Top

09-03-2024

Firearm ownership and storage among US college students: results from the healthy minds study, 2021–2022

Auteurs: Mackenzie Adams, Catherine Gong, Justin E. Heinze

Gepubliceerd in: Journal of Behavioral Medicine

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to address a significant gap in knowledge on firearm ownership rates and storage characteristics in a national sample of college students. We used 2021–2022 survey data from the Healthy Minds Study, which included approximately 88,500 students at over 100 US colleges and universities. We conducted analyses using descriptive statistics and two-sample proportion tests. About 4% of respondents reported having a firearm on or around campus. Among firearm owners, 68.8% reported storing firearms at their permanent address within an hour’s drive from campus, and 43.1% reported storing their firearms unloaded and locked. Firearm ownership rates were significantly higher for respondents who were positive for specific risk factors (i.e., in a relationship, suicide ideation, recent binge drinking, and having been physically assaulted) versus those who were negative. These findings support the need for targeted messaging and firearm safety training for college students to reduce firearm-related risks.

Albright, T. L., & Burge, S. K. (2003). Improving firearm storage habits: Impact of brief office counseling by family physicians. The Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine, 16, 40–46. https://doi.org/10.3122/jabfm.16.1.40CrossRef

Anestis, M. D., Bryan, C. J., Capron, D. W., & Bryan, A. O. (2021). Lethal means counseling, distribution of cable locks, and safe firearm storage practices among the Mississippi national guard: A factorial randomized controlled trial, 2018–2020. American Journal of Public Health, 111, 309–317. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2020.306019CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Anglemyer, A., Horvath, T., & Rutherford, G. (2014). The accessibility of firearms and risk for suicide and homicide victimization among household members: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Annals of Internal Medicine, 160, 101–110. https://doi.org/10.7326/M13-1301CrossRefPubMed

Barkin, S. L., Finch, S. A., Ip, E. H., Scheindlin, B., Craig, J. A., Steffes, J., Weiley, V., Slora, E., Altman, D., & Wasserman, R. C. (2008). Is office-based counseling about media use, timeouts, and firearm storage effective? Results from a cluster-randomized, controlled trial. Pediatrics. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2007-2611CrossRefPubMed

Barnhorst, A., & Rozel, J. S. (2021). Evaluating threats of mass shootings in the psychiatric setting. International Review of Psychiatry, 33, 607–616. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540261.2021.1947784CrossRefPubMed

Beidas, R. S., Rivara, F., & Rowhani-Rahbar, A. (2020). Safe firearm storage: a call for research informed by firearm stakeholders. Pediatrics, 146.

Bonner, H. S., Stacey, M., & Davidson, M. (2018). Undergraduate student knowledge and opinion about campus carrying and other firearms laws. Journal of Criminal Justice and Law. https://doi.org/10.21428/b6e95092.df114947CrossRef

Carr, B. G., Wiebe, D. J., Richmond, T. S., Cheney, R., & Branas, C. C. (2009). A randomised controlled feasibility trial of alcohol consumption and the ability to appropriately use a firearm. Injury Prevention, 15(6), 409–412. https://doi.org/10.1136/ip.2008.020768CrossRefPubMed

Carter, P. M., Walton, M. A., Zimmerman, M. A., Chermack, S. T., Roche, J. S., & Cunningham, R. M. (2016). Efficacy of a universal brief intervention for violence among urban emergency department youth. Academic Emergency Medicine, 23, 1061–1070. https://doi.org/10.1111/acem.13021CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC]. (2021). Prevent domestic violence in your community. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved April 12, 2023, from https://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/featuredtopics/intimate-partner-violence.html

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2023a). Disparities in suicide. Suicide Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/suicide/facts/disparities-in-suicide.html

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2023b). Fatal injury data. Injury Prevention & Control. https://www.cdc.gov/injury/wisqars/fatal/index.html

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2023c). FastStats - health of Black or African American population. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved April 13, 2023, from https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/fastats/black-health.htm

