Introduction
Methods
Data acquisition and search strategy
Eligibility criteria
Screening of abstracts and full-text articles
Study quality assessment tool
Data synthesis
Results
Search results and analysis
Study year | Patients (n) | Age (mean) | Inclusion criteria | Interventions | Duration intervention (weeks) + frequency (x/week) | Relevant outcomes | Methods to assess relevant outcomes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Segal [9] | Int: 82 Con: 73 Total: 155 | Int: 68.2 Con: 67.7 | Local and advanced PCa receiving ADT ≥ 3 months | Supervised resistance exercise | Duration: 12 Frequency: 3 | Fatigue Overweight Quality of life | FACT-F BMI, waist circumference, skinfolds thickness FACT-P |
Taylor [10] | Life: 46 Educ: 51 Con: 37 Total: 134 | Int + Con: 69.2 | PCa treated with ADT | Lifestyle activity program Educational support program | Duration 24 Frequency: week 1–16: 1 4 week: 2 | Overweight Depression Quality of life | BMI: Waist and hip circumferences, waist-hip ratio CES-D SF-36, STAI |
Sharma [11] | Soy: 20 Con: 19 Total 39 | Soy: 69.2 Con: 69.0 | PCa treated with ADT | Soy protein: 20 g | Duration: 12 Frequency: 7 | Fatigue Libido and sexual function Hot flushes Quality of life | SF-36 IIEF, WSFS Blatt-Kupperman scale SF-36 |
Culos-Reed [12] | Int: 53 Con: 47 Total: 100 | Int: 67.2 Con: 68 | PCa localized or metastatic and expect to receive ADT for ≥ 6 months | Supervised and unsupervised aerobic + resistant exercise | Duration: 16 Frequency: 3–5 | Fatigue Overweight Cardiovascular Libido Depression Quality of life | FSS BMI, waist-to-hip ratio RR EPIC CES-D EORTC-QLQ-C30, EPIC |
Galvao [13] | Int: 29 Con: 28 Total: 57 | Int: 69.5 Con: 70.1 | Locally or advanced PCa (without bone metastasis) with prior exposure ADT > 2 months | Supervised aerobic + resistance exercise | Duration: 12 Frequency: 2 | Fatigue Overweight Cardiovascular Insulin resistance Quality of life | QLQ-C30, SF-36 Dual X-ray absorptiometry: total lean body mass, regional lean mass: upper limb, lower limb, appendicular skeletal muscle total fat mass, trunk fat mass, and percentage body fat, Blood samples: total cholesterol, LDL, HDL, triglycerides, CRP 400 m walk Blood samples: Insulin + glucose EORTC-QLQ-C30; SF-36 |
Bourke [14] | Int: 25 Con: 25 Total: 50 | Int: 71.3 Con: 72.2 | Non localized PCa who receiving ADT ≥ 6 months | Supervised + unsupervised aerobic + resistance exercise | Duration: 12 Frequency: Resistance + aerobic: week 1–6: 1; 7–12:2x Eating seminars: 1x | Fatigue Overweight Insulin resistance Quality of life | FACT-F BMI; weight; waist-to-hip ratio Blood biomarkers: insulin; IGF-1 FACT-P; FACT-G |
Cormie [15] | Int: 29 Con: 28 Total: 57 | Int: 69.5 Con: 70.1 | Locally PCa, on ADT ≥ 2 months and remained hypogonadal for ≥ 6 months | Supervised aerobic + resistance exercise | Duration: 12 Frequency: 2 | Libido and sexual function Quality of life | QLQ-PR25 SF-36 |
Hvid [16] | Int: 10 Con: 9 Total: 19 | Int: 67.8 Con: 68.5 | PCa with ADT > 3 months Control group: healthy males | Supervised endurance Exercise | Duration: 12 Frequency: 3 | Overweight Cardiovascular Insulin resistance | Dual x-ray absorptiometry: body lean mass, fat mass, trunk fat mass MR: femoral to liver distance, visceral fat mass, skin fat mass, intermuscular adipose tissue Tissue samples: m. vastus lateralis Blood biomarkers: total cholesterol, LDL, HDL, triglycerides VO2 Max OGTT Euglycemic–hyperinsulinemic clamp Blood samples: glucose, insulin Glucose kinetics calculations |
