Top

Gepubliceerd in:

09-05-2021 | Original Article

Lifetime Prevalence, Predictors and Comorbidities of Tic Disorders: A Population—Based Survey of Children and Adolescents in Iran

Auteurs: Mohammad Reza Mohammadi, Rahim Badrfam, Ali Khaleghi, Nastaran Ahmadi, Zahra Hooshyari, Atefeh Zandifar

Gepubliceerd in: Child Psychiatry & Human Development | Uitgave 5/2022

Abstract

In this population-based survey, we have evaluated the lifetime prevalence of tic disorders and related sociodemographic factors and comorbidities of them. The data obtained from face-to-face interviews with 29,885 children and adolescents aged 6–18 years. We used the multistage cluster sampling method and a cross-sectional design. Tic disorders and other psychiatric disorders were assessed using the Persian version of the Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia-Present and Lifetime Version (K-SADS-PL). The lifetime prevalence of tic disorders was 1.5% (95% CI (1.3–1.7%)). The highest prevalence was in the age range of 15–18 years old with 1.9% (95% CI (1.6–2.3%)).57.7% (95% CI 51.8–63.3%) of patients with tic disorders had comorbidity with other psychiatric disorders. Increasing the prevalence of tic disorder with increasing age among Iranian children and adolescents, emphasizes the need to pay more attention to use of pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments and increase education to families in this regard.

vorige artikel To What Extent Can Digitally-Mediated Team Communication in Children’s Physical Health and Mental Health Services Bring about Improved Outcomes? A Systematic Review

volgende artikel Frequency and Correlates of Fathers' Accommodation in Pediatric Anxiety Disorders

Scahill L, Specht M, Page C (2014) The prevalence of tic disorders and clinical characteristics in children. J Obsessive Compuls Relat Disord 3(4):394–400. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jocrd.2014.06.002CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Berardelli A, Currà A, Fabbrini G, Gilio F, Manfredi M (2003) Pathophysiology of tics and Tourette syndrome. J Neurol 250(7):781–787. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00415-003-1102-4CrossRefPubMed

Hollis C, Pennant M, Cuenca J, Glazebrook C, Kendall T, Whittington C et al (2016) Clinical effectiveness and patient perspectives of different treatment strategies for tics in children and adolescents with Tourette syndrome: a systematic review and qualitative analysis. Health Technol Assess 20(4):1–450. https://doi.org/10.3310/hta20040CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Leckman JF (2012) Tic disorders. BMJ 344:d7659. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.d7659CrossRefPubMed

Knight T, Steeves T, Day L, Lowerison M, Jette N, Pringsheim T (2012) Prevalence of tic disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Pediatr Neurol 47(2):77–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2012.05.002CrossRefPubMed

Scharf JM, Miller LL, Mathews CA, Ben-Shlomo Y (2012) Prevalence of Tourette syndrome and chronic tics in the population-based Avon longitudinal study of parents and children cohort. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 51(2):192-201.e5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2011.11.004CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Dooley JM (2006) Tic disorders in childhood. Semin Pediatr Neurol 13(4):231–242. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spen.2006.09.004CrossRefPubMed

Cubo E, Gabriel y Galán JM, Villaverde VA, Velasco SS, Benito VD, Macarrón JV et al (2011) Prevalence of tics in schoolchildren in central Spain: a population-based study. Pediatr Neurol 45(2):100–108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2011.03.003CrossRefPubMed

Bennett SM, Capriotti M, Bauer C, Chang S, Keller AE, Walkup J et al (2020) Development and open trial of a psychosocial intervention for young children with chronic tics: the CBIT-JR Study. Behav Ther 51(4):659–669. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2019.10.004CrossRefPubMed

10.

Singer HS (2010) Treatment of tics and Tourette syndrome. Curr Treat Options Neurol 12(6):539–561. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11940-010-0095-4CrossRefPubMed

11.

Mittal SO (2020) Tics and Tourette’s syndrome. Drugs Context. https://doi.org/10.7573/dic.2019-12-2CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

12.

