Top

Gepubliceerd in:

22-11-2023 | Original Paper

Division of Labor and Maternal Gatekeeping during the Second Wave of COVID-19 in Turkey

Auteurs: F. Kubra Aytac, Sarah J. Schoppe-Sullivan

Gepubliceerd in: Journal of Child and Family Studies | Uitgave 2/2024

Abstract

The current study examined mothers’ and fathers’ division of paid and unpaid labor, and their perceptions of maternal gatekeeping (i.e., maternal behaviors and attitudes that inhibit or encourage father involvement in parenting), based on their work context (at home engaged in remote paid work or engaged in unpaid work, or working for pay outside the home) during the second wave of COVID-19 in Turkey (July–October 2020). Ninety-one Turkish couples (N = 182) with at least one child between 0 and 5-years-old participated in this study. In twenty-nine couples (n = 58), both parents were at home and engaged in either paid or unpaid work, while in eighteen (n = 36) only fathers were at home and mothers were working for pay outside the home, and in forty-four (n = 88) only mothers were at home and fathers were working for pay outside the home. Participants completed an online survey including questions on demographic information, the division of paid and unpaid labor, and maternal gatekeeping. Regardless of the couple’s work context, time spent in housework and childcare activities reported by mothers was significantly higher than that of fathers. Fathers perceived higher maternal gatekeeping than mothers, and this was consistent across work context. Results demonstrate the persistence of gendered patterns of the division of labor and maternal gatekeeping in Turkish households regardless of work contexts during COVID-19.

vorige artikel Predictors of Mothers’ Perceived Change in Warm and Punitive Parenting During COVID-19

volgende artikel Changes in Sleep and Association with Screen Exposure and Diet among Preschool Children During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Mixed Methods Study

Alleen toegankelijk voor geautoriseerde gebruikers

Akçınar, B. (2017). Involved fatherhood and its determinants in Turkey. Istanbul: Mother Child Education Foundation.

Allen, S. M., & Hawkins, A. J. (1999). Maternal gatekeeping: mother’s beliefs and behavior that inhibit greater father involvement in family work. Journal of Marriage and Family, 61(1), 199–212. https://doi.org/10.2307/353894.CrossRef

Alon, T., Doepke, M., Olmstead-Rumsey, J., & Tertilt, M. (2020). The impact of COVID-19 on gender equality (NBER Working Paper Series No. 26947). http://www.nber.org/papers/w26947.

Ataca, B., & Sunar, D. (1999). Continuity and change in Turkish urban family life. Psychology and Developing Societies, 11(1), 77–90. https://doi.org/10.1177/097133369901100104.CrossRef

Aycan, Z., & Esgin, M. (2005). Relative contributions of childcare, spousal support, and organizational support in reducing work–family conflict for men and women: the case of Turkey. Sex Roles, 53(7), 453–471. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-005-7134-8.CrossRef

Aytac, F. K. (2021). Is it love? The mediating role of traditional motherhood between maternal warmth and maternal gatekeeping. Current Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-021-01880-8.

Bianchi, S. M. (2000). Maternal employment and time with children: dramatic change or surprising continuity? Demography, 37, 401–414. https://doi.org/10.1353/dem.2000.0001.CrossRefPubMed

Biber, K. (2016). Perceptions of father involvement among Turkish fathers with preschool children. Journal of Education and Training Studies, 4(6), 115–126. https://doi.org/10.11114/jets.v4i6.1376.CrossRef

Del Boca, D., Oggero, N., Profeta, P., & Rossi, M. C. (2021). Household division of labor during two waves of COVID-19 in Italy. Covid Economics, 75(7), 60–80. https://www.carloalberto.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/2nd-report-final-march-2021.pdf.

Brandth, B., & Kvande, E. (1998). Masculinity and child care: the reconstruction of fathering. The Sociological Review, 46(2), 293–313. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-954X.00120.CrossRef

Braver, S. L., & O’Connell, D. (1998). Divorced dads: shattering the myths. New York: Tarcher/Putnam.