Santa Mina [17] | Aer: 32 Res: 34 Total: 66 | Aer: 72.1 Res: 70.6 | PCa currently receiving ADT ≥ 12 months | Supervised and unsupervised aerobic or resistance exercise | Duration: 26 Frequency Total: 3–5 Supervised: 1 × 2 week | Fatigue Overweight Gynecomastia Cardiovascular Quality of life | FACT-F BMI, Body fat, waist circumference, body fat: Skinfolds: chest, abdomen + thigh Chest skinfold thickness VO2 max FACT-P; PORPUS |
Vitolins [18] | Soy: 30 Ven: 30 V + S: 30 Con: 30 Total:120 | Soy: 71 Ven: 67 V + S: 69 Con: 67 | Locally advanced or metastatic PCa on ADT and having hot flushes | Soy protein: 20 g Venlafaxine | Duration: 12 Frequency: daily | Hot flashes Quality of life | HFSSS FACT-P; FACT-G |
Walker [19] | Int: 20 Con: 20 Total: 40 | NR | PCa on ADT | Education booklet on side effects Educational review survey | NA | Libido | PAIR inventory: DAS scale Sexual activity |
Bourke [20] | Int: 50 Con: 50 Total: 100 | Int: 71 Con: 71 | Locally advanced or metastatic PCa, previously on ADT ≥ 6 months and planned long term on ADT | Aerobic + resistance Exercise + dietary advice | Duration: 12 Frequency Resistance: week 1–6: 2x; 7–12: 1x Aerobic: week 1-6: 1; 7–12: 2x Dietary: 1 × 2 weeks | Fatigue Overweight Cardiovascular Quality of life | FACT-F BMI; weight Systolic blood pressure, aerobic exercise tolerance FACT-P |
Uth [21] | Int: 29 Con: 28 Total: 57 | Int: 67.1 Con: 66.5 | Advanced or locally advanced PCa with ADT or surgical castration ≥ 6 months | Supervised football training | Duration: 12 Frequency: week 1–8: 2 week 9–12: 3 | Overweight Cardiovascular | Dual X-ray absorptiometry: lean body mass, android, gynoid total body fat mass: BMI; waist circumference; hip circumference VO2 max: 4-min walking test; incremental test to exhaustion Pulmonary gas exchange measurements Heart rate monitors |
Int: 29 Con: 22 Total: 51 | Int: 69.9 Con: 70.5 | Localized or metastatic PCa currently receiving ADT | Int: Supervised + unsupervised resistance exercise Cont: Stretching | Duration: 52 Frequency: 3 | Fatigue Overweight Insulin resistance Quality of life | SCFS BMI Dual X-ray absorptiometry: Fat mass; Bone-free lean mass; trunk fat mass Blood biomarkers: insulin; IGF-1 LLFDI | |
Cormie [24] | Int: 32 Con: 31 Total: 63 | Int: 69.6 Con: 67.1 | PCa within first 10 days on ADT and anticipated to remain on ADT ≥ 3 months | Supervised aerobic + resistance exercise | Duration: 12 Frequency: 2 | Fatigue Overweight Cardiovascular Osteoporosis Libido Insulin resistance Depression Quality of life | FACIT-fatigue Dual X-ray absorptiometry: body lean mass, fat mass, appendicular lean mass, trunk fat mass, visceral fat mass Blood biomarkers: CRP VO2 max: 400-m walk test RR: brachial Dual X-ray absorptiometry: BMD: hip, lumbar spine, whole body Blood biomarkers: alkaline phosphatase, P1NP, N-telopeptide, N-telopeptide/creatinine ratio, vitamin D QLQ-PR25 Blood biomarkers: Insulin, glucose BSI-18 QLQ-PR25; SF-36 |
Nilsen [25] | Int: 28 Con: 30 Total: 58 | Int: 66 Con: 66 | Locally advanced PCa receiving RT after neo-adjuvant ADT for 6 months and adjuvant ADT 9–36 months | Supervised resistance exercise | Duration: 16 Frequency: 3 | Overweight Fatigue Osteoporosis Cardiovascular Quality of life | Dual x-ray absorptiometry: lean body mass, Regional LBM: (trunk, lower extremities, upper extremities, appendicular skeletal mass), fat mass, fat percentage, body mass, BMI EORTC- QLQ-C30 Dual X-ray absorptiometry: BMD: total, total lumbar spine, hip, trochanter and femoral neck Shuttle walk test EORTC-QLQ-C30 |
O’neill [26] | Int: 47 Con: 47 Total: 94 | Int: 69.7 Con: 69.9 | PCa treated ADT for ≥ 6 months and planned to continue for ≥ 6 months or commencing to start ≥ 6 months | Aerobic exercise + dietary advice | Duration: 26 Frequency: Walking: 5 | Overweight Fatigue Cardiovascular Quality of life | Weight, BMI, fat mass, lean muscle mass, waist-to-hip ratio, mid-upper arm muscle area Fat mass: Skinfold thickness FSS 400-m walk test FACT-P; PSS |