Clare, C. A., Velasquez, G., Mujica Martorell, G. M., Fernandez, D., Dinh, J., & Montague, A. (2021). Risk factors for male perpetration of intimate partner violence: A review. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 56, 101532. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2020.101532CrossRef

Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education®. Carnegie Classifications. (2022). Retrieved January 8, 2023, from https://carnegieclassifications.acenet.edu/lookup/lookup.php

Conner, A., Azrael, D., & Miller, M. (2019). Suicide case-fatality rates in the United States, 2007 to 2014: A nationwide population-based study. Annals of Internal Medicine, 171, 885. https://doi.org/10.7326/M19-1324CrossRefPubMed

Crifasi, C. K., Doucette, M. L., McGinty, E. E., Webster, D. W., & Barry, C. L. (2018). Storage practices of US gun owners in 2016. American Journal of Public Health, 108, 532–537. https://doi.org/10.2105/ajph.2017.304262CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Cunningham, R. M., Carter, P. M., & Zimmerman, M. (2019). The firearm safety among children and teens (FACTS) consortium: Defining the current state of the science on pediatric firearm injury prevention. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 42, 702–705. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10865-019-00077-6CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Dennhardt, A. A., & Murphy, J. G. (2013). Prevention and treatment of college student drug use: A review of the literature. Addictive Behaviors, 38, 2607–2618. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2013.06.006CrossRefPubMed

Dvorak, R. D., Lamis, D. A., & Malone, P. S. (2013). Alcohol use, depressive symptoms, and impulsivity as risk factors for suicide proneness among college students. Journal of Affective Disorders, 149(1–3), 326–334. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2013.01.046CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC]. (2022a). Fast Facts: Firearm Violence Prevention. Violence Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/firearms/fastfact.html

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC]. (2022b). The National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey: 2016/2017 Report on Intimate Partner Violence. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved April 13, 2023, from https://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/pdf/nisvs/NISVSReportonIPV_2022.pdf

Federal Bureau of Investigation, US Department of Justice (2015). Uniform Crime Reporting Program Data: Supplementary Homicide Reports, 2013. Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-University Consortium for Political and Social Research. (ICPSR36124-v1)

Gani, F., Sakran, J. V., & Canner, J. K. (2017). Emergency department visits For firearm-related injuries in the United States, 2006–14. Health Affairs, 36, 1729–1738. https://doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.2017.0625CrossRefPubMed

Giffords Law Center. (2022). Guns in schools. Guns in Public. https://giffords.org/lawcenter/gun-laws/policy-areas/guns-in-public/guns-in-schools/

Gramlich, J. (2022). What the data says about gun deaths in the U.S. Pew Research Center. Retrieved December 13, 2022, from https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2022/02/03/what-the-data-says-about-gun-deaths-in-the-u-s/

Grossman, D. C., Reay, D. T., & Baker, S. A. (1999). Self-inflicted and unintentional firearm injuries among children and adolescents. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 153, 875. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpedi.153.8.875CrossRef

Healthy Minds Study. Ann Arbor, MI, Healthy Minds Network, 2022. Retrieved December 13, 2022, from https://healthymindsnetwork.org/research/hms

Hemenway, D., Azrael, D., & Miller, M. (2017). Whose guns are stolen? the epidemiology of gun theft victims. Injury Epidemiology. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40621-017-0109-8CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Htun, M., Jensenius, F. R., Dominguez, M. S., Tinkler, J., & Contreras, C. (2022). Effects of mandatory sexual misconduct training on university campuses. Socius, 8, 23780231221124576.CrossRef

International Association of Chiefs of Police. (2023). Right to carry, duty to secure. IACPlearn. Retrieved April 13, 2023, from https://learn.theiacp.org/products/right-to-carry-duty-to-secure?_ga=2.229729759.250909001.1675706650-1525252470.1636381476#tab-product_tab_contents__2

Jang, H., Kang, J. H., Dierenfeldt, R., & Lindsteadt, G. (2015). Weapon possession among college students: A study from a midwestern university. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 59, 1239–1259. https://doi.org/10.1177/0306624X14536371CrossRefPubMed

