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Gepubliceerd in: Neuropraxis 1/2008

01-02-2008 | Artikelen

Acute stress, cortisol en het geheugen: hoe hangen ze samen?

Auteurs: Candy Gijsen, Marko Jelicic, Harald Merckelbach

Gepubliceerd in: Neuropraxis | Uitgave 1/2008

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Samenvatting

Wanneer we in een stressvolle situatie terecht komen, reageert ons lichaam met een aantal fysiologische responsen, die ervoor zorgen dat we klaar zijn voor fight-or-flight (vechten-of-vluchten). Deze automatische en primitieve toestand heeft in de eerste plaats uiteraard een beschermende functie. Maar wat zijn de fysiologische mechanismen die eraan ten grondslag liggen en welke invloed hebben ze op ons geheugen? Heeft de verwerking van nieuwe informatie of het ophalen van oude herinneringen te lijden onder acute stress en zo ja, welke rol speelt het stresshormoon cortisol hierin? Over deze kwesties gaat dit artikel.
Voetnoten
1
In eerste instantie zorgt de paraventriculaire kern van de hypothalamus (pvn) ervoor dat corticotropin releasing hormone (crh) afscheiden wordt. Ongeveer vijftien seconden later zal de hypofyse als reactie op de vrijgekomen crh het zogenaamde adrenocorticotropic hormone (acth) laten vrijkomen. acth begeeft zich vervolgens via het bloed tot in de bijnieren, die op hun beurt na enkele minuten zorgen voor de aanmaak en verspreiding via de bloedbanen van het glucocorticoïde stresshormoon cortisol. Daarna wordt er door de pancreas glucagon vrijgemaakt dat in combinatie met de activering van het sympathische gedeelte van het centrale zenuwstelsel de bloedsuikerspiegel fors doet stijgen. Dat heeft natuurlijk alles te maken met het voorbereiden van het lichaam op de vechten-of-vluchten reactie. Tot slot zorgen onze hersenen, en meer bepaald de hypofyse, voor de afscheiding van endorfines en enkefalines die de pijnperceptie moeten verminderen mocht het tot een confrontatie (vechten) komen.
 
2
Hoewel de invloed van andere fysiologische reacties op stress (zoals het afscheiden van de cathecholamines adrenaline en noradrenaline) van aanzienlijk belang is en zij op hun beurt een uitwerking hebben op het geheugen (Charney, 2004; Carrasco & Van de Kar, 2003; Van Stegeren, 2003), zal dit artikel zich beperken tot de effecten van acute stress en in het bijzonder de rol van cortisol hierin.
 
3
Wij beperken ons hier noodgedwongen tot de effecten van acute, kortstondige stress, en volstaan hier met op te merken dat de effecten van chronische stress op onze hersenen heel verschillend zijn van de in dit artikel beschreven effecten (McEwen, 2000; McEwen, 2004; Lupien et al., 2005).
 
4
Voor een gedetailleerd overzicht van de genoemde factoren en de studies waaruit zij werden ontleend verwijzen wij naar de publicaties van Het et al. (2005), Lupien et al. (2005), Lupien en Lepage (2001) en Wolf (2003).
 
5
Voor meer van dit soort studies, zie het werk van Kuhlmann et al. (2005a, 2005b), Rimmele et al. (2003), of Tops et al. (2003).
 
6
ltp oftewel long-term potentiation verwijst naar een langdurige versterking van synaptische verbindingen en is betrokken bij het leren en herinneren van informatie (Lynch, 2004).
 
7
Voor interessante discussies betreffende sekseverschillen in stressreactiviteit en de daaraan gebonden geheugeneffecten verwijzen wij naar Kajantie en Phillips (2006), Kudielka en Kirschbaum (2005), Shors (2006), Taylor en collega's (2000) en Wolf (2003). Merk op dat niet alle studies sekseverschillen in geheugenprestaties na stress hebben aangetoond.
 
8
Dit effect werd in onze studie overigens niet gevonden voor de woorden die geheugengerelateerd waren. Voor mogelijke verklaringen van deze ambigue bevindingen, verwijzen wij u graag naar het volledige artikel (Smeets et al., in druk).
 
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Metagegevens
Titel
Acute stress, cortisol en het geheugen: hoe hangen ze samen?
Auteurs
Candy Gijsen
Marko Jelicic
Harald Merckelbach
Publicatiedatum
01-02-2008
Uitgeverij
Bohn Stafleu van Loghum
Gepubliceerd in
Neuropraxis / Uitgave 1/2008
Print ISSN: 1387-5817
Elektronisch ISSN: 1876-5785
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03077111

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