Stefanopoul ou [27] | Int: 33 Con: 35 Tot: 68 | Int: 68.0 Con: 68.7 | Localized or metastatic PCa undergoing ADT | CBT booklet | Duration: 4 | Hot Flushes Depression Quality of life | HFNS HADS EORTC-QLQ-C30; EORTC- QLQ-PR25 |
Gilbert [28] | Int: 25 Con: 25 Total: 50 | Int: 70.1 Con: 70.4 | PCa receiving ADT ≥ 6 months + radiotherapy | Supervised + unsupervised aerobic, balance, resistance exercise + Dietary advice: healthy-eating seminars | Duration 12 Frequency: Training: 3 Diet: 1 × 2 week | Overweight Cardiovascular | BMI, weight Blood biomarkers: total cholesterol, LDL, HDL, triglycerides RR: Brachial artery FMD, GTN-arterial dilatation VO2 max: Exercise tolerance: walking test |
Nilsen [29] | Int: 16 Con: 15 Total: 31 | Int: 66 Con: 65 | Locally advanced PCa receiving RT after neo-adjuvant ADT for 6 months and adjuvant ADT 9-36 months | Supervised resistance exercise | Duration: 16 Frequency: 3 | Overweight | Muscles biopsies m. Vastus lateralis: protein concentrations, HSP70, Alpha B-crystalline, HSP27, HSP27, HSP60, C OXIV, Citrate synthase Ubiquitin |
Nilsen [30] | Int: 12 Con: 11 Total: 23 | Int: 67 Con: 64 | Locally advanced PCa receiving RT after neo-adjuvant ADT for 6 months and adjuvant ADT 9–36 months | Supervised resistance exercise | Duration: 16 Frequency: 3 | Overweight | Muscle biopsies m. Vastus lateralis: histology, muscle fiber CSA, myonuclei, satellite cells, protein concentrations |
Sajid [31] | EXCAP: 6 Wii-fit: 8 Con: 5 Total: 19 | EXCAP: 75.7 Wii-fit 77.5 Con: 71.8 | PCa with ADT, ADT combined with RT | EXCAP: Unsupervised aerobic exercise + resistance exercise Wii-fit: Multi- component exercise on WII | Duration: 6 Frequency: 5 | Fatigue Overweight | SPPB Dual X-ray absorptiometry: body fat mass, body lean mass, skeletal muscle mass |
Uth [32] | Int: 29 Con: 28 Total: 57 | Int: 67.1 Con: 66.5 | Locally advanced or metastatic PCa undergoing ADT for ≥ 6 months | Supervised football exercise | Duration: 32 Frequency: week 1–: 2 week 9–12: 3 week 12–32: 2 | Overweight Osteoporosis | Dual X-ray absorptiometry: body lean mass, fat mass, percentage fat mass, Dual x-ray absorptiometry: BMD: total hip, femoral, lumbar spine, Blood samples: P1NP, osteocalcin, CTX |
Uth [33] | Int: 29 Con: 28 Total: 57 | Int: 67.1 Con: 66.5 | Locally advanced or metastatic Pca undergoing ADT for ≥ 6 months | Supervised football exercise | Duration: 12 Frequency: wk 1-8: 2 wk 9-12: 3 | Osteoporosis | Dual X-ray absorptiometry BMC: total body, legs BMD: total body, legs Blood biomarkers: CTX, P1NP, osteocalcin |
Kim [34] | Int: 26 Con: 25 Total: 51 | Int: 70.5 Con: 71.0 | PCa Stage I to III receiving ADT | Unsupervised strength training + resistance exercise | Duration: 26 Frequency: 3-5 | Osteoporosis Quality of life | Dual x-ray absorptiometry: total BMD, regional BMD: Total hip, femur neck, lumbar spine, Blood samples: bs-ALP, Ntx FACT-P |
Taaffe [35] | ILRT: 58 ART: 54 Con: 51 Total:163 | ILRT:68. 9 ART: 69 Con: 68.4 | PCa with ADT exposure ≥ 2 months, anticipated to receive ADT following 12 months | Supervised impact + resistance exercise (ILRT) Supervised + unsupervised aerobic + resistance exercise (ART) | Duration: 52 Frequency: ILRT + AER: 2 | Fatigue Cardiovascular | EORTC-QLQ-C30; SF-36 400 m walk |
