Top

Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment

Gepubliceerd in:

04-07-2023

Impact of Race-based Discrimination on Social Anxiety Symptoms Among People of Color: Comparing Interracial Anxiety and General Social Anxiety

Auteurs: Jennifer H. Martinez, Sarah A. Hayes-Skelton, Tahirah Abdullah

Gepubliceerd in: Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment | Uitgave 4/2023

Abstract

Research has shown that interpersonal racial discrimination occurs frequently among racially minoritized individuals. Consequently, interracial dynamics are considered to be important considerations for effectively treating social anxiety among racially minoritized individuals. However, research to date has not directly examined the relations between racial discrimination, social anxiety, and interracial anxiety. The current study examined the association between racial discrimination, interracial anxiety and avoidance, and general symptoms of social anxiety. One hundred forty-four individuals who identified with a racially minoritized group completed an online battery of questionnaires on past year discrimination (Landrine et al., 2006), social anxiety (Liebowitz, 1987), and interracial anxiety and avoidance (Plant & Devine, 2003). Average self-reported social anxiety symptom scores for the sample were above clinical cut-off. Among Asian American, Latino/a/x participants, discrimination was associated interracial anxiety. Discrimination was not associated with social anxiety, and this finding was consistent across all racial groups. Further, interracial anxiety and social anxiety measures were only correlated within the Asian American subsample; interracial avoidance and social avoidance were correlated among non-White Latino/a/x. Our findings suggest that racial discrimination is not associated with social anxiety, and that interracial anxiety is not strongly correlated with a general measure of social anxiety symptoms. Therefore, it is important to assess interracial anxiety separately from social anxiety symptoms.

vorige artikel The Substance Use Risk Profile Scale in Adulthood: An Exploratory Structural Equation Modelling Approach

volgende artikel The Triarchic Psychopathy Model is Embedded Within the Five Factor Model: No Need for Reconfiguration

Alvarez, A. N., Juang, L., & Liang, C. T. H. (2006). Asian Americans and racism: When bad things happen to “model minorities. Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology, 12(3), 477–492. https://doi.org/10.1037/1099-9809.12.3.477.CrossRef

American Psychological Association, APA Task Force on Race and Ethnicity Guidelines in Psychology (2019). Race and Ethnicity Guidelines in Psychology: Promoting Responsiveness and Equity. https://www.apa.org/about/policy/guidelines-race-ethnicity.pdf.

American Psychiatric Association (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596.

American Psychological Association (2020). Stress in America™ 2020: A National Mental Health Crisishttps://www.apa.org/news/press/releases/stress/2020/sia-mental-health-crisis.pdf.

Aronson, J., & McGlone, M. S. (2009). Stereotype and social identity threat. In T. D. Nelson (Ed.), Handbook of prejudice, stereotyping, and discrimination (pp. 153–178). Psychology Press.

Beard, C., Rodriguez, B. F., Moitra, E., Sibrava, N. J., Bjornsson, A., Weisberg, R. B., & Keller, M. B. (2011). Psychometric properties of the Liebowitz Social anxiety scale (LSAS) in a longitudinal study of African Americans with anxiety disorders. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 25(5), 722–726. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2011.03.009.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Beard, C., Rodriguez, B. F., Weisberg, R. B., Perry, A., & Keller, M. B. (2012). Psychometric properties of the Liebowitz Social anxiety scale in a longitudinal study of Latinos with anxiety disorders. Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 34(2), 269–278. https://doi.org/10.1177/0739986312436660.CrossRef

Bleich, S. N., Findling, M. G., Casey, L. S., Blendon, R. J., Benson, J. M., SteelFisher, G. K., Sayde, J. M., & Miller, C. (2019). Discrimination in the United States: Experiences of black Americans. Health Services Research, 54, 1399–1408. https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-6773.13220.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Bostwick, W. B., Boyd, C. J., Hughes, T. L., & McCabe, S. E. (2010). Dimensions of sexual orientation and the prevalence of mood and anxiety disorders in the United States. American Journal of Public Health, 100(3), 468–475. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2008.152942.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Brave Heart, M.Y.H., Chase, J., Elkins, J., & Altschul, D.B. (2011). Historical trauma among indigenous peoples of the Americas: Concepts, research, and clinical considerations. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 43(4), 282–290. https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2011.628913

Brondolo, E., Hausmann, L. R., Jhalani, J., Pencille, M., Atencio-Bacayon, J., Kumar, A., & Crupi, R. (2011a). Dimensions of perceived racism and self-reported health: Examination of racial/ethnic differences and potential mediators. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 42(1), 14–28. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12160-011-9265-1.CrossRefPubMed

Brondolo, E., ver Halen, N. B., Libby, D., & Pencille, M. (2011b). Racism as a Psychosocial Stressor. The Handbook of Stress Science: Biology, Psychology, and Health (pp. 167–184). Springer Publishing Company.