Burnett, S., Gatrell, C., Cooper, C., & Sparrow, P. (2013). Fathers at work: a ghost in the organizational machine. Gender, Work and Organization, 20(6), 632–646. https://doi.org/10.1111/gwao.12000.CrossRef

Cabrera, N. J., Shannon, J. D., & Tamis Le-Monda, C. (2007). Fathers’ influence on their children’s cognitive and emotional development: from toddlers to Pre-K. Applied Development Science, 11(4), 208–213. https://doi.org/10.1080/10888690701762100.CrossRef

Cabrera, N. J., Tamis-LeMonda, C. S., Bradley, R. H., Hofferth, S., & Lamb, M. E. (2000). Fatherhood in the twenty-first century. Child Development, 71(1), 127–136. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8624.00126.CrossRefPubMed

Caldwell-Harris, C. L., & Ayçiçeği, A. (2006). When personality and culture clash: the psychological distress of allocentrics in an individualist culture and idiocentrics in a collectivist culture. Transcultural Psychiatry, 43, 331–361. https://doi.org/10.1177/1363461506066982.CrossRefPubMed

Cito, G., Micelli, E., Cocco, A., Polloni, G., Coccia, M. E., Carini, M., Minervini, A., & Natali, A. (2020). Paternal behaviors in the era of COVID-19. World Journal of Men’s Health, 38(3), 251–253. https://doi.org/10.5534/wjmh.200071.CrossRefPubMed

Cluver, L., Lachman, J. M., Sherr, L., Wessels, I., Krug, E., Rakotomalala, S., Blight, S., Hillis, S., Bachman, G., Green, O., Butchart, A., Tomlinson, M., Ward, C. L., Doubt, J., & McDonald, K. (2020). Parenting in a time of COVID-19. The Lancet, 395, e64. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30736-4.CrossRef

Coltrane, S. (1996b). [Review of Fathers and divorce., by T. Arendell]. Contemporary Sociology, 25(1), 84–85. https://doi.org/10.2307/2076982.CrossRef

Coltrane, S. (2000). Research on household labor: modeling and measuring the social embeddedness of routine family work. Journal of Marriage and Family, 62(4), 1208–1233. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2000.01208.x.CrossRef

Coltrane, S. (1996a). Family man: fatherhood, housework, and gender equity. New York: Oxford University Press.

Crompton, R., Brockmann, M., & Lyonette, C. (2005). Attitudes, women’s employment and the domestic division of labour: a cross-national analysis in two waves. Work, Employment and Society, 19(2), 213–233. https://doi.org/10.1177/0950017005053168.CrossRef

Deutsch, F., Lussier, J., & Servis, L. (1993). Husbands at home: predictors of paternal participation in childcare and housework. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65(6), 1154–1166. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.65.6.1154.CrossRef

Doherty, W. J., Kouneski, E. F., & Erickson, M. F. (1998). Responsible fathering: an overview and conceptual framework. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 60(2), 277–292. https://doi.org/10.2307/353848.CrossRef

Doucet, A. (2001). You see the need perhaps more clearly than I have. Journal of Family Issues, 22, 328–357. https://doi.org/10.1177/019251301022003004.CrossRef

Duben, A. (1982). The significance of family and kinship in urban Turkey. In Ç. Kağıtçıbaşı (Eds.), Sex roles, family and community in Turkey (pp. 73–99). Indiana: Indiana University Press.

Ecevit, Y., Gündüz-Hoşgör, A., & Tokluoğlu, C. (2003). Professional women in computer programming occupations: the case of Turkey. Career Development International, 8(2), 78–87. https://doi.org/10.1108/13620430310465480.CrossRef

Eyimya, A. O., & Irmak, A. Y. (2021). Relationship between parenting practices and children’s screen time during the COVID-19 pandemic in Turkey. Journal of Pediatric Nursing, 56, 24–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pedn.2020.10.002.CrossRef

Fagan, C., & Norman, H. (2012). Trends and social divisions in maternal employment patterns following maternity leave in the UK. International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy, 32(9), 544–560. https://doi.org/10.1108/01443331211257643.CrossRef

Fagan, J., & Barnett, M. (2003). The relationship between maternal gatekeeping, paternal competence, mothers’ attitudes about the father role, and father involvement. Journal of Family Issues, 24(8), 1020–1043. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513X03256397.CrossRef

Garcia, R., & Tomlinson, J. (2021). Rethinking the domestic division of labour: exploring change and continuity in the context of redundancy. Sociology, 55(2), 300–318. https://doi.org/10.1177/0038038520947311.CrossRef

Goldscheider, F., Bernhardt, E., & Lappegård, T. (2015). The Gender Revolution: a framework for understanding changing family and demographic behavior. Population and Development Review, 41(2), 207–239. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1728-4457.2015.00045.x.CrossRef