Wall et al. [36] | Int: 50 Con: 47 Total: 97 | Int: 69.1 Con: 69.1 | Localized PCa on ADT for ≥ 2 months | Supervised and unsupervised aerobic + resistance exercise | Duration: 26 Frequency: 2 | Overweight Cardiovascular Insulin resistance | Dual X-ray absorptiometry: lean body mass, fat mass, trunk fat mass, percentage body fat, appendicular fat mass, weight Blood biomarkers: CRP Respiratory gas analysis: fat oxidation, carbohydrate oxidation Blood samples: LDL; HDL; cholesterol, triglycerides VO2Max; RR: brachial Applanation tonometry: arterial stiffness, aortal blood pressure Carotid-to-radial pulse-wave Blood biomarkers: Insulin: Hba1c, glucose |
Dawson [37] | Int: 13 Con: 19 Total: 32 | Pro: 68.6 Con: 66.3 | PCa with ADT | Supervised resistance training | Duration: 12 Frequency: 3 | Fatigue Overweight Cardiovascular Insulin resistance Depression Quality of life | BFI Dual X-ray: appendicular skeletal mass, lean body mass, fat mass, percentage body fat, waist circumference Systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure Blood biomarkers: Glucose CES-D FACT-G; FACT-P |
Side effect | Intervention | Study | Outcomes | Methods to measure outcome |
---|---|---|---|---|
Quality of life | Aerobic training | Santa Mina et al. [17] | No difference | PRO (FACT-P; PORPUS) |
Aerobic training + dietary advice | O’neill et al. [26] | Improvement in the individual functional well-being subscale (P = 0.04) measured with FACT-P at 26 weeks | PRO (FACT-P; PSS) | |
Aerobic + Resistance training | Culos-Reed et al. [12] | No difference | PRO (EORTC-QLQ-C30, EPIC) | |
Galvao et al. [13] | Significant improvement for general health (P = 0.022), vitality (P = 0.19) and physical health score (P = 0.02) measured with SF-36 Significant improvement in role (P < 0.001), cognitive (P = 0.007), nausea (P = 0.025), dyspnea (P = 0.17) measured with QLQ-C30 after 12 weeks | PRO (QLQ-C30; SF-36) | ||
Bourke et al. [14] | No difference | PRO (FACT-P; FACT-G) | ||
Cormie et al. [24] | Significant improvement in social functioning (P = 0.015), mental health domains (P = 0.006) and the mental health composite score (P = 0.022) after 12 weeks measured with SF-36 | PRO (QLQ-PR25; SF-36) | ||
Aerobic + resistance + dietary advice | Cormie et al. [15] | Significant difference in perceived general health (P = 0.022), vitality (P = 0.019); physical health composite (P = 0.02) subscales measured with SF-36 at 12 weeks | PRO (SF-36) | |
Bourke et al. [20] | Significant improvement after 12 weeks (P = 0.001), no change after 24 weeks measured with FACT-P | PRO (FACT-P) | ||
Cognitive behavioral therapy | Stefanopoulou et al. [27] | No differences | PRO (EORTC-QLQ-C30; EORTC-QLQ-PR25) | |
Resistance training | Segal et al. [9] | Increase in QOL, compared with a decrease for the control group (P = 0.001) measured with FACT-P after 12 weeks | PRO (FACT-P) | |
Taylor et al. [5] | No differences | PRO (SF-36, STAI) | ||
Santa Mina et al. [17] | No differences | PRO (FACT-P; PORPUS) | ||
Nilsen et al. [25] | No differences | PRO (EORTC-QLQ-C30) | ||
Kim et al. [34] | No differences | PRO (FACT-P) | ||
Dawson et al. [37] | Significant improvement in quality of life measured with FACT-G (P = 0.048) and FACT-P (P = 0.04) | PRO (FACT-G; FACT-P) | ||
Soy protein | Sharma et al. [11] | No differences | PRO (SF-36) | |
Vitolins et al. [18] | Improvements in emotional (P = 0.029) and functional subscales (P = 0.041) and in FACT-G (P = 0.025) and FACT-P total scores. (P = 0.048) | PRO (FACT-P; FACT-G) | ||
Depression | Aerobic + resistance training | Culos-Reed et al. [12] | No differences | PRO (CES-D) |
Santa Mina et al. [17] | No differences | PRO (FACT-F) | ||
Cormie et al. [24] | No differences | PRO (BSI-18) | ||
Cognitive behavioral therapy | Stefanopoulou et al. [27] | No differences | PRO (HADS) | |
Educational support program | Taylor et al. [10] | No differences | PRO (CES-D) | |