Buckner, J. D., Lewis, E. M., Shepherd, J. M., & Zvolensky, M. J. (2022). Ethnic discrimination and alcohol-related problem severity among Hispanic/Latin drinkers: The role of social anxiety in the minority stress model. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsat.2022.108730.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Carter, R. T., & Forsyth, J. (2010). Reactions to racial discrimination: Emotional stress and help-seeking behaviors. Psychological Trauma: Theory Research Practice and Policy, 2(3), 183–191. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0020102.CrossRef

Carter, R. T., & Sant-Barket, S. M. (2015). Assessment of the impact of racial discrimination and racism: How to use the race-based traumatic stress Symptom Scale in practice. Traumatology, 21(1), 32–39. https://doi.org/10.1037/trm0000018.CrossRef

Chapman, L. K., DeLapp, R. C. T., & Williams, M. T. (2013a). Cognitive-behavioral treatment of social anxiety among ethnic minority patients, part 1: Understanding differences. Directions in Psychiatry, 33(3), 151–162.

Chapman, L. K., DeLapp, R. C. T., & Williams, M. T. (2013b). Cognitive-behavioral treatment of social anxiety among ethnic minority patients, part 2: Bridging the gap in treatment. Directions in Psychiatry, 33(3), 163–176.

Chou, T., Asnaani, A., & Hofmann, S. G. (2012). Perception of racial discrimination and psychopathology across three US ethnic minority groups. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 18(1), 74–81. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0025432.CrossRefPubMed

Clark, D. M., & Wells, A. (1995). A cognitive model of social phobia. In R. G. Heimberg, M. R. Liebowitz, D. A. Hope, F.R., & Schneier (Eds.), Social Phobia: Diagnosis, Assessment and Treatment (pp. 69–93). Guilford Press.

Contrada, R. J., Ashmore, R. D., Gary, M. L., Coups, E., Egeth, J. D., Sewell, A., Ewell, K., Goyal, T. M., & Chasse, V. (2001). Measures of ethnicity-related stress: Psychometric properties, ethnic group differences, and associations with well‐being. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 31(9), 1775–1820. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2001.tb00205.x.CrossRef

David, E. J. R., Schroeder, T. M., & Fernandez, J. (2019). Internalized racism: A systematic review of the psychological literature on racism’s most insidious consequence. Journal of Social Issues, 75(4), 1057–1086. https://doi.org/10.1111/josi.12350.CrossRef

Dovidio, J. F., Gaertner, S. E., Kawakami, K., & Hodson, G. (2002). Why can’t we just get along? Interpersonal biases and interracial distrust. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 8(2), 88–102. https://doi.org/10.1037/1099-9809.8.2.88.CrossRefPubMed

Dovidio, J. F., Gluszek, A., John, M. S., Ditlmann, R., & Lagunes, P. (2010). Understanding bias toward Latinos: Discrimination, dimensions of difference, and experience of exclusion. Journal of Social Issues, 66(1), 59–78. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.2009.01633.x.CrossRef

Fang, K., Friedlander, M., & Pieterse, A. L. (2016). Contributions of acculturation, enculturation, discrimination, and personality traits to social anxiety among chinese immigrants: A context-specific assessment. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 22(1), 58–68. https://doi.org/10.1037/cdp0000030.CrossRefPubMed

Finchilescu, G. (2010). Intergroup anxiety in interracial interaction: The role of prejudice and metastereotypes. Journal of Social Issues, 66(2), 334–351. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.2010.01648.x.CrossRef

Fink, C. M., Turner, S. M., & Beidel, D. C. (1996). Culturally relevant factors in the behavioral treatment of social phobia: A case study. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 10(3), 201–209. https://doi.org/10.1016/0887-6185(96)00005-9.CrossRef

Gone, J. P., Hartmann, W. E., Pomerville, A., Wendt, D. C., Klem, S. H., & Burrage, R. L. (2019). The impact of historical trauma on health outcomes for indigenous populations in the USA and Canada: A systematic review. American Psychologist, 74(1), 20–35. https://doi.org/10.1037/amp0000338.CrossRefPubMed

Graham-LoPresti, J. R., Gautier, S. W., Sorenson, S., & Hayes-Skelton, S. A. (2017). Culturally sensitive adaptations to evidence-based cognitive behavioral treatment for social anxiety disorder: A case paper. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 24(4), 459–471. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpra.2016.12.003.CrossRef

Harrell, J. P., Hall, S., & Taliaferro, J. (2003). Physiological responses to racism and discrimination: An assessment of the evidence. American Journal of Public Health, 93(2), 243–248. https://doi.org/10.2105/ajph.93.2.243.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Hartmann, W. E., Wendt, D. C., Burrage, R. L., Pomerville, A., & Gone, J. P. (2019). American indian historical trauma: Anticolonial prescriptions for healing, resilience, and survivance. American Psychologist, 74(1), 6–19. https://doi.org/10.1037/amp0000326.CrossRefPubMed