Guppy, N., Sakumoto, L., & Wilkes, R. (2019). Social change and the gendered division of household labor in Canada. Canadian Review of Sociology, 56(2), 178–203. https://doi.org/10.1111/cars.12242.CrossRefPubMed

Hastings, P. D., Sullivan, C., McShane, K. E., Coplan, R. J., Utendale, W. T., & Vyncke, J. D. (2008). Parental socialization, vagal regulation, and preschoolers’ anxious difficulties: direct mothers and moderated fathers. Child Development, 79(1), 45–64. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467‐8624.2007.01110.x.CrossRefPubMed

Hays, S. (1996). The cultural contradictions of motherhood. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.

Hochschild, A., & Machung, A. (2012). The second shift: Working families and the revolution at home. New York: Penguin.

Hook, J. L. (2012). Working at the weekend: fathers’ time with family in the United Kingdom. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 74(4), 631–642. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2012.00986.x.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

İmamoğlu, E. O. (1987). An interdependence model of human development. In Ç. Kağıtçıbaşı (Eds.), Growth and progress in cross-cultural psychology (pp. 138–145). Lisse: Swets & Zeitlinger.

Ivrendi, A. & & Isikoglu, N. A. (2010). Turkish view on fathers’ involvement in children’s play. Early Childhood Education Journal, 37, 519–526. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10643-010-0.CrossRef

Izci, B., & Jones, I. (2021). An exploratory study of Turkish fathers’ involvement in the lives of their preschool aged children. Early Years, 41(2–3), 248–261. https://doi.org/10.1080/09575146.2018.1521384.CrossRef

Jager, J., Putnick, D. L., & Bornstein, M. H. (2017). More than just convenient: the scientific merits of homogeneous convenience samples. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 82(2), 13–30. https://doi.org/10.1111/mono.12296.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Jiao, W. Y., Wang, L. N., Liu, J., Fang, S. F., Jiao, F. Y., Pettoello-Mantovani, M., & Somekh, E. (2020). Behavioral and emotional disorders in children during the COVID-19 epidemic. The Journal of Pediatrics, 221, 264–266.e1. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2020.03.013.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Kabasakal, H., Aycan, Z., Karakaş, F., & Maden, C. (2011). Women in management in Turkey. In M. J. Davidson & R. J. Burke (Eds.), Women in management worldwide (pp. 273–293). Routledge.

Kağıtçıbaşı, C., & Ataca, B. (2005). Value of children and family change: a three-decade portrait from Turkey. Applied Psychology, 54(3), 317–337. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-0597.2005.00213.x.CrossRef

Kağıtçıbaşı, Ç., & Ataca, B. (2015). Value of children, family change, and implications for the care of the elderly. Cross-Cultural Research, 49(4), 374–392. https://doi.org/10.1177/1069397115598139.CrossRef

Kağıtçıbaşı, Ç. (2007). Family, self, and human development across cultures: Theory and applications (2nd ed.). New Jersey: Erlbaum.

Kan, M. Y., Sullivan, O., & Gershuny, J. (2011). Gender convergence in domestic work: discerning the effects of interactional and institutional barriers from large-scale data. Sociology, 45(2), 234–251. https://doi.org/10.1177/0038038510394014.CrossRef

Karabulut, H., & Şendil, G. (2017). Annelik bekçiliği ölçeği’nin (ABÖ) Türkçe’ye uyarlanması. Elektronik Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 16(61), 686–699. https://doi.org/10.17755/esosder.304704.CrossRef

Kochanska, G., Aksan, N., Prisco, T. R., & Adams, E. E. (2008). Mother-child and father-child mutually responsive orientation in the first 2 years and children’s outcomes at preschool age: mechanisms of influence. Child Development, 79(1), 30–44. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2007.01109.x.CrossRefPubMed

LaRossa, R., & LaRossa, M. (1981). Transition to parenthood. Beverley Hills, CA: Sage.

LaRossa, R., & Reitzes, D. C. (1993). Symbolic interactionism and family studies. In P. Boss, E. Aronson, et al. (Eds.), Sourcebook of family theories and methods: a contextual approach (pp. 135–163). New York: Plenum.

