Top

Gepubliceerd in:

01-02-2010 | Original Article

Looming Maladaptive Style as a Moderator of Risk Factors for Anxiety

Auteurs: Abby D. Adler, Daniel R. Strunk

Gepubliceerd in: Cognitive Therapy and Research | Uitgave 1/2010

Abstract

Previous efforts to identify risk factors for anxiety have focused on individual differences in the prediction and experience of threatening events. More recently, the looming vulnerability model has emphasized that in order to understand the determinants of anxiety, researchers need to expand their focus on information processing biases to include variability in the tendency to perceive threatening stimuli as rapidly approaching and intensifying (Riskind Behaviour Research and Therapy, 35, 685–702, 1997). This tendency is known as a looming maladaptive style (LMS). We examined the interaction of traditional risk factors with LMS in predicting change in anxiety symptoms over one month. Participants’ tendency to view threatening outcomes as likely was predictive of change in symptoms of anxiety and this predictive relationship was stronger for participants with a greater LMS. Likewise, experiences of threatening events were predictive of change in anxiety and this predictive relationship too was stronger for participants with a greater LMS. Additional analyses suggested that LMS may be particularly important to the course of symptoms of anxiety, as compared to depressive symptoms.

vorige artikel Implicit Memory and Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms

volgende artikel Family Informants’ Perceptions of Insight in Compulsive Hoarding

Alleen toegankelijk voor geautoriseerde gebruikers

For our exploratory analyses, the prediction from the LMS model would be that we would fail to find an effect for predicting change in depressive symptoms. Given the problems in predicting the null hypothesis, our strategy of sampling a wide range of depressive symptoms helps to ensure that we had as great a chance of detecting this effect as possible.

All analyses are reported for the 72 participants for whom complete data were available. Inclusion of the four participants who only completed time 1 did not change the statistical significance of any analysis.

Utilizing self-report and interview responses at one month did not affect the statistical significance of any analysis.

Aiken, L. S., & West, S. G. (1991). Multiple regression: Testing and interpreting interactions. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Beasley, M., Thompson, T., & Davidson, J. (2003). Resilience in responses to life stress: The effects of coping style and cognitive hardiness. Personality and Individual Differences, 34, 77–95. doi:10.1016/S0191-8869(02)00027-2.CrossRef

Beck, A. T., Epstein, N., Brown, G., & Steer, R. A. (1988). An inventory for measuring clinical anxiety: Psychometric properties. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 56, 893–897. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.56.6.893.CrossRefPubMed

Beck, A. T., & Steer, R. A. (1990). Manual for the beck anxiety inventory. San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation.

Beck, A. T., Steer, R. A., & Brown, B. K. (1996). Beck Depression Inventory manual (2nd ed.). San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation.

Beck, A. T., Ward, C. H., Mendelson, M., Mock, J., & Erbaugh, J. (1961). An inventory for measuring depression. Archives of General Psychiatry, 4, 561–571.PubMed

Berenbaum, H., Thompson, R. J., & Pomerantz, E. M. (2007). The relation between worrying and concerns: The importance of perceived probability and cost. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 45, 301–311. doi:10.1016/j.brat.2006.03.009.CrossRefPubMed

Borden, J. W., Peterson, D. R., & Jackson, E. A. (1991). The beck anxiety inventory in nonclinical samples: Initial psychometric properties. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 13, 345–356. doi:10.1007/BF00960446.CrossRef

Butler, G., & Mathews, A. (1983). Cognitive processes in anxiety. Advances in Behaviour Research and Therapy, 5, 51–62. doi:10.1016/0146-6402(83)90015-2.CrossRef

Butler, G., & Mathews, A. (1987). Anticipatory anxiety and risk prediction. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 11, 551–565. doi:10.1007/BF01183858.CrossRef

Cohen, J., Cohen, P., West, S. G., & Aiken, L. S. (2003). Applied multiple regression/correlation analysis for the behavioral sciences (3rd ed.). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.

Crandall, C. S., Preisler, J. J., & Aussprung, J. (1992). Measuring life event stress in the lives of college students: The Undergraduate Stress Questionnaire (USQ). Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 15, 627–662. doi:10.1007/BF00844860.CrossRefPubMed

Epstein, S. (1979). The stability of behavior: I. On predicting most of the people much of the time. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37, 1097–1126. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.37.7.1097.CrossRef

Epstein, S. (1980). The stability of behavior: II. Implications for psychological research. The American Psychologist, 35, 790–806. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.35.9.790.CrossRef

First, M. B., Spitzer, R. L., Miriam, G., & Williams, J. B. W. (2002). Structured clinical interview for DSM-IV-TR axis I disorders, research version, non-patient edition. (SCID-I/NP). New York: Biometrics Research, New York State Psychiatric Institute.

Gothelf, D., Aharonovsky, O., Horesh, N., Carty, T., & Apter, A. (2004). Life events and personality factors in children and adolescents with obsessive-compulsive disorder and other anxiety disorders. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 45, 192–198. doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2004.02.010.CrossRefPubMed

Hamilton, M. (1959). The assessment of anxiety states by rating. The British Journal of Medical Psychology, 32, 50–55.PubMed

Hamilton, M. (1960). A rating scale for depression. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry, 23, 56–62.CrossRefPubMed

Herrington, A. N., Matheny, K. B., Curlette, W. L., McCarthy, C. J., & Penick, J. (2005). Lifestyles, coping resources, and negative life events as predictors of emotional distress in university women. Journal of Individual Psychology, 61, 343–364.

