Cognitive Reappraisal and Psychological Health and Wellbeing
Potential Moderators
Additional Outcome Measures
Present Study
Outcome variable | Measure | Association predicted with reappraisal | Association found with reappraisal |
---|---|---|---|
Depression | PHQ-9 | Negative | None |
Anxiety | GAD-7 | Negative | None |
Loneliness | DJGLS | Negative | Negative |
COVID-induced functional impairment | WSAS | Negative | Positive |
Wellbeing | WHO-5 | Positive | Positive |
Moderator | Measure | Stronger association predicted at… | Stronger association found at (for outcome)… |
---|---|---|---|
Self-efficacy | Pearlin Mastery Scale | Higher self-efficacy | Lower self-efficacy (wellbeing) |
Emotion differentiation | ICC | Higher emotion differentiation | — |
Difficulty identifying feelings (DIF) | Toronto Alexithymia Scale-DIF subscale | Lower difficulty identifying feelings | Higher difficulty identifying feelings (loneliness, impairment, wellbeing) |
Neuroticism | BFI-10-neuroticism subscale | Lower neuroticism | Higher neuroticism (wellbeing) |
Stress | Mean stress rating | Lower stress | Higher stress (wellbeing, impairment) |
SES | Household income | Lower SES | — |
Analytic thinking | Adapted Cognitive Reflection Task (CRT) | Correct responses (requiring analytic thinking) | Correct responses (loneliness, wellbeing) |
Age (continuous) | Age in years | Older age; OR | Younger age (impairment) |
Age (categorical) | Tercile age groups | In middle-aged vs. young adults |
Method
Transparency and Openness
Sample and Survey Design
Wave 7 | Wave 8 | |
---|---|---|
N | 752 | 512 |
% Male | 52.9 | 53.5 |
% Female | 46.9 | 46.3 |
Age M (SD) | 50.7 (16.0) | 52.3 (15.6) |
Age range | 18–87 | 19–87 |
Cognitive Reappraisal
Mental Health and Wellbeing Outcome Measures (for Waves 1, 7, and 8)
Moderator Measures
Data Analysis Overview
Results
Bivariate Correlations
Moderation Analyses
Outcome measure effect | Moderator variable | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
i. Self-efficacy | ii. Emotion differentiation | iii. Diff. ID feelings | iv. Neuroticism | v. Stress | vi. SES | vii. Analytic thinking | viii. Age in years (continuous) | ix. Age tercile (young/middle/older) | |||
PHQ-w7 | |||||||||||
Reappraisal | 0.046 | -0.004 | 0.008 | 0.001 | -0.044 | -0.009 | 0.022 | -0.003 | -0.048 | ||
Moderator |
-0.167***
|
-2.592**
|
0.310***
|
0.287**
|
2.019***
| -0.050 | -0.677 |
-0.042***
| mid vs. young = 0.771*, mid vs. old = -0.709 | ||
Moderator*reappraisal | 0.000 | -0.076 | 0.003 | -0.007 | -0.017 | 0.005 | -0.112 | -0.003 | mid vs. young = 0.109, mid vs. old = 0.049 | ||
PHQ-w8 | |||||||||||
Reappraisal | 0.014 | -0.001 | -0.005 | 0.003 | -0.036 | -0.005 | 0.030 | 0.012 | -0.040 | ||
Moderator |
-0.159***
| -2.042 |
0.247***
| 0.245* |
1.854***
| -0.043 | -0.776 | -0.010 | mid vs. young = 0.691, mid vs. old = 0.146 | ||
Moderator*reappraisal | 0.004 | 0.104 | -0.005 | -0.019 | -0.033 | -0.009 | -0.135 | -0.001 | mid vs. young = 0.095, mid vs. old = 0.045 | ||
GAD-w7 | |||||||||||
Reappraisal |
0.063**
| 0.012 | 0.035 | 0.033 | -0.020 | 0.008 | 0.023 | 0.014 | 0.010 | ||
Moderator |
-0.150***
