Introduction
Aims
Methods
Subjects
Measures and Procedures
Statistics
Results
Sample Characteristics
Psychiatric disorders | Boys | Girls | Total | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | % | N | % | N | % | |
Any affective disorder | 40 | 26.7 | 40 | 34.2 | 80a
| 30.0 |
Anxiety disorder total | 48 | 32.0 | 50 | 42.7 | 98a
| 36.7 |
Separation anxiety disorder (SAD) | 12 | 8.0 | 10 | 8.5 | 22a
| 8.2 |
Social phobia (SoP) | 6 | 4.0 | 13 | 11.1 | 19c
| 7.1 |
Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) | 6 | 4.0 | 10 | 8.5 | 16a
| 6.0 |
Anxiety NOS | 7 | 4.7 | 6 | 5.1 | 13a
| 4.9 |
Obsessive-compulsive disorder | 7 | 4.7 | 5 | 4.3 | 12a
| 4.5 |
Specific phobia (SP) | 26 | 17.3 | 17 | 14.5 | 43a
| 16.1 |
Panic disorder (PD)/Agoraphobia | 2 | 1.3 | 6 | 5.1 | 8a
| 3.0 |
Posttraumatic stress disorder | 0 | 0 | 2 | 1.1 | 2a
| 0.7 |
Any neurodevelopmental disorderd
| 117 | 78 | 68 | 58.1 | 185b
| 69.3 |
Any disruptive behavioural disordere
| 57 | 38 | 36 | 30.8 | 93a
| 34.8% |
Gender and Informant Differences
Child rating | Parent rating | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Scale/subscale (number of items) | All N = 204 M (SD) | Boys N = 112 M (SD) | Girls n = 92 M (SD) | t-test | All N = 228 M (SD) | Boys n = 122 M (SD) | Girls n = 106 M (SD) | t-test |
SCARED total score (41 items) | 21.33 (12.73) | 17.67 (11.99) | 25.79 (12.22)c
| −4.774*** | 16.09 (12.42) | 15.46 (12.30) | 16.83 (12.57)c
| −0.836 |
SCARED-R total score (69 items) | 35.16 (19.89) | 29,24 (18,89)a
| 42.37 (18.75)c
| −4.956*** | 23.19 (16.72) | 22.21 (16,65)a
| 24.34 (16.81)c
| −0.966 |
SAD (8) | 3.60 (2.95) | 2.88 (2.68) | 4.49 (3.03)c
| −4.034*** | 2.94 (3,06) | 2.71 (2.90) | 3.21 (3.23)c
| −1.227 |
SoP (7) | 5.10 (3.36) | 4.61 (3.36)c
| 5.71 (3.27)c
| −2.352* | 3,77 (4,03) | 3.77 (4.01)c
| 3.77 (4.08)c
| 0.003 |
GAD (9) | 5.51 (4.23) | 4.29 (3.91) | 7.00 (4.16)b
| −4.781*** | 4.79 (4.15) | 4.38 (4.05) | 5.26 (4.24)b
| −1.611 |
SchoP (5) | 2.29 (2.14) | 1.93 (1.93) | 2.74 (2.30) | −2.737** | 2.30 (2.29) | 2,30 (2,36) | 2.30 (2.21) | 0.016 |
OCD (9) | 5.21 (3.45) | 4.83 (3.37)a
| 5.67 (3.51)c
| −1.745 | 2.32 (2.49) | 2,41 (2,51)a
| 2.22 (2.48)c
| 0.587 |
SP (13) | 6.64 (4.78) | 5.22 (4.13) | 8.37 (4.97)c
| −4.851*** | 3.99 (3.74) | 3.61 (3.62) | 4.43 (3.85)c
| −1.674 |
PD (13) | 4.82 (4.49) | 3.96 (4.13) | 5.86 (4.71)c
| −3.061** | 2.30 (3.84) | 2.30 (3.86) | 2.30 (3,84)c
| −0.006 |
APTSD (4) | 1.98 (2.24) | 1.52 (2.06) | 2.53 (2.33)c
| −3.300*** | 0.79 (1.42) | 0.73 (1.36) | 0.86 (1.49)c
| −0.703 |
Screening Efficiency
SCARED scale/subscale -> LEAD | Report | AUC | P | Cut-off | Sensitivity % | Specificity % | Kappa |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SCARED total score → Any anxiety | Child | 0.66 | <0.001 | ≥15 | 84 | 43 | 0.23 |
Parent | 0.72 | <0.001 | ≥14 | 68 | 61 | 0.27 | |