Hunter, L. R., & Schmidt, N. B. (2010). Anxiety psychopathology in african american adults: Literature review and development of an empirically informed sociocultural model. Psychological Bulletin, 136(2), 211–235. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0018133.CrossRefPubMed

Hunter, L. R., Buckner, J. D., & Schmidt, N. B. (2009). Interpreting facial expressions: The influence of social anxiety, emotional valence, and race. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 23(4), 482–488. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2008.10.004.CrossRefPubMed

Johnson, A. B. (2006). Performance anxiety among african-american college students: Racial bias as a factor in social phobia. Journal of College Student Psychotherapy, 20(4), 31–38. https://doi.org/10.1300/J035v20n04_04.CrossRef

Johnson, S. B., & Anderson, P. L. (2014). Stereotype confirmation concern and fear of negative evaluation among African Americans and Caucasians with social anxiety disorder. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 28(4), 390–393. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2014.03.003.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Johnson, S., Price, M., Mehta, N., & Anderson, P. L. (2014). Stereotype confirmation concerns predict dropout from cognitive behavioral therapy for social anxiety disorder. Bmc Psychiatry, 14, 233. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-014-0233-8.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Jones, C. P. (2000). Levels of racism: A theoretic framework and a gardener’s tale. American Journal of Public Health, 90(8), 1212. https://doi.org/10.2105/ajph.90.8.1212.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Klonoff, E. A., & Landrine, H. (1999). Cross-validation of the schedule of racist events. Journal of Black Psychology, 25, 231–254. https://doi.org/10.1177/0095798499025002006.CrossRef

Landrine, H., Klonoff, E. A., Corral, I., Fernandez, S., & Roesch, S. (2006). Conceptualizing and measuring ethnic discrimination in health research. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 29(1), 79–94. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10865-005-9029-0.CrossRefPubMed

Levine, D. S., Himle, J. A., Abelson, J. M., Matusko, N., Dhawan, N., & Taylor, R. J. (2014). Discrimination and social anxiety disorder among African-Americans, Caribbean Blacks, and non-hispanic whites. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 202(3), 224–230. https://doi.org/10.1097/NMD.0000000000000099.CrossRefPubMed

Liebowitz, M. R. (1987). Social Phobia. Modern Problems of Pharmacopsychiatry, 22, 141–173. https://doi.org/10.1159/000414022.CrossRefPubMed

Liu, C. M., & Suyemoto, K. L. (2016). The effects of racism-related stress on Asian Americans: Anxiety and depression among different generational statuses. Asian American Journal of Psychology, 7(2), 137–146. https://doi.org/10.1037/aap0000046.CrossRef

Melka, S. E., Lancaster, S. L., Adams, L. J., Howarth, E. A., & Rodriguez, B. F. (2010). Social anxiety across ethnicity: A confirmatory factor analysis of the FNE and SAD. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 24(7), 680–685. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2010.04.011.CrossRefPubMed

Mennin, D. S., Fresco, D. M., Heimberg, R. G., Schneier, F. R., Davies, S. O., & Liebowitz, M. R. (2002). Screening for social anxiety disorder in the clinical setting: Using the Liebowitz Social anxiety scale. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 16(6), 661–673. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0887-6185(02)00134-2.CrossRefPubMed

Moradi, B., & Hasan, N. T. (2004). Arab american persons’ reported experiences of discrimination and mental health: The mediating role of personal control. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 51(4), 418. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.51.4.418.CrossRef

National Public Radio (NPR), The Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, and Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (2017a). Discrimination in America: Experiences and views of Asian Americans. https://legacy.npr.org/assets/news/2017/12/discriminationpoll-asian-americans.pdf.

National Public Radio (NPR), The Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, and Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (2017b). Discrimination in America: Experiences and views of Native Americans. https://www.npr.org/documents/2017/nov/NPR-discrimination-native-americans-final.pdf.

Paradies, Y. (2006). A systematic review of empirical research on self-reported racism and health. International Journal of Epidemiology, 35(4), 888–901. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyl056.CrossRefPubMed

Perry, S. P., Hardeman, R., Burke, S. E., Cunningham, B., Burgess, D. J., & van Ryn, M. (2016). The impact of everyday discrimination and racial identity centrality on african american medical student well-being: A report from the medical student CHANGE study. Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities, 3(3), 519–526. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40615-015-0170-3.CrossRefPubMed

Pew Research Center (2018). More Latinos Have Serious Concerns About Their Place in America Under Trumphttps://www.pewresearch.org/hispanic/dataset/2018-national-survey-of-latinos/.