|
-2.961***
|
0.341***
|
0.438***
|
2.100***
| -0.068 | -0.755* |
-0.044***
| mid vs. young = 0.684*, mid vs. old = -0.795* | ||
Moderator*reappraisal | 0.000 | 0.049 | 0.004 | -0.008 | -0.020 | -0.003 | -0.042 | -0.002 | mid vs. young = 0.055, mid vs. old = 0.007 | ||
GAD-w8 | |||||||||||
Reappraisal | 0.061* | 0.032 | 0.036 | 0.045 | 0.006 | 0.025 | 0.034 | 0.035 | 0.008 | ||
Moderator |
-0.141***
| -2.451* |
0.235***
|
0.445***
|
2.078***
| -0.075 | -0.749* | -0.018 | mid vs. young = 0.699, mid vs. old = -0.354 | ||
Moderator*reappraisal | 0.000 | 0.085 | -0.003 | -0.009 | -0.006 | 0.007 | -0.026 | -0.002 | mid vs. young = 0.094, mid vs. old = 0.023 | ||
DJGLS-w7 | |||||||||||
Reappraisal | 0.000 | -0.013 | -0.019* | -0.015 | -0.020* | -0.010 | -0.009 | -0.011 | -0.016 | ||
Moderator |
− 0.073***
|
-0.908**
|
0.104***
|
0.158***
|
0.448***
| -0.072* | -0.298* |
-0.010**
| mid vs. young = 0.486***, mid vs. old = 0.162 | ||
Moderator*reappraisal |
0.002*
| 0.030 |
-0.003*
| -0.007 | -0.013 | 0.007 | -0.024 | 0.000 | mid vs. young = -0.005, mid vs. old = 0.008 | ||
DJGLS-w8 | |||||||||||
Reappraisal | 0.010 | 0.002 | -0.005 | 0.007 | -0.014 | 0.004 | 0.020 | 0.008 | 0.001 | ||
Moderator |
-0.082***
| -0.508 |
0.084***
|
0.193***
|
0.514***
|
-0.128**
|
-0.504**
| -0.012* | mid vs. young = 0.633***, mid vs. old = 0.214 | ||
Moderator*reappraisal |
0.002*
| 0.021 |
-0.004*
| -0.005 | -0.010 | -0.004 |
-0.101***
| -0.001 | mid vs. young = 0.014, mid vs. old = 0.000 | ||
WSAS-w7 | |||||||||||
Reappraisal |
0.162**
| 0.091 |
0.124**
| 0.087 | 0.079 | 0.035 | 0.025 | 0.038 | -0.080 | ||
Moderator |
-0.288***
| -2.940 |
0.505***
|
0.481**
|
2.904***
| -0.285 | -0.978 |
-0.086***
| mid vs. young = 1.640*, mid vs. old = -1.140 | ||
Moderator*reappraisal | -0.009 | -0.064 |
0.016*
| -0.010 |
0.089*
| 0.005 | 0.014 | -0.001 | mid vs. young = 0.173, mid vs. old = 0.120 | ||
WSAS-w8 | |||||||||||
Reappraisal |
0.267***
| 0.101 |
0.205**
|
0.197**
|
0.162**
| 0.147* | 0.152* |
0.175**
| 0.095 | ||
Moderator |
-0.382***
|
-8.705***
|
0.510***
|
0.648**
|
2.714***
| -0.181 | -1.684 |
-0.071**
| mid vs. young = 2.137*, mid vs. old = -0.772 | ||
Moderator*reappraisal | -0.012 | 0.041 | 0.011 | -0.015 |
0.105*
| 0.019 | -0.084 |
-0.010*
| mid vs. young = 0.292, mid vs. old = -0.124 | ||
WHO-w7 | |||||||||||
Reappraisal |
0.121***
|
0.149***
|
0.146***
|
0.128***
|
0.159***
|
0.103**
| 0.089* |
0.114***
|
0.190***
| ||
Moderator |
0.197***
| 1.158 |
-0.235***
|
-0.604***
|
-1.445***
| 0.076 |
1.057**
| 0.015 | mid vs. young = -0.252, mid vs. old = 0.242 | ||
Moderator*reappraisal |
-0.007*
| -0.032 |
0.017***
|
0.025*
|
0.069**
| 0.002 | 0.125 | -0.002 | mid vs. young = -0.010, mid vs. old = -0.122 | ||
WHO-w8 | |||||||||||
Reappraisal |
0.104**
| 0.116* |
0.130***
| 0.091* |
0.149***
|
0.100**
| 0.064 |
0.108**
| 0.134 | ||
Moderator |
0.185***
| 0.072 |
-0.155***
|
-0.623***
|
-1.278***
| 0.258* | 1.139* | 0.017 | mid vs. young = -0.730, mid vs. old = -0.451 | ||
Moderator*reappraisal |
-0.009*
| -0.088 |
0.022***
| 0.026 |
0.091***
| 0.007 | 0.166 | -0.004 | mid vs. young = 0.029, mid vs. old = -0.112 |