Lanzi G, Zambrino CA, Termine C, Palestra M, Ferrari Ginevra O, Orcesi S et al (2004) Prevalence of tic disorders among primary school students in the city of Pavia. Italy Arch Dis Child 89(1):45–47PubMed

13.

Murphy TK, Lewin AB, Storch EA, Stock S (2013) American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (AACAP) Committee on Quality Issues (CQI). Practice parameter for the assessment and treatment of children and adolescents with tic disorders. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 52(12):1341–1359. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2013.09.015CrossRefPubMed

14.

Belfer ML (2008) Child and adolescent mental disorders: the magnitude of the problem across the globe. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 49(3):226–236. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2007.01855.xCrossRefPubMed

15.

Mohammadi MR, Ahmadi N, Salmanian M, Asadian-Koohestani F, Ghanizadeh A, Alavi A et al (2016) Psychiatric disorders in Iranian children and adolescents. Iran J Psychiatry. 11(2):87–98PubMedPubMedCentral

16.

Badrfam R, Kabir K, Zandifar A (2020) Child abuse in Iran: need to pay attention to next generation psychiatric problems. Asian J Psychiatr 50:101935. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2020.101935CrossRefPubMed

17.

Kappi A, Martel M (2021) Parental barriers in seeking mental health services for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children: systematic review. J Atten Disord 20:1087054720986909. https://doi.org/10.1177/1087054720986909CrossRef

18.

Ghanizadeh A (2008) A preliminary study on screening prevalence of pervasive developmental disorder in schoolchildren in Iran. J Autism Dev Disord 38(4):759–763. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-007-0445-6CrossRefPubMed

19.

Tanidir C, Adaletli H, Gunes H, Kilicoglu AG, Mutlu C, Bahali MK et al (2015) Impact of gender, age at onset, and lifetime tic disorders on the clinical presentation and comorbidity pattern of obsessive-compulsive disorder in children and adolescents. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 25(5):425–431. https://doi.org/10.1089/cap.2014.0120CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

20.

Osland ST, Steeves TD, Pringsheim T (2018) Pharmacological treatment for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children with comorbid tic disorders. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 26(6):CD007990. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD007990.pub3CrossRef

21.

Bloch MH, Panza KE, Landeros-Weisenberger A, Leckman JF (2009) Meta-analysis: treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children with comorbid tic disorders. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 48(9):884–893. https://doi.org/10.1097/CHI.0b013e3181b26e9fCrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

22.

Huisman-van Dijk HM, Matthijssen SJMA, Stockmann RTS, Fritz AV, Cath DC (2019) Effects of comorbidity on Tourette’s tic severity and quality of life. Acta Neurol Scand 140(6):390–398. https://doi.org/10.1111/ane.13155CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

23.

Mohammadi MR, Ahmadi N, Kamali K, Khaleghi A, Ahmadi A (2017) Epidemiology of Psychiatric Disorders in Iranian Children and Adolescents (IRCAP) and its relationship with social capital, life style and parents’ personality disorders: study protocol. Iran J Psychiatry 12(1):66–72PubMedPubMedCentral

24.

Kaufman J, Birmaher B, Brent D, Rao U, Flynn C, Moreci P (1997) Schedule for affective disorders and schizophrenia for school-age children-present and lifetime version (K-SADS-PL): initial reliability and validity data. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 36(7):980–988. https://doi.org/10.1097/00004583-199707000-00021CrossRefPubMed

25.

Ghanizadeh A, Mohammadi MR, Yazdanshenas A (2006) Psychometric properties of the Farsi translation of the Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia-Present and Lifetime Version. BMC Psychiatry 15(6):10. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-244X-6-10CrossRef

26.

Ambrosini PJ (2000) Historical development and present status of the schedule for affective disorders and schizophrenia for school-age children (K-SADS). J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 39(1):49–58. https://doi.org/10.1097/00004583-200001000-00016CrossRefPubMed

27.

28.

Alves HL, Quagliato EM (2014) The prevalence of tic disorders in children and adolescents in Brazil. Arq Neuropsiquiatr. 72(12):942–948. https://doi.org/10.1590/0004-282X20140174CrossRefPubMed

29.