Knesevich, J. W., Biggs, J. T., Clayton, P. J., & Ziegler, V. E. (1977). Validity of the Hamilton rating scale for depression. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 131, 49–52. doi:10.1192/bjp.131.1.49.CrossRefPubMed

Kraemer, H. C., Stice, E., Kazdin, A., Offord, D., & Kupfer, D. (2001). How do risk factors work together? Mediators, moderators, and independent, overlapping, and proxy risk factors. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 158, 848–856.PubMed

Maier, W., Buller, R., Philipp, M., & Heuser, I. (1988). The Hamilton Anxiety Scale: Reliability, validity and sensitivity to change in anxiety and depressive disorders. Journal of Affective Disorders, 14, 61–68. doi:10.1016/0165-0327(88)90072-9.CrossRefPubMed

McGraw, K. O., & Wong, S. P. (1996). Forming inferences about some intraclass correlation coefficients. Psychological Methods, 1, 30–46. doi:10.1037/1082-989X.1.1.30.CrossRef

O’Hara, M. W., & Rehm, L. P. (1983). Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression: Reliability and validity of judgments of novice raters. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 51, 318–319. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.51.2.318.CrossRefPubMed

Preacher, K. J., Curran, P. J., & Bauer, D. J. (2006). Computational tools for probing interaction effects in multiple linear regression, multilevel modeling, and latent curve analysis. Journal of Educational and Behavioral Statistics, 31, 437–448. doi:10.3102/10769986031004437.CrossRef

Rapee, R. M., & Spence, S. H. (2004). The etiology of social phobia: Empirical evidence and an initial model. Clinical Psychology Review, 24, 737–767. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2004.06.004.CrossRefPubMed

Reardon, J. M., & Williams, N. L. (2006). The specificity of cognitive vulnerabilities to emotional disorders: Anxiety sensitivity, looming vulnerability, and explanatory style. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 21, 625–643. doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2006.09.013.CrossRefPubMed

Riskind, J. H. (1997). Looming vulnerability to threat: A cognitive paradigm for anxiety. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 35, 685–702. doi:10.1016/S0005-7967(97)00011-9.CrossRefPubMed

Riskind, J. H., Kelley, K., Harman, W., Moore, R., & Gaines, H. S. (1992). The loomingness of danger: Does it discriminate focal phobia and general anxiety from depression? Cognitive Therapy and Research, 16, 603–622. doi:10.1007/BF01175402.CrossRef

Riskind, J. H., Tzur, D., Williams, N. L., Mann, B., & Shahar, G. (2007). Short-term predictive effects of the looming cognitive style on anxiety disorder symptoms under restrictive methodological conditions. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 45, 1765–1777. doi:10.1016/j.brat.2006.12.007.CrossRefPubMed

Riskind, J. H., & Williams, N. L. (1999). Specific cognitive content of anxiety and catastrophizing: Looming vulnerability and the looming maladaptive style. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy, 13, 41–54.

Riskind, J. H., & Williams, N. L. (2005). The looming cognitive style and generalized anxiety disorder: Distinctive danger schemas and cognitive phenomenology. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 29, 7–27. doi:10.1007/s10608-005-1645-z.CrossRef

Riskind, J. H., & Williams, N. L. (2006). A unique vulnerability common to all anxiety disorders: The looming maladaptive style. In L. B. Alloy & J. H. Riskind (Eds.), Cognitive vulnerability to emotional disorders (pp. 175–206). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.

Riskind, J. H., Williams, N. L., Gessner, T. L., Chrosniak, L. D., & Cortina, J. M. (2000). The looming maladaptive style: Anxiety, danger, and schematic processing. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79, 837–852. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.79.5.837.CrossRefPubMed

Rushton, J. P., Brainerd, C. J., & Pressley, M. (1983). Behavioral development and construct validity: The principle of aggregation. Psychological Bulletin, 94, 18–38. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.94.1.18.CrossRef

Sandin, B., Chorot, P., Santed, M. A., & Valiente, R. M. (2004). Differences in negative life events between patients with anxiety disorders, depression and hypochondriasis. Anxiety, Stress and Coping. International Journal (Toronto, Ont.), 17, 37–47.CrossRef

Strunk, D. R., & Adler, A. D. (in press). Cognitive biases in three prediction tasks: A test of the cognitive model of depression. Behaviour Therapy and Research.

Williams, J. B. (1988). A structured interview guide for the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale. Archives of General Psychiatry, 45, 742–747.PubMed

Wilson, E. J., MacLeod, C., Mathews, A., & Rutherford, E. M. (2006). The causal role of interpretive bias in anxiety reactivity. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 115, 103–111. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.115.1.103.CrossRefPubMed

Titel: Looming Maladaptive Style as a Moderator of Risk Factors for Anxiety
Auteurs: Abby D. Adler
Daniel R. Strunk
Publicatiedatum: 01-02-2010
Uitgeverij: Springer US
Gepubliceerd in: Cognitive Therapy and Research / Uitgave 1/2010
Print ISSN: 0147-5916
Elektronisch ISSN: 1573-2819
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-008-9221-y

Bohn Stafleu van Loghum

Deel dit onderdeel of sectie (kopieer de link)

Abstract

Log in om toegang te krijgen

Andere artikelen Uitgave 1/2010

Implicit Memory and Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms

Cognitive Vulnerability to Depressive Symptoms in College Students: A Comparison of Traditional, Weakest-Link, and Flexibility Operationalizations

Automatic Thoughts and Cognitive Restructuring in Cognitive Behavioral Group Therapy for Social Anxiety Disorder

Cognitive Behavioral Group Therapy for Patients with Co-Existing Social Anxiety Disorder and Substance Use Disorders: A Pilot Study

Difficulty Disengaging Attention from Social Threat in Social Anxiety

Dysfunctional Attitudes, Attributional Styles, and Phase of Illness in Bipolar Disorder