Lifestyle activity program | Taylor et al. [10] | No differences | PRO (CES-D) | |
Resistance training | Dawson et al. [37] | No differences | PRO (CES-D) | |
Fatigue | Aerobic training | Santa Mina et al. [17] | No differences | PRO (FACT-F) |
Aerobic training + dietary advice | O’neill et al. [26] | No differences | PRO (FSS) | |
Aerobic + resistance training | Cormie et al. [24] | Significant reduction (P = 0.042) measured with FACIT-fatigue | PRO (FACIT-fatigue) | |
Culos-Reed et al. [12] | No difference | PRO (FSS) | ||
Galvao et al. [13] | Significant reduction in fatigue (P = 0.021) and increased vitality (P = 0.019) measured with SF-36 and QLQ-C30 resp. | PRO (QLQ-C30, SF-36) | ||
Santa Mina et al. [17] | No differences | PRO (FACT-F) | ||
Sajid et al. [31] | EXCAP: Significant reduction (P = 0.04) measured with SPPB Wii-fit: no differences | PRO (SPPB) | ||
Taaffe et al. [35] | Significant reduction in fatigue (P = 0.005) and increased vitality (P < 0.001) measured with EORTC-QLQ-C30 and SF-36 resp. | PRO (EORTC-QLQ-C30; SF-36) | ||
Aerobic + resistance training + dietary advice | Bourke et al. [14] | Significant reduction at 12 weeks (P = 0.002) and 6 months (P = 0.006) measured with FACT-F | PRO (FACT-F) | |
Bourke et al. [20] | Significant reduction at 12 weeks (P < 0.001) and 6 months (P = 0.010) measured with FACT-P | PRO (FACT-P) | ||
Impact + resistance training | Taaffe et al. [35] | Significant reduction of fatigue (P = 0.005) and increased vitality (P < 0.001) | PRO (EORTC-QLQ-C30; SF-36) | |
Resistance training | Segal et al. [9] | Significant reduction (P = 0.002) | PRO (FACT-F) | |
Sharma et al. [11] | Significant reduction after 12 weeks (P = 0.010) and 24 weeks (P = 0.002) Per-group analysis: significant reduction after 24 weeks (P = 0.04) | PRO (SF-36) | ||
Santa Mina et al. [17] | No differences | PRO (FACT-F) | ||
Nilsen et al. [25] | No differences | PRO (EORTC- QLQ-C30) | ||
Dawson et al. [37] | No differences | PRO (BFI) | ||
Soy protein | Sharma et al. [11] | No differences | PRO (SF-36) | |
Decreased libido + sexual function | Aerobic + resistance training | Culos-Reed et al. [12] | No difference between groups or effect over time in sexual function | PRO (EPIC) |
Cormie et al. [15] | Significant difference in percentage of major interest in sex (P = 0.024) and maintenance in level of sexual activity (P = 0.045) No change in any level of sexual interest or sexual function | PRO (QLQ-PR25) | ||
Cormie et al. [24] | Significant less decline in sexual function (P = 0.028), no difference in sexual activity Per-group-analysis over time: decline in sexual activity (P = 0.012), no change in sexual function | PRO (QLQ-PR25) | ||
Information booklet | Walker et al. [19] | No significant differences. Sexual activity at baseline: 64.3% versus 38.5% (control), after 6 months: 25% versus 0% (control) | PRO (PAIR inventory: DAS scale, sexual activity) | |
Soy protein | Sharma et al. [11] | No differences | PRO (IIEF, WSFS) | |
Overweight | Aerobic training | Hvid et al. [16] | Body composition: no differences Per-group analysis: reduction in BMI (P < 0.0001), weight (P < 0.0001), fat mass (P < 0.01), fat percentage (P < 0.05), trunk fat mass (P < 0.01) Blood biomarkers: no differences Per-group analysis: Increase in HDL over time. No differences in LDL, total cholesterol, triglycerides | Body composition and blood biomarkers |
Santa Mina et al. [17] | No differences | Body composition | ||
Aerobic training + dietary advice | O’neill et al. [26] | Body composition: significant reduction (all P = 0.001), waist-to-hip ratio (P = 0.009) No difference in lean body mass or mid-upper arm muscle area | Body composition | |