Lewis, S. (1997). Family friendly employment policies: a route to changing organizational culture or playing about at the margins? Gender, Work and Organization, 4(1), 13–23. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0432.0002.MathSciNetCrossRef

Madden-Derdich, D., & Leonard, S. (2002). Shared experiences, unique realities: formerly married mothers’ and fathers’ perceptions of parenting and custody after divorce. Family Relations, 51(1), 37–45. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3700297.CrossRef

Marin, A. H., Fonseca, A. C., & Schmidt, B. (2020). Repercussions of the COVID-19 pandemic for families with children: implications for mental health practice in the Brazilian context. Estudos Psicologia (Natal), 25(3), 314–323. https://doi.org/10.22491/1678-4669.20200032.CrossRef

Marsiglio, W. (1995). Fathers’ diverse life course patterns and roles: theory and social interventions. In W. Marsiglio (Eds.), Fatherhood: contemporary theory, research, and social policy (pp. 78–101). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Mayer, B., Trommsdorff, G., Kağıtçıbaşı, Ç., & Mishra, R. C. (2012). Family models of independence/interdependence and their intergenerational similarity in Germany, Turkey, and India. Family Science, 3(1), 64–74. https://doi.org/10.1080/19424620.2011.671503.CrossRef

Metindogan, A. (2015). Fathering in Turkey. In Jaipaul L. Roopnarine (Eds). Fathers across cultures: the importance, roles, and diverse practices of Dads. (pp. 327–349). ABC-CLIO.

Mies, M., Bennholdt-Thomsen, V., & von Werlhof, C. (1988). Women: the last colony. London: Zed Books.

Moyser, M., & Burlock, A. (2018). Time use: total work burden, unpaid work, and leisure. In Women in Canada: a gender-based statistical report. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 89–503-X. Ottawa: Statistics Canada.

Nomaguchi, K., & Milkie, M. A. (2020). Parenthood and well-being: a decade in review. Journal of Marriage and Family, 82(1), 198–223. https://doi.org/10.1111/jomf.12646.CrossRefPubMed

Pekel-Uludağlı, N. (2019). Are uninvolved fathers really incompetent and unsatisfied? Testing the mediator role of father involvement from fathers’ perspectives. European Journal of Developmental Psychology, 16(5), 538–551. https://doi.org/10.1080/17405629.2018.1472077.

Perrin, E. C., Leslie, L. K., & Boat, T. (2016). Parenting as primary prevention. JAMA Pediatrics, 170(7), 637–638. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2016.0225.CrossRefPubMed

Sá, C. S. C., Pombo, A., Luz, C., Rodrigues, L. P., & Cordovil, R. (2021). Distanciamento social COVID-19 no Brasil: efeitos sobre a rotina de atividade física de famílias com crianças. Revista Paulista de Pediatria, 39, e2020159. https://doi.org/10.1590/1984-0462/2021/39/2020159.CrossRef

Sacks, V., & Jones, R. M. (2020, June). Nonprofit organizations and partnerships can support students during the COVID-19 crisis. Bethesda, MD: Child Trends.

Schoppe-Sullivan, S. J., Settle, T., Lee, J. K., & Kamp Dush, C. M. (2016). Supportive coparenting relationships as a haven of psychological safety at the transition to parenthood. Research in Human Development, 13(1), 32–48. https://doi.org/10.1080/15427609.2016.1141281.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Schoppe-Sullivan, S. J., Brown, G. L., Cannon, E. A., Mangelsdorf, S. C., & Sokolowski, M. S. (2008). Maternal gatekeeping, coparenting quality, and fathering behavior in families with infants. Journal of Family Psychology, 22(3), 389–398. https://doi.org/10.1037/0893-3200.22.3.389.CrossRefPubMed

Schoppe-Sullivan, S. J., Altenburger, L. E., Lee, M. A., Bower, D. J., & Kamp Dush, C. M. (2015). Who are the gatekeepers? Predictors of maternal gatekeeping. Parenting, 15(3), 166–186. https://doi.org/10.1080/15295192.2015.1053321.CrossRefPubMed

Shafer, K., Scheibling, C., & Milkie, M. A. (2020). The division of domestic labor before and during the COVID-19 pandemic in Canada: stagnation versus shifts in fathers’ contributions. Canadian Review of Sociology, 57(4), 523–549. https://doi.org/10.1111/cars.12315.CrossRefPubMed

Smith, S., Smith, R., Smith, J., & Orgill, S. (2005). Qualtrics. Provo, UT: Qualtrics.