Johns Hopkins Center for Gun Violence Solutions. (2020). A Year in Review: 2020 Gun Deaths in the U.S. https://publichealth.jhu.edu/gun-violence-solutions

Kegler, S. R., Simon, T. R., Zwald, M. L., Chen, M. S., Mercy, J. A., Jones, C. M., Mercado-Crespo, M. C., Blair, J. M., Stone, D. M., Ottley, P. G., & Dills, J. (2022). Vital signs: Changes in firearm homicide and suicide rates—United States, 2019–2020. MMWR Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm7119e1CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Klein, J., Prabhakaran, K., Latifi, R., & Rhee, P. (2022). Firearms: The leading cause of years of potential life lost. Trauma Surgery & Acute Care Open, 7, e000766. https://doi.org/10.1136/tsaco-2021-000766CrossRef

Klonsky, E. D., May, A. M., & Saffer, B. Y. (2016). Suicide, suicide attempts, and suicidal ideation. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 12, 307–330. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-021815-093204CrossRefPubMed

Kroenke, K., Spitzer, R. L., & Williams, J. B. (2001). The PHQ-9: Validity of a brief depression severity measure. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 16, 606–613. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.xCrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Kruis, N. E., McLean, K., Rakhmatullaev, B., & Bish, D. (2022). Who should carry guns on campus? Assessing variations in support for campus carry across campus community membership status. Journal of School Violence, 21, 266–280. https://doi.org/10.1080/15388220.2022.2081854CrossRef

Lipson, S. K., Zhou, S., Abelson, S., Heinze, J., Jirsa, M., Morigney, J., Patterson, A., Singh, M., & Eisenberg, D. (2022). Trends in college student mental health and help-seeking by race/ethnicity: Findings from the national healthy minds study, 2013–2021. Journal of Affective Disorders, 306, 138–147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2022.03.038CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Lyons, V. H., Adhia, A., Moe, C., Kernic, M. A., Rowhani-Rahbar, A., & Rivara, F. P. (2021). Firearms and protective orders in intimate partner homicides. Journal of Family Violence, 36, 587–596. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10896-020-00165-1CrossRefPubMed

McLean, R. M., Harris, P., Cullen, J., Maier, R. V., Yasuda, K. E., Schwartz, B. J., & Benjamin, G. C. (2019). Firearm-related injury and death in the United States: A call to action from the nation’s leading physician and public health professional organizations. Annals of Internal Medicine, 171, 573. https://doi.org/10.7326/m19-2441CrossRefPubMed

Melnick, R. S. (2018). The transformation of title IX: Regulating gender equality in education. Brookings Institution Press.

Miller, M., Barber, C., White, R. A., & Azrael, D. (2013). Firearms and suicide in the United States: Is risk independent of underlying suicidal behavior? American Journal of Epidemiology, 178, 946–955. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwt197CrossRefPubMed

Miller, M., Hemenway, D., & Wechsler, H. (2002). Guns and gun threats at college. Journal of American College Health, 51, 57–65. https://doi.org/10.1080/07448480209596331CrossRefPubMed

Miller, M., Hemenway, D., & Wechsler, H. (1999). Guns at college. Journal of American College Health, 48(1), 7–12. https://doi.org/10.1080/07448489909595666CrossRefPubMed

Monuteaux, M. C., Azrael, D., & Miller, M. (2019). Association of increased safe household firearm storage with firearm suicide and unintentional death among us youths. JAMA Pediatrics, 173, 657. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2019.1078CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Nguyen, A. (2022). Gun violence in Asian and Pacific Islander communities. Giffords Law Center. https://giffords.org/memo/gun-violence-in-asian-and-pacific-islander-communities/#footnote_21_55072

Price, J. H., & Khubchandani, J. (2022). Firearms on college campuses: An empirical review of support and opposition. Violence and Gender. https://doi.org/10.1089/vio.2021.0046CrossRef