Aerobic + resistance training | Culos-Reed et al. [12] | Body composition: significant reduction in waist girth (P = 0.044) and neck girth (P-0.019), no difference in BMI Per-group analysis: no difference in BMI | Body composition | |
Galvao et al. [13] | Body composition: significant increase in total lean mass (P = 0.047), upper limb (P < 0.001), lower limb (P = 0.019), appendicular skeletal mass (P = 0.03). No change in weight total body fat mass trunk fat mass or percentage body fat Blood biomarkers: Significant decrease in CRP (P = 0.008). No change in other markers | Body composition and blood biomarkers | ||
Cormie et al. [24] | Body composition: significant reduction in appendicular lean mass (P = 0.019), whole body fat mass (P = 0.001), whole body percentage fat (P < 0.001), trunk fat mass (P = 0.008). No differences in total body mass, visceral fat mass or body lean mass Blood biomarkers: significant reduction in HDL total cholesterol ratio (P = 0.028). No differences in other biomarkers | Body composition and blood biomarkers | ||
Sajid et al. [31] | EXCAP: Body composition: no differences Wii-fit: Body composition: decrease in lean mass for the Wii-fit group (P = 0.045), | Body composition | ||
Wall et al. [36] | Body composition: increase in lean body mass (P = 0.015), decrease in total fat mass (P = 0.020), trunk fat mass (P < 0.001), body fat percentage (P = 0.001), no change in weight Blood biomarkers: no differences | Body composition and blood biomarkers | ||
Aerobic + resistance training + dietary advice | Bourke et al. [14] | No differences | Body composition | |
Bourke et al. [20] | No differences | Body composition | ||
Gilbert et al. [28] | Body composition: significant increase in skeletal muscle mass (P = 0.03), no difference in BMI or body fat mass Blood biomarkers: no differences | Body composition and blood biomarkers | ||
Educational support program | Taylor et al. [10] | No differences | Body composition | |
Football training | Uth et al. [21] | Significant increase in lean body mass (P = 0.02), no change in body fat percentage, body fat mass Per-group analysis: significant increase in lean body mass (P = 0.02), no change in body fat percentage or body fat mass | Body composition | |
No differences | Body composition | |||
Resistance exercise | No differences | Body composition | ||
Segal et al. [9] | No differences | Body composition | ||
Santa Mina et al. [17] | No differences | Body composition | ||
Winters-stone [23] | Significant reduction in total fat mass in covariance analysis (P = 0.02), not in ITT analysis No significant change in body lean mass, percentage body fat, weight or trunk fat mass | Body composition | ||
Nilsen et al. [25] | Significant increase in LBM in lower extremities (P = 0.002) and upper extremities (P = 0.048), appendicular skeletal muscle mass (P = 0.001). No change in total, trunk lean mass, total fat mass, trunk fat mass, percentage fat mass, weight, or BMI | Body composition | ||
No significant difference in mitochondrial proteins or indicators of muscle cellular stress: HSP70 B-crystallin; ubiquitin; ubiquittinated proteins Per-group analysis: change over time in HSP70 (P = 0.03) | Muscles biopsies m. Vastus lateralis: protein concentrations, HSP70, Alpha B-crystalline, HSP27, HSP27, HSP60, COXIV, Citrate synthase Ubiquitin | |||
Significant change in total muscle fiber in favor for intervention group (P = 0.04) Significant increase in type II fibers for intervention group (P = 0.03); no change myonuclei number | Muscle biopsies m. Vastus lateralis: histology, muscle fiber CSA, myonuclei, satelite cells, protein concentrations | |||