Spinelli, M., Lionetti, F., Pastore, M., & Fasolo, M. (2020). Parents’ stress and children’s psychological problems in families facing the COVID-19 outbreak in Italy. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 1713. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01713.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Stryker, S., & Statham, A. (1985). Symbolic interaction and role theory. In G. Lindzey & E. Aronson (Eds.), The handbook of social psychology (pp. 311–378). New York: Random House.

Sullivan, O., & Gershuny, J. (2016). Change in spousal human capital and housework: a longitudinal analysis. European Sociological Review, 32(6), 864–880. https://doi.org/10.1093/esr/jcw043.CrossRef

Tezcan, M. (2000). Turkish family anthropology. Ankara: Imge Kitabevi Yayınları.

Thebaud, S., Kornrich, S., & Ruppanner, L. (2019). Good housekeeping, great expectations: gender and housework norms. Sociological Methods & Research, 1–29. https://doi.org/10.1177/0049124119852395.

Tsuya, N. O., Bumpass, L. L., Choe, M. K., & Rindfuss, R. R. (2005). Is the gender division of labour changing in Japan? Asian Population Studies, 1(1), 47–67. https://doi.org/10.1080/17441730500125805.CrossRef

Turkish Statistical Institute (2022). Labour Force Statistics, December 2021, https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Labour-Force-Statistics-December-2021-45642&dil=2.

Türkiye Cumhuriyeti İçişleri Bakanlığı (2020). https://www.icisleri.gov.tr/sehir-giriscikistebirleri-ve-yas-sinirlamasi. Accessed 25 May 2020.

Unuvar, P. (2011). The changing role of fathers. In C. H. Leyton (Eds.), Fatherhood: roles, responsibilities & reward (pp. 125–146). New York: Nova Science Publishers.

Waddell, N., Overall, N. C., Chang, V. T., & Hammond, M. D. (2021). Gendered division of labor during a nationwide COVID-19 lockdown: implications for relationship problems and satisfaction. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 38(6), 1759–1781. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407521996476.CrossRef

Wang, G., Zhang, Y., Zhao, J., Zhang, J., & Jiang, F. (2020). Mitigate the effects of home confinement on children during the COVID-19 outbreak. The Lancet, 395(10228), 945–947. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30547-X.CrossRef

Wenham, C., Smith, J., & Morgan, R. (2020). COVID-19: the gendered impacts of the outbreak. The Lancet, 395(10227), 846–848. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30526-2.CrossRef

Williams, S. (2008). What is fatherhood? Searching for the reflexive father. Sociology, 42(3), 487–502. https://doi.org/10.1177/0038038508088837.CrossRef

Lewis, M., Feiring, C., & Weinraub, M. (1981). The father as a member of the child’s social network. In M. Lamb (Eds.), The role of the father in child development. New York: Wiley.

World Health Organisation (2020). WHO Director General’s opening remarks at the media briefing on COVID-19 – 11 March 2020, Geneva. https://www.who.int/dg/speeches/detail/who-director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-media-briefingon-covid-19-11-march-2020 Accessed 3 June 2021.

Yaish, M., Mandel, H., & Kristal, T. (2021). Has the economic lockdown following the Covid-19 pandemic changed the gender division of labor in Israel? Gender & Society, 35(2), 256–270. https://doi.org/10.1177/08912432211001297.CrossRef

Titel: Division of Labor and Maternal Gatekeeping during the Second Wave of COVID-19 in Turkey
Auteurs: F. Kubra Aytac
Sarah J. Schoppe-Sullivan
Publicatiedatum: 22-11-2023
Uitgeverij: Springer US
Gepubliceerd in: Journal of Child and Family Studies / Uitgave 2/2024
Print ISSN: 1062-1024
Elektronisch ISSN: 1573-2843
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-023-02721-x

Bohn Stafleu van Loghum

Deel dit onderdeel of sectie (kopieer de link)

Abstract

Log in om toegang te krijgen

Andere artikelen Uitgave 2/2024

Changes in Sleep and Association with Screen Exposure and Diet among Preschool Children During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Mixed Methods Study

Relationship between Childhood Disability or Developmental Delay and COVID-19 Pandemic Impacts on Families across the Canadian Maritime Provinces

Profiles of Father Involvement Following Parental Separation

A Critical Review of In-Home Services for Children with Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome and their Families

Benefits of the Growing up Together Online Parenting Program for Families in Social Services in Croatia

Attachment-based Prevention Program Involving Mothers and Fathers: Seven-year Post-Intervention Outcomes of a Randomized Control Trial