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Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology

Gepubliceerd in:

01-08-2006 | Original Paper

An Evaluation of the Response Modulation Hypothesis in Relation to Attention–Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

Auteurs: Richard F. Farmer, Julia J. Rucklidge

Gepubliceerd in: Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology | Uitgave 4/2006

Abstract

Several hypotheses related to Newman's (e.g., Patterson & Newman, 1993) response modulation hypothesis were examined among adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD; n=18) and normal controls (n=23). Consistent with predictions, youth with ADHD committed more passive avoidance errors (PAEs) than controls during the latter trials of a computerized go/no go task with mixed incentives, and this effect remained significant or marginally significant even after common variance associated with variables that covary with ADHD (i.e., IQ, oppositional-defiant/conduct disorder [ODD/CD] symptoms, anxious/depressed mood) was removed. While a moderate inverse association was observed between PAE frequency and the amount of time spent viewing response feedback following punishment, both categorical (diagnostic) and dimensional analyses of ADHD symptomatology indicated that ADHD and reflection on punishment feedback are uniquely associated with PAE commission. Findings from this study are discussed in relation to models of disinhibition applicable to youth with ADHD.

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Because of research that suggests sensitivity and responsiveness to reinforcement contingencies among disinhibited and control groups varies in accordance with the magnitude or intensity of reinforcers (Slusarek, Velling, Bunk, & Eggers, 2001), we note as points of reference that 10 cents in New Zealand currency was approximately equal to 8.5 cents in Canadian currency and 6.5 cents in US currency at the time this study was conducted.

Five of the control participants had total ADHD scores on the parent-rated CRS-R at or above a T–score of 60. Given the possible presence of subthreshold ADHD among these five persons, this analysis was rerun with these five control participants excluded. The obtained results were highly similar, whereby the effect for trail block was significant, F(2,68)=38.15, p < .001, η ²=.53, as was the main effect for group, F(1,34)=4.22, p < .05, η ²=.11, and the group by trial block interaction, F(2,68)=14.87, p < .001, η ²=.29.

It is possible that adolescents might be more accurate reporters of internalizing experiences than parents. Consequently, this analysis was rerun, with youth-rated anxious and depressed symptoms on the CRS-R (Conners, 1997) used as the covariate among participants for whom such data were available (n=21 for controls, n=17 for the ADHD group). No significant effect was obtained for trial block, F(2, 70)=1.85, ns, η ²=.05. A significant trend (p < .08) was obtained for group, F(1, 35)=3.48, η ²=.09, whereby those with ADHD committed more PAEs than controls (adjusted means: 7.80 and 5.67, respectively). There was also a significant trial block by diagnosis interaction, F(2, 70)=6.23, p < .01, η ²=.18. Planned contrasts of group means within each trial block indicated that groups did not differ in PAE frequency in Block 1, t(36)=.18, but did differ in Block 2, t(36)=2.55, p < .05, d=.80, and Block 3, t(36)=2.29, p < .05, d=.72. In both of these latter two instances, those with ADHD committed more PAEs than controls (adjusted means: 7.76 and 4.34, respectively, for Block 2; 6.41 and 3.67, respectively, for Block 3). Parent- and youth-rated anxious/depressed symptoms were moderately correlated in this sample (r=.55, p < .001).

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Titel: An Evaluation of the Response Modulation Hypothesis in Relation to Attention–Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Auteurs: Richard F. Farmer
Julia J. Rucklidge
Publicatiedatum: 01-08-2006
Uitgeverij: Springer US
Gepubliceerd in: Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology / Uitgave 4/2006
Print ISSN: 2730-7166
Elektronisch ISSN: 2730-7174
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-006-9034-y

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