Dawson et al. [37] | Significant increase in lean mass, appendicular skelet mass (P = 0.02), sacropenic index (P = 0.02), fat free mass (P = 0.04). Significant decrease in waist circumference (P = 0.01), and percentage body fat (P = 0.01). No difference in fat mass or total mass Blood biomarkers: No difference | Body composition | ||
Hot flushes | Cognitive Behavioral Therapy | Stefanopoulou et al. [27] | Decreased hot flashes problem rating (P = 0.001) and reduced frequency at 6 weeks (P = 0.02). No difference at 32 weeks | PRO (HFNS) |
Soy protein | Sharma et al. [11] | Difference in favor of the placebo group at 12 weeks (P = 0.04). No difference at 6 weeks Per-group analysis: no difference in vasomotor symptoms | PRO (Blatt-Kupperman scale) | |
Vitolin et al. [18] | No differences Per-group analysis: significant decrease of vasomotor symptoms (P < 0.001), hot flushes severity (P < 0.001), hot flushes symptom severity score (P < 0.001) | PRO (HFSS, HFSSS) | ||
Gynaecomastia | Aerobic training | Santa Mina et al. [17] | No difference | Body composition |
Resistance training | Santa Mina et al. [17] | No difference | Body composition | |
Cardiovascular | Aerobic training | Hvid et al. [16] | No significant difference in VO2 max (ml(O2)/min per kg), VO2max (ml(O2)/min Per-group analysis: increase in VO2 max (ml(O2)/min per kg) (P < 0.0001), VO2 max (ml(O2)/min) (P < 0.001). | Physical test (VO2max) |
No difference | ||||
Santa Mina et al. [17] | No difference | Physical test (VO2max) | ||
Aerobic training + dietary advice | O’neill et al. [26] | Significant change (P = 0.001) | Physical test (6-m walk test) | |
Aerobic + resistance training | Culos-Reed et al. [12] | No difference Per-group analysis: significant reduction of systolic blood pressure (P = 0.011) and diastolic blood pressure (P = 0.004) | Blood pressure | |
Galvao et al. [13] | No difference | Physical test (400 m walk test) | ||
Cormie et al. [24] | Significant increase in VO2 max (P = 0.004) and 400 m walk (P = 0.009) No change in blood pressure | Physcial test (VO2 max: 400-m walk test) Blood pressure | ||
Taaffe et al. [35] | No differences Per-group analysis: cardiovascular fitness improved ART: P < 0.001 | Physical test (400 m walk) | ||
Wall et al. [36] | Significant increase in VO2 Max (L min) and VO2 Max (ml/kg) (P = 0.033), fat oxidation (P = 0.037) No change in RMR, carbohydrate oxidation, peripheral systolic, diastolic RR or MAP, central diastolic RR or MAP, peripheral augmentation index, central augmentation pressure, central augmentation, index, pulse-wave velocity | Physical test (Respiratory gas analysis, VO2 Max), blood pressure, blood samples | ||
Aerobic + resistance training + dietary advice | Bourke et al. [20] | Significant improvement in aerobic exercise tolerance at 12 weeks (P < 0.001) and 6 months (P < 0.001) No difference in systolic blood pressure | Physcial test (aerobic exercise tolerance), blood pressure | |
Aerobic, balance, resistance exercise + dietary advice | Gilbert et al. [28] | Treadmill walk time improved at 12 and 24 weeks (P < 0.001) Difference in FMD at 12 weeks (P = 0.04). No difference in GTN dilatation, systolic blood pressure or diastolic blood pressure | Physical test (VO2 max, exercise tolerance: walking test), blood pressure | |
Football training | Uth et al. [21] | No significant difference between groups Per-group -analysis: VO2 max increased in the intervention group (1.0 ml/kg/min) P = 0.02 | Physical test (VO2 max: 4-min walking test; incremental test to exhaustion, pulmonary gas exchange measurements; heart rate monitors) | |
Impact + resistance training | Taaffe et al. [35] | No differences | Physical test (400 m walk) | |