Cubo E (2012) Review of prevalence studies of tic disorders: methodological caveats. Tremor Other Hyperkinet Mov. https://doi.org/10.7916/D8445K68CrossRef

30.

Ganos C, Martino D, Espay AJ, Lang AE, Bhatia KP, Edwards MJ (2019) Tics and functional tic-like movements: can we tell them apart? Neurology 93(17):750–758. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000008372CrossRefPubMed

31.

Rodin A, Fleetwood-Meade K, Gilmour J, Kasujja R, Murphy T (2021) Why don’t children in Uganda have tics? A mixed-methods study of beliefs, knowledge, and attitudes of health professionals. Child Adolesc Ment Health. 26(1):47–53. https://doi.org/10.1111/camh.12370CrossRefPubMed

32.

Gadow KD, Nolan EE, Sprafkin J, Schwartz J (2002) Tics and psychiatric comorbidity in children and adolescents. Dev Med Child Neurol. 44(5):330–338CrossRef

33.

Robertson MM (2006) Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, tics and Tourette’s syndrome: the relationship and treatment implications. A commentary. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 15(1):1–11. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-006-0505-zCrossRefPubMed

34.

Tourette's Syndrome Study Group (2002) Treatment of ADHD in children with tics: a randomized controlled trial. Neurology. 58(4):527–536. https://doi.org/10.1212/wnl.58.4.527.

35.

Schrag A, Martino D, Apter A, Ball J, Bartolini E, Benaroya-Milshtein N et al (2019) European Multicentre Tics in Children Studies (EMTICS): protocol for two cohort studies to assess risk factors for tic onset and exacerbation in children and adolescents. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 28(1):91–109. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-018-1190-4CrossRefPubMed

36.

Hoekstra PJ, Lundervold AJ, Lie SA, Gillberg C, Plessen KJ (2013) Emotional development in children with tics: a longitudinal population-based study. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 22(3):185–192. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-012-0337-yCrossRefPubMed

37.

Wolicki SB, Bitsko RH, Danielson ML, Holbrook JR, Zablotsky B, Walkup JT et al (2019) Children with Tourette syndrome in the United States: parent-reported diagnosis, co-occurring disorders, severity, and influence of activities on tics. J Dev Behav Pediatr 40(6):407–414. https://doi.org/10.1097/DBP.0000000000000667CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

38.

Amiri S, Fakhari A, Golmirzaei J, Mohammadpoorasl A, Abdi S (2012) Tourette’s syndrome, chronic tics, and comorbid attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder in elementary students. Arch Iran Med 15(2):76–78PubMed

39.

Mottaghipour Y, Tabatabaee M (2019) Family and patient psychoeducation for severe mental disorder in Iran: a review. Iran J Psychiatry 14(1):84–108PubMedPubMedCentral

40.

Ganos C (2016) Tics and Tourette’s: update on pathophysiology and tic control. Curr Opin Neurol 29(4):513–518. https://doi.org/10.1097/WCO.0000000000000356CrossRefPubMed

41.

van de Griendt JM, Verdellen CW, van Dijk MK, Verbraak MJ (2013) Behavioural treatment of tics: habit reversal and exposure with response prevention. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 37(6):1172–1177. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2012.10.007CrossRefPubMed

42.

Martino D, Hedderly T (2019) Tics and stereotypies: A comparative clinical review. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 59:117–124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.parkreldis.2019.02.005CrossRefPubMed

43.

Sharifi V, Mojtabai R, Shahrivar Z, Alaghband-Rad J, Zarafshan H, Wissow L (2016) Child and adolescent mental health care in Iran: current status and future directions. Arch Iran Med 19(11):797–804PubMed

44.

Woods DW, Himle MB, Miltenberger RG, Carr JE, Osmon DC, Karsten AM et al (2008) Negative impact, and neuropsychological predictors of tic suppression in children with chronic tic disorder. J Abnorm Child Psychol 36(2):237–245. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-007-9173-9CrossRefPubMed

45.