SCARED-R total score → Any anxiety | Child | 0.65 | <0.001 | ≥25 | 84 | 43 | 0.23 |
Parent | 0.72 | <0.001 | ≥34 | 43 | 89 | 0.34 | |
SAD → SAD | Child | 0.76 | <0.001 | ≥5 | 78 | 70 | 0.21 |
Parent | 0.84 | <0.001 | ≥5 | 79 | 80 | 0.32 | |
SoP → SoP | Child | 0.85 | <0.001 | ≥8 | 77 | 80 | 0.29 |
Parent | 0.89 | <0.001 | ≥9 | 75 | 88 | 0.39 | |
GAD → GAD | Child | 0.71 | 0.008 | ≥6 | 79 | 60 | 0.11 |
Parent | 0.74 | 0.002 | ≥8 | 56 | 80 | 0.17 | |
OCD → OCD | Child | 0.84 | <0.001 | ≥10 | 60 | 91 | 0.31 |
Parent | 0.84 | <0.001 | ≥9 | 46 | 97 | 0.42 | |
SP → SP | Child | 0.61 | 0.043 | ≥7 | 68 | 57 | 0.13 |
Parent | 0.68 | 0.001 | ≥5 | 63 | 70 | 0.21 | |
PD → PD | Child | 0.84 | <0.001 | ≥6 | 92 | 69 | 0.18 |
Parent | 0.88 | <0.001 | ≥4 | 83 | 83 | 0.28 |
SCARED-R | LEAD diagnoses | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SAD OR (95% CI) P | SP OR (95% CI) P | SoP OR (95% CI) P | PD OR (95% CI) P | GAD OR (95% CI) P | OCD OR (95% CI) P | |
Child-report | ||||||
χ2, P | 20.066, p = .003 | 5.53 p = .478 | 33.067, p < .001 | 13.155, p = .041 | 19.271, p = .004 | 16.065, p = .013 |
SAD | 1.50 (1.21, 1.85) < 0.001 | 0.93 (0.78, 1.11) 0.440 | 0.96 (0.76, 1.22) 0.746 | 1.07 (0.76, 1.50) 0.690 | 1.23 (0.98, 1.54) 0.078 | 0.95 (0.71, 1.26) 0.716 |
SP | 0.92 (0.80, 1.05) 0.228 | 1.10 (0.99, 1.23) 0.075 | 0.93 (0.79, 1.09) 0.347 | 0.97 (0.78, 1.19) 0.753 | 0.96 (0.82, 1.11) 0.551 | 1.09 (0.91, 1.30) 0.336 |
SoP | 1.07 (0.90, 1.28) 0.439 | 0.92 (0.81, 1.04) 0.190 | 1.55 (1.25, 1.94) < 0.001 | 1.05 (0.81, 1.35) 0.731 | 1.17 (0.96, 1.43) 0.111 | 0.98 (0.79, 1.21) 0.844 |
PD | 1.01 (0.85, 1.20) 0.905 | 1.03 (0.91, 1.17) 0.650 | 1.12 (0.95, 1.33) 0.187 | 1.18 (0.95, 1.48) 0.142 | 1.02 (0.86, 1.21) 0.835 | 0.93 (0.76, 1.14) 0.486 |
GAD | 0.88 (0.72, 1.06) 0.177 | 0.96 (0.84, 1.11) 0.596 | 1.09 (0.92, 1.29) 0.314 | 1.16 (0.89, 1.51) 0.265 | 1.23 (1.02, 1.49) 0.030 | 1.05 (0.84, 1.33) 0.655 |
OCD | 1.00 (0.81, 1.23) 0.996 | 1.04 (0.89, 1.21) 0.633 | 0.83 (0.66, 1.05) 0.114 | 0.91 (0.66, 1.26) 0.582 | 0.84 (0.66, 1.08) 0.170 | 1.39 (1.08, 1.78) 0.009 |
Parent-report | ||||||
χ2, P | 42.811, p < .001 | 11.268, p = .080 | 43.997, <0.001 | 19.027, p = .004 | 16.549, p = .011 | 24.060, p = .001 |
SAD | 1.79 (1.40, 2.28) < 0.001 | 0.96 (0.84, 1.11) 0.610 | 0.78 (0.61, 1.00) 0.054 | 1.06 (0.79, 1.43) 0.688 | 1.01 (0.83, 1.22) 0.959 | 0.86 (0.66, 1.11) 0.237 |
SP | 0.78 (0.62, 097) 0.027* | 1.13 (1.01, 1.26) 0.027 | 1.11 (0.94, 1.32) 0.224 | 1.00 (0.81, 1.24) 0.987 | 1.06 (0.90, 1.24) 0.497 | 1.14 (0.96, 1.35) 0.134 |
SoP | 1.11 (0.96, 1.29) 0.172 | 1.09 (0.99, 1.19) 0.097 | 1.47 (1.23, 1.77) < 0.001 | 0.89 (0.71, 1.13) 0.340 | 1.12 (0.98, 1.29) 0.092 | 0.89 (0.74, 1.08) 0.247 |
PD | 1.14 (0.94, 1.37) 0.176 | 0.99 (0.88, 1.11) 0.874 | 0.96 (0.83, 1.10) 0.530 | 1.15 (0.98, 1.35) 0.086 | 1.03 (0.90, 1.17) 0.667 | 1.09 (0.93, 1.28) 0.266 |