Resistance training | VO2max improvement (P = 0.41), also after adjustment for covariates (P = 0.38) | |||
Santa Mina et al. [17] | Significant improvement compared to control group | Physical test (VO2 max) | ||
Dawson et al. [37] | No differences | Blood pressure | ||
Insulin resistance | Aerobic training | Hvid et al. [16] | No difference in fasting glucose, glucose AUC or insulin AUC compared to control group Per-group analysis: significant change in fasting glucose (P < 0.05), no change in glucose AUC or insulin AUC | Physical test (VO2 Max OGTT Euglycemic– hyperinsulinemic clamp), blood biomarkers |
Aerobic + resistance training | Galvao et al. [13] | No differences | Blood biomarkers | |
Cormie et al. [24] | No differences | Blood biomarkers | ||
Wall et al. [36] | Significant change for glucose (P < 0.001). No change for Hba1c or insulin | Blood biomarkers | ||
Aerobic + resistance training + dietary advice | Bourke et al. [14] | No differences | Blood biomarkers | |
Resistance training | Winters-stone [23] | No differences | Blood biomarkers | |
Dawson et al. [37] | No differences | Blood biomarkers | ||
Osteoporosis | Aerobic + resistance training | Cormie et al. [24] | No differences | Body composition, blood biomarkers |
Football training | Uth et al. [32] | Bone mineral content: significant increment in total body BMC (P = 0.013), leg BMC (P < 0.001) Bone mineral density: no differences Blood biomarkers: significant change P1NP (P = 0.008) and osteocalcin (P = 0.002), no change in CTX | Body composition, blood biomarkers | |
Uth et al. [32] | Bone mineral density: significant increment in left total hip (P = 0.030), right total hip (P = 0.015), left femoral shaft (P = 0.015), right femoral shaft (P = 0.016). No difference in right femoral neck, left femoral neck, lumbar spine L2–L4 Blood biomarkers: no differences | Body composition, blood biomarkers | ||
Resistance training | Nilsen et al. [25] | No differences | Body composition | |
Kim et al. [34] | No differences | Body composition |
Random sequence generation (Selection bias) | Allocation concealment (Selection bias) | Blinding of participants and personnel (performance bias) | Blinding of outcome assessment (attrition bias) | Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) | Selective reporting (reporting bias) | Other bias | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Segal [9] | 2003 | + | + | − | ? | − | + | + |
Taylor [10] | 2006 | − | − | − | + | + | + | − |
Sharma [11] | 2009 | + | + | + | + | ? | + | − |
Culos-Reed [12] | 2010 | + | + | − | + | ? | + | − |
Galvao [13] | 2010 | + | + | − | − | + | + | + |
Bourke [14] | 2011 | + | ? | − | + | + | ? | ? |
Cormie [15] | 2013 | + | + | − | ? | + | + | + |
Hvid [16] | 2013 | − | − | − | + | − | + | − |
Santa Mina [17] | 2013 | ? | + | − | + | + | + | − |
Vitolins [18] | 2013 | + | + | + | + | − | − | − |
Walker [19] | 2013 | ? | ? | − | ? | + | + | − |
Bourke [20] | 2014 | + | + | − | − | + | + | + |
Uth [21] | 2014 | + | + | − | + | + | + | − |
2015 | ? | ? | − | + | + | + | − | |
Cormie [24] | 2015 | + | + | − | ? | + | + | + |
Nilsen [25] | 2015 | + | ? | − | + | + | + | + |
O’Neill [26] | 2015 | + | + | − | − | + | + | ? |
Stefanopoulou [27] | 2015 | + | + | − | + | − | + | − |
Gilbert [28] | 2016 | + | + | − | + | + | + | + |
Nilsen [29] | 2016 | + | ? | − | + | − | ? | − |
Nilsen [30] | 2016 | + | ? | − | + | − | ? | − |
Sajid [31] | 2016 | + | + | − | + | − | + | + |
Uth [32] | 2016 | + | + | − | + | + | ? | − |
Uth [33] | 2016 | + | + | − | + | − | + | − |
Kim [34] | 2017 | + | + | − | − | − | + | − |
Taaffe [35] | 2017 | + | + | − | + | − | + | ? |
2017 2018 | + + | + + | − − | + − | − + | + ? | + + |