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Gepubliceerd in: Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology 1/2024

05-07-2023

Daily Associations Between Sleep and Affect in Youth at Risk for Psychopathology: The Moderating Role of Externalizing Symptoms

Auteurs: Spencer C. Evans, Jessica L. Hamilton, Simone Imani Boyd, Ashley R. Karlovich, Cecile D. Ladouceur, Jennifer S. Silk, Lauren M. Bylsma

Gepubliceerd in: Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology | Uitgave 1/2024

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Abstract

Problems with sleep, emotion regulation, and externalizing psychopathology are interrelated, but little is known about their day-to-day associations in youth. We examined self-reported daily sleep quality as a bidirectional predictor of next-day positive and negative affect (PA/NA), with externalizing symptoms as a moderator. Data were drawn from an ecological momentary assessment (EMA) study involving 82 youths (ages 9–13; 50% female; 44% White, 37% Black/African American) at high (n = 41) or low (n = 41) familial risk for psychopathology. Parents rated youths’ externalizing symptoms at baseline. Youths then completed a 9-day EMA protocol, reporting sleep quality 1x/day and affect 4-8x/day. Daily means, peaks, and variability in PA and NA were computed. Multilevel models examined bidirectional associations between sleep and affect (between- and within-person), testing externalizing symptoms as a moderator and controlling for age and sex. In models of sleep predicting affect: Within-person, poorer-than-usual sleep quality predicted greater variability and higher peaks in next-day NA, but only for youth with higher levels of externalizing symptoms. Between-person, poor sleep quality and higher levels of externalizing symptoms predicted lower mean and peak PA. In models of affect predicting sleep: Within-person, lower-than-usual mean PA predicted poorer subsequent sleep quality, but only for youth with higher levels of externalizing symptoms. Between-person, youths with higher mean and peak PA had better sleep quality. These findings suggest that affective functioning is bidirectionally linked to daily self-reported sleep quality among high- and low-risk youth. Specific disturbances in daily sleep-affect cycles may be distinctly associated with externalizing psychopathology.
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1
The centering and coding of other variables in our models is as follows: SNAP externalizing symptoms were left such that 0 = no symptoms and higher scores reflecting higher externalizing symptoms. Age was centered such that 0 = 9 years, the youngest age in the sample. Sex is coded as 0 = male, 1 = female.
 
2
SNAP Externalizing Symptom scores had a possible range from 0 to 78, with our sample’s M and SD both falling at 13 (rounded), making this a useful increment for probing different symptom levels from “none” to “high.” For reference, participants with any “elevated” ADHD or ODD scales (based on Swanson et al.’s, 2001 cutoffs) showed a total Externalizing Symptoms Score of M = 31.75 (SD = 15.43), as compared to those with all their SNAP scale scores below the cutoffs (M = 5.99, SD = 15.43).
 
3
Time-varying variables (sleep quality and PA/NA variables) were grand- and person-mean-centered such that a value of 0 represents a “usual” day for the average participant in our sample. Relative to that mean/usual value, interactions were probed at within-person high and low values. Specifically, time-varying sleep-quality was probed at 0 ± 17, representing days on which each person’s sleep quality was better or worse than their usual by about 1 within-person SD. Similarly, person-mean PA variables were probed at 0 ± 11, representing days on which each person’s mean PA levels were higher or lower than their usual by about 1 within-person SD. These values for within-person SDs (17, 11) represent the mean of the within-person SDs, averaged across all participants.
 
4
Specifically, when adding risk group as a covariate, the significance status (i.e., p < 0.05 vs. p ≥ 0.05) of the 84 fixed effects reported in Tables 24 and Tables S1S3 remained the same. Risk emerged only as a significant covariate in two base models, predicting next-day PA mean (B = -7.837, SE = 3.825, p = 0.044) and the model predicting next-day PA peak (B = -8.528, SE = 3.610, p = 0.021); however, it was not associated with dependent variables in any of the Step 2 models (all risk coefficient ps > 0.152), suggesting that any effect of risk was overshadowed by externalizing symptoms. See also Table 1 for a breakdown of primary study variables by risk group: few group differences emerged, with risk being correlated as expected with externalizing symptoms (r = 0.37, p = 0.001), and with both variables being modestly associated with PA means and peaks (rs = -0.22 to -0.26, ps = 0.021 to 0.047).
 
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Metagegevens
Titel
Daily Associations Between Sleep and Affect in Youth at Risk for Psychopathology: The Moderating Role of Externalizing Symptoms
Auteurs
Spencer C. Evans
Jessica L. Hamilton
Simone Imani Boyd
Ashley R. Karlovich
Cecile D. Ladouceur
Jennifer S. Silk
Lauren M. Bylsma
Publicatiedatum
05-07-2023
Uitgeverij
Springer US
Gepubliceerd in
Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology / Uitgave 1/2024
Print ISSN: 2730-7166
Elektronisch ISSN: 2730-7174
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-023-01087-4

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