Plant, E. A. (2004). Responses to interracial interactions over time. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 30(11), 1458–1471. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167204264244.CrossRefPubMed

Plant, E. A., & Devine, P. G. (2003). The antecedents and implications of interracial anxiety. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 29(6), 790–801. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167203029006011.CrossRefPubMed

Richeson, J. A., Trawalter, S., & Shelton, J. N. (2005). African American’s implicit racial attitudes and the depletion of executive function after interracial interactions. Social Cognition, 23(4), 336–352. https://doi.org/10.1521/soco.2005.23.4.336.CrossRef

Sawyer, P. J., Major, B., Casad, B. J., Townsend, S. S., & Mendes, W. B. (2012). Discrimination and the stress response: Psychological and physiological consequences of anticipating prejudice in interethnic interactions. American Journal of Public Health, 102(5), 1020–1026. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300620.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Schultz, J. R., Gaither, S. E., Urry, H. L., & Maddox, K. B. (2015). Reframing anxiety to encourage interracial interactions. Translational Issues in Psychological Science, 1(4), 392–400. https://doi.org/10.1037/tps0000048.CrossRef

Speight, S. L. (2007). Internalized racism: One more piece of the puzzle. The Counseling Psychologist, 35(1), 126–134. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011000006295119.CrossRef

Stephan, W. G. (2014). Intergroup anxiety: Theory, research, and practice. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 18(3), 239–255. https://doi.org/10.1177/1088868314530518.CrossRefPubMed

Stephan, W. G., & Stephan, C. W. (1985). Intergroup anxiety. Journal of Social Issues, 41(3), 157–175. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.1985.tb01134.x.CrossRef

Sue, D. W., Bucceri, J., Lin, A. I., Nadal, K. L., & Torino, G. C. (2007a). Racial microaggressions and the asian american experience. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 13(1), 72. https://doi.org/10.1037/1099-9809.13.1.72.CrossRefPubMed

Sue, D. W., Capodilupo, C. M., Torino, G. C., Bucceri, J. M., Holder, A., Nadal, K. L., & Esquilin, M. (2007b). Racial microaggressions in everyday life: Implications for clinical practice. American Psychologist, 62(4), 271–286. https://doi.org/dkmjk3.

Suyemoto, K. L., Erisman, S. M., Holowka, D. W., Fuchs, C., Barrett-Model, H., Ng, F., Liu, C., Chandler, D., Hazeltine, K., & Roemer, L. (2016). UMass Boston comprehensive demographic questionnaire, revised. In Wadsworth, L. P., Morgan, L. P., Hayes-Skelton, S. A., Roemer, L., & Suyemoto, K. L. Ways to boost your research rigor through increasing your cultural competence. The Behavior Therapist, 39, 83–91.

United States Department of Justice, Federal Bureau of Investigation (August 2021). Hate Crime Statistics, 2020 Retrieved 10/11/22, from https://crime-data-explorer.fr.cloud.gov/pages/downloads.

Weiss, B. J., Singh, J. S., & Hope, D. A. (2011). Cognitive-behavioral therapy for immigrants presenting with social anxiety disorder: Two Case Studies. Clinical Case Studies, 10(4), 324–342. https://doi.org/10.1177/1534650111420706.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Williams, D., & Williams-Morris, R. (2000). Racism and mental health: The african american experience. Ethnicity & Health, 5(3–4), 243–268. https://doi.org/10.1080/713667453.CrossRef

Titel: Impact of Race-based Discrimination on Social Anxiety Symptoms Among People of Color: Comparing Interracial Anxiety and General Social Anxiety
Auteurs: Jennifer H. Martinez
Sarah A. Hayes-Skelton
Tahirah Abdullah
Publicatiedatum: 04-07-2023
Uitgeverij: Springer US
Gepubliceerd in: Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment / Uitgave 4/2023
Print ISSN: 0882-2689
Elektronisch ISSN: 1573-3505
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10862-023-10070-8

Bohn Stafleu van Loghum

Deel dit onderdeel of sectie (kopieer de link)

Abstract

Log in om toegang te krijgen

Andere artikelen Uitgave 4/2023

Internal Linkages among Depressive, Anxiety, and Acute Stress Symptoms in 2021 Henan Floods Victims during the Disaster: A Network Approach

Cross-Cultural Measurement of Cyberbullying Perpetration and Victimization in India and the U.S.

The Substance Use Risk Profile Scale in Adulthood: An Exploratory Structural Equation Modelling Approach

What Are They Measuring? Testing the Convergent Validity of State and Trait Mindfulness Measures Across Two Independent Samples

Measuring Moral Injury: Further Validation of the MIES-C and EMIS-C in a Civilian Population

Multidimensional Item Response Theory of the BIS/BAS Scales: Evidence for a Bifactor Model Structure