Mohammadi MR, Ahmadi N, Khaleghi A, Mostafavi SA, Kamali K, Rahgozar M (2019) Prevalence and correlates of psychiatric disorders in a National Survey of Iranian Children and Adolescents. Iran J Psychiatry 14(1):1–15PubMedPubMedCentral

46.

Khaleghi A, Mohammadi MR, Zandifar A, Ahmadi N, Alavi SS, Ahmadi A, Mahmoudi-Gharaei J (2018) Epidemiology of psychiatric disorders in children and adolescents; in Tehran, 2017. Asian J Psychiatr 37:146–153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2018.08.011CrossRefPubMed

47.

Amiri S, Mohammadi MR, Ahmadi N, Khaleghi A, Nourouzi S , Rahimi VA et al (2019) Prevalence of Psychiatric Disorders Among Children and Adolescents in the East Azerbaijan Province, Tabriz, Iran in 2017. Iran J Psychiatry Behav Sci. 13(4):e88594. https://doi.org/10.5812/ijpbs.88594

48.

Mohammadi MR, Badrfam R, Khaleghi A, Hooshyari Z, Ahmadi N, Zandifar A (2020) Prevalence, comorbidity and predictor of separation anxiety disorder in children and adolescents. Psychiatr Q 91(4):1415–1429. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11126-020-09778-7CrossRefPubMed

49.

Mohammadi MR, Salmanian M, Hooshyari Z, Shakiba A, Alavi SS, Ahmadi A (2020) Lifetime prevalence, sociodemographic predictors, and comorbidities of oppositional defiant disorder: the National Epidemiology of Iranian Child and Adolescent Psychiatric disorders (IRCAP). Braz J Psychiatry 42(2):162–167. https://doi.org/10.1590/1516-4446-2019-0416CrossRefPubMed

50.

Jankovic J (2020) Treatment of tics associated with Tourette syndrome. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 127(5):843–850. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00702-019-02105-wCrossRef

51.

Efron D, Dale RC (2018) Tics and Tourette syndrome. J Paediatr Child Health 54(10):1148–1153. https://doi.org/10.1111/jpc.14165CrossRefPubMed

52.

Thériault MG, Bécue JC, Lespérance P, Chouinard S, Rouleau GA, Richer F (2018) Oppositional behavior and longitudinal predictions of early adulthood mental health problems in chronic tic disorders. Psychiatry Res 266:301–308. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2018.03.026CrossRefPubMed

Titel: Lifetime Prevalence, Predictors and Comorbidities of Tic Disorders: A Population—Based Survey of Children and Adolescents in Iran
Auteurs: Mohammad Reza Mohammadi
Rahim Badrfam
Ali Khaleghi
Nastaran Ahmadi
Zahra Hooshyari
Atefeh Zandifar
Publicatiedatum: 09-05-2021
Uitgeverij: Springer US
Gepubliceerd in: Child Psychiatry & Human Development / Uitgave 5/2022
Print ISSN: 0009-398X
Elektronisch ISSN: 1573-3327
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10578-021-01186-7

Andere artikelen Uitgave 5/2022

Emotion Regulation Scale and Mindfulness Scale in School Aged Children: Construction and Validation of French Versions

Original Article

Co-developmental Trajectories of Defiant/Headstrong, Irritability, and Prosocial Emotions from Preschool Age to Early Adolescence

Original Article

Bullying Perpetration and Victimization in Youth: Associations with Irritability and Anxiety

Original Article

Psychological Symptoms in Italian, Spanish and Portuguese Youth During the COVID-19 Health Crisis: A Longitudinal Study

Open Access
Original Article

Effects of Cognitive Reappraisal on Subjective and Neural Reactivity to Angry Faces in Children with Social Anxiety Disorder, Clinical Controls with Mixed Anxiety Disorders and Healthy Children

Open Access
Original Article

Sexual Identity and its Association with Trajectories of Depressive Symptoms and Emotion Regulation Difficulties from Early to Middle Adolescence

Original Article