GAD | 0.78 (0.62, 0.97) 0.28* | 1.01 (0.90, 1.12) 0.919 | 1.21 (1.03, 1.43) 0.022 | 1.32 (1.02, 1.71) 0.038 | 1.18 (1.01, 1.37) 0.035 | 1.02 (0.84, 1.23) 0.861 |
OCD | 0.90 (0.65, 1.26) 0.544 | 1.00 (0.83, 1.21) 0.975 | 0.97 (0.75, 1.24) 0.776 | 1.05 (0.77, 1.43) 0.767 | 0.88 (0.68, 1.13) 0.308 | 1.47 (1.12, 1.94) 0.006 |
Adding Parent Information to Child Information (and Vice Versa)
LEAD diagnosis | SCARED Scale—Informant | OR (95%) | Wald | Full model χ2
| Full model adding an extra report χ2 a
| R2
|
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Any anxiety univariate models | Revised total—child | 3.98 (1.95, 8.11) | 14.389*** | 16.543*** | 0.11 | |
Revised total—parent | 5.79 (2.82, 11.91) | 22.844*** | 25.116*** | 0.16 | ||
Any anxiety multivariate model | Revised total—child | 3.23 (1.54, 6.79) | 9.551** | 35.624*** | Δ10.508*** | 0.22 |
Revised total—parent | 4.89 (2.33, 10.25) | 17.687*** | 35.624*** | Δ19.081*** | ||
Any anxiety univariate model | Total score—child | 3.85 (1.88, 7.85) | 13.687*** | 15.678*** | 0.10 | |
Total score—parent | 2.92 (1.60, 5.32) | 12.255*** | 12.801*** | 0.09 | ||
Any anxiety Multivariate model | Total score—child | 3.26 (1.57, 6.77) | 10.048** | 23.890*** | Δ11.089*** | 0.16 |
Total score—parent | 2.45 (1.32, 4.56) | 8.030** | 23.890*** | Δ8.212** | ||
SAD univariate models | SAD – child | 7.96 (2.51, 25.26) | 12.371*** | 15.367*** | 0.16 | |
SAD—parent | 15.59 (4.82, 50.41) | 21.042*** | 26.444*** | 0.27 | ||
SAD Multivariate model | SAD—child | 3.18 (0.88, 11.54) | 3.096 | 29.774*** | Δ3.330 | 0.31 |
SAD—parent | 9.49 (2.67, 33.82) | 12.057*** | 29.774*** | Δ14.407*** | ||
SoP univariate models | SoP—child | 11.76 (3.59, 38.56) | 16.537*** | 19.787*** | 0.22 | |
SoP—parent | 20.74 (6.17, 69.77) | 23.997*** | 28.608*** | 0.31 | ||
SoP Multivariate model | SoP—child | 6.29 (1.74, 22.75) | 7.868** | 37.232*** | Δ8.624** | 0.40 |
SoP—parent | 12.72 (3.56, 45.44) | 15.314*** | 37.232*** | Δ17.445*** | ||
GAD Univariate models | GAD—child | 5.45 (1.47, 20.20) | 6.435* | 7.976** | 0.10 | |
GAD—parent | 6.29 (1.99, 19.77) | 9.854** | 10.318*** | 0.13 | ||
GAD Multivariate model | GAD—child | 3.98 (1.04, 15.32) | 4.039* | 15.043*** | Δ4.725* | 0.18 |
GAD—parent | 4.77 (1.47, 15.49) | 6.759** | 15.043*** | Δ7.067** | ||
OCD Univariate models | OCD—child | 14.17 (3.65, 54.93) | 14.698*** | 14.118*** | 0.21 | |
OCD—parent | 36.60 (7.96, 168.20) | 21.406*** | 19.201*** | 0.28 | ||
OCD Multivariate model | OCD—child | 18.18 (3.21, 102.83) | 10.758*** | 31.140*** | Δ11.938*** | 0.44 |
OCD—parent | 47.74 (7.07, 322.47) | 15.734*** | 31.140*** | Δ17.021*** | ||
SP Univariate models | SP—child | 3.04 (1.31, 7.02) | 6.743** | 7.321** | 0.06 | |
SP—parent | 3.96 (1.76, 8.93) | 11.042*** | 11.558*** | 0.10 | ||
SP Multivariate model | SP—child | 2.17 (0.90, 5.26) | 2.963 | 14.640*** | Δ3.082 | 0.12 |
SP—parent | 3.17 (1.36, 7.39) | 7.085** | 14.640*** | Δ7.319** |