Reeping, P. M., Cerdá, M., Kalesan, B., Wiebe, D. J., Galea, S., & Branas, C. C. (2019). State gun laws, gun ownership, and mass shootings in the US: Cross sectional time series. BMJ, 364, l542. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.l542CrossRef

Reeping, P. M., Klarevas, L., Rajan, S., Rowhani-Rahbar, A., Heinze, J., Zeoli, A. M., Goyal, M. K., Zimmerman, M. A., & Branas, C. C. (2022). State firearm laws, gun ownership, and K-12 school shootings: Implications for school safety. Journal of School Violence, 21(2), 132–146. https://doi.org/10.1080/15388220.2021.2018332CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Rowhani-Rahbar, A., Simonetti, J. A., & Rivara, F. P. (2016). Effectiveness of interventions to promote safe firearm storage. Epidemiologic Reviews, 38, 111–124.PubMed

Runyan, C., Becker, A., Brandspigel, S., Barber, C., Trudeau, A., & Novins, D. (2016). Lethal means counseling for parents of youth seeking emergency care for suicidality. Western Journal of Emergency Medicine, 17(1), 8–14. https://doi.org/10.5811/westjem.2015.11.28590CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Statistics and Quality. (2019). 2019 National Survey on Drug Use and Health. Table 6.21B—Types of Illicit Drug, Tobacco Product, and Alcohol Use in Past Month among Persons Aged 18 to 22, by College Enrollment Status and Gender: Percentages, 2018 and 2019. Retrieved April 13, 2023, from https://www.samhsa.gov/data/sites/default/files/reports/rpt29394/NSDUHDetailedTabs2019/NSDUHDetTabsSect6pe2019.htm#tab6-21b

Simon, O. R., Swann, A. C., Powell, K. E., Potter, L. B., Kresnow, M. J., & O’Carroll, P. W. (2001). Characteristics of impulsive suicide attempts and attempters. Suicide & Life-Threatening Behavior, 32, 49–59. https://doi.org/10.1521/suli.32.1.5.49.24212CrossRef

Solmi, M., Radua, J., Olivola, M., Croce, E., Soardo, L., Salazar de Pablo, G., Il Shin, J., Kirkbride, J. B., Jones, P., Kim, J. H., Kim, J. Y., Carvalho, A. F., Seeman, M. V., Correll, C. U., & Fusar-Poli, P. (2022). Age at onset of mental disorders worldwide: Large-scale meta-analysis of 192 epidemiological studies. Molecular Psychiatry, 27, 281–295. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-021-01161-7CrossRefPubMed

Sorenson, S. B., & Schut, R. A. (2016). Nonfatal gun use in intimate partner violence: A systematic review of the literature. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 19, 431–442. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838016668589CrossRef

Wexler, L., Apala Flaherty, A., Begum, F., White, L., Kouassi, L., Wisnieski, D., Davis, A., & Ewell Foster, C. (2023). Describing meanings and practices related to firearms, safety, and household storage in rural Alaska native communities. Journal of Rural Mental Health, 47, 30–40. https://doi.org/10.1037/rmh0000207CrossRef

Wu, T.-Y., Hsieh, H.-F., Chow, C. M., Yang, X., Resnicow, K., & Zimmerman, M. (2022). Examining racism and firearm-related risks among Asian Americans in the United States during the COVID-19 pandemic. Preventive Medicine Reports, 27, 101800. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmedr.2022.101800CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Ye, G. F., Thatipamala, P., & Siegel, M. (2022). Assessment of reasons for ownership and attitudes about policies among firearm owners with and without children. JAMA Network Open. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.42995CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Titel: Firearm ownership and storage among US college students: results from the healthy minds study, 2021–2022
Auteurs: Mackenzie Adams
Catherine Gong
Justin E. Heinze
Publicatiedatum: 09-03-2024
Uitgeverij: Springer US
Gepubliceerd in: Journal of Behavioral Medicine
Print ISSN: 0160-7715
Elektronisch ISSN: 1573-3521
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10865-024-00467-5

Bohn Stafleu van Loghum

Deel dit onderdeel of sectie (kopieer de link)

Abstract

Log in om toegang te krijgen