbon dioxide-enriched air challenge. Cognition and Emotion, 15, 767–786. doi:10.1080/02699930143000284.CrossRef

Zvolensky, M. J., & Forsyth, J. P. (2002). Anxiety sensitivity dimensions in the prediction of body vigilance and emotional avoidance. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 26, 449–460. doi:10.1023/A:1016223716132.CrossRef

Titel: Anxiety Sensitivity, Emotional Avoidance, and PTSD Symptom Severity Among Crack/Cocaine Dependent Patients in Residential Treatment
Auteurs: James A. Naifeh
Matthew T. Tull
Kim L. Gratz
Publicatiedatum: 01-06-2012
Uitgeverij: Springer US
Gepubliceerd in: Cognitive Therapy and Research / Uitgave 3/2012
Print ISSN: 0147-5916
Elektronisch ISSN: 1573-2819
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-010-9337-8

Bohn Stafleu van Loghum

Deel dit onderdeel of sectie (kopieer de link)

Abstract

Log in om toegang te krijgen

Andere artikelen Uitgave 3/2012

Psychological Predictors of Anxiety in Response to the H1N1 (Swine Flu) Pandemic

Negative Cognitive Style and Past History of Major Depressive Episodes in University Students

Disgust Propensity as a Predictor of Intrusive Cognitions Following a Distressing Film

Effects of Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy on Specificity of Life Goals

Erratum to: Repetitive Thought and Emotional Distress: Rumination and Worry as Prospective Predictors of Depressive and Anxious Symptomatology

Is Timing Everything? Sequential Effects of Rumination and Distraction on Interpersonal Problem Solving