Introduction
Conceptualizing and Assessing Social Inclusion
Social Inclusion and Adolescent Educational Outcomes
The Current Study
Methods
Participants
Wave | Year | n | Age | |
---|---|---|---|---|
M | SD | |||
Wave 1 (baseline) | 2002 | 927 | 10.98 | 0.40 |
Wave 5 | 2007 | 825 | 15.99 | 0.39 |
Wave 7 | 2010 | 809 | 19.03 | 0.44 |
Missinga | 16 |
Demographics @ wave 5 | n | % | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Gender | 825 | |||
Male | 399 | 48 | ||
Female | 426 | 52 | ||
Country of birth | 789 | |||
Australia | 746 | 95 | ||
Country other than Australia | 43 | 5 | ||
Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander | 12 | 0.01 | ||
Household income by quintilesb | 696 | |||
Less than $30,000 (lowest quintile) | 165 | 24 | ||
Between $30,001 and $50,000 (second) | 146 | 21 | ||
Between $50,001 and $70,000 (third) | 158 | 23 | ||
Between $70,001 and $90,000 (fourth) | 126 | 18 | ||
Over $90,000 (highest quintile) | 101 | 15 | ||
Retention rate between wave 1 and wave 5 | 89 | |||
Retention rate between wave 5 and 7 | 98 |
Measures
Social inclusion indicators
Indicator (wave 5) | N | M | SD | Range |
---|---|---|---|---|
Individual - Peer Level | ||||
1. Been a leader in group or organization | 818 | 1.92 | 1.22 | 1–5 |
2. Made a personal effort to care for environment | 823 | 4.06 | 2.31 | 1–8 |
3. Helped someone feel better when upset | 823 | 4.83 | 2.03 | 1–8 |
4. Helped student with difficulty at school | 820 | 3.88 | 1.99 | 1–8 |
5. Prosocial behaviora | 822 | 4.39 | 1.98 | 1–8 |
6. Civic engagementa | 818 | 1.69 | 0.79 | 1–5 |
Family Level | ||||
7. Parents notice when child doing good job | 820 | 3.05 | 0.86 | 1–4 |
8. Parents tell child when they are proud of them | 818 | 2.95 | 0.89 | 1–4 |
9. Family attachmenta | 815 | 2.98 | 0.70 | 1–4 |
10. Family opportunities for prosocial involvementa | 820 | 3.10 | 0.66 | 1–4 |
School Level | ||||
11. Lots of chances to be part of class discussion | 808 | 3.26 | 0.64 | 1–4 |
12. Feel safe at school | 806 | 3.25 | 0.69 | 1–4 |
13. School climate - belonging/acceptancea | 805 | 2.98 | 0.52 | 1–4 |
14. School climate - student participationa | 806 | 3.01 | 0.53 | 1–4 |
15. School climate - supportive teacher relationshipsa | 805 | 2.80 | 0.54 | 1–4 |
16. Commitment to schoola | 809 | 3.80 | 0.59 | 1–5 |
Community Level | ||||
17. Lots of adults to talk to in neighborhood | 818 | 2.25 | 0.96 | 1–4 |
18. Kids empowered in neighborhood (make decisions) | 815 | 2.05 | 0.89 | 1–4 |
19. Adults pay attention to kids in neighborhood | 815 | 2.18 | 0.93 | 1–4 |
20. Neighborhood attachmenta | 817 | 3.09 | 0.72 | 1–4 |
21. Community rewards for prosocial involvementa | 819 | 2.16 | 0.88 | 1–4 |
Educational outcome (wave 7) | ||||
Completed Year 12 by wave 7 | 797 | 0.76 | 0.43 | |
No | 194 | |||
Yes | 603 | |||
Missing | 12 |
School completion
Covariates
Analytic Approach
Results
Sample Characteristics
Social Inclusion Indicator Selection
Exploratory Modeling of Social Inclusion
Confirmatory Modeling of Social Inclusion
Indicator | Factor loading | R2 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | ||
Individual - Peer Level | |||||
1. Helped student with difficulty at school | 0.80 | 0.64 | |||
2. Helped someone feel better when upset | 0.75 | 0.56 | |||
3. Prosocial behaviora | 0.75 | 0.56 | |||
4. Made a personal effort to care for environment | 0.64 | 0.42 | |||
5. Been leader in group or organization | 0.56 | 0.31 | |||
6. Civic engagementa | 0.56 | 0.31 | |||
Community Level | |||||
7. Kids listened to in neighborhood | 0.93 | 0.87 | |||
8. Kids empowered in neighborhood | 0.88 | 0.77 | |||
9. Community rewards for prosocial behavior | 0.86 | 0.74 | |||
10. Lots of adults to talk to in neighborhood | 0.80 | 0.63 | |||
11. Neighborhood attachmenta | 0.54 | 0.29 | |||
Family Level | |||||
12. Parents notice when child doing good job | 0.92 | 0.85 | |||
13. Parents tell child when they are proud of them | 0.87 | 0.76 | |||
14. Family opportunities for prosocial involvement | 0.80 | 0.64 | |||
15. Family attachmenta | 0.68 | 0.46 | |||
School Level | |||||
16. School climate - supportive teacher relationshipsa | 0.80 | 0.64 | |||
17. School climate - student participationa | 0.73 | 0.53 | |||
18. School climate - belonging/acceptancea | 0.72 | 0.52 | |||
19. Lots of chances to be part of class discussion | 0.66 | 0.44 | |||
20. Commitment to schoola | 0.65 | 0.42 | |||
21. Feel safe at school | 0.64 | 0.40 | |||
Cronbach’s alpha (α) | 0.80 | 0.87 | 0.86 | 0.83 | |
Covariance matrix (r) | |||||
1. Citizenship | |||||
2. Connectedness to Community | 0.25*** | ||||
3. Connectedness to Family | 0.25*** | 0.41*** | |||
4. Connectedness to and Participation in School | 0.45*** | 0.42*** | 0.44*** | ||
Model fit | Estimate | ||||
Comparative fit index (CFI) | 0.91 | ||||
Tucker-Lewis index (TLI) | 0.90 | ||||
Standardized root mean square residual (SRMR) | 0.06 | ||||
Root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) | 0.08 |
Factor | Factor loading | R2 |
---|---|---|
1. Citizenship | 0.50 | 0.25 |
2. Connectedness to Community | 0.57 | 0.32 |
3. Connectedness to Family | 0.60 | 0.36 |
4. Connectedness to and Participation in School | 0.78 | 0.60 |
Cronbach’s alpha (α) | 0.75 | |
Model fit | Estimate | |
Comparative fit index (CFI) | 0.92 | |
Tucker-Lewis index (TLI) | 0.91 | |
Standardized root mean square residual (SRMR) | 0.07 | |
Root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) | 0.08 |
Social Inclusion Prediction of School Completion
Social inclusion level by quartile | n | Year 12 school completion | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Did not complete year 12 (or equivalent) | Completed year 12 (or equivalent) | ||||
n | % | n | % | ||
First quartile (lowest level) | 175 | 58 | 33.1 | 117 | 66.9 |
Second quartile | 188 | 45 | 23.9 | 143 | 76.1 |
Third quartile | 185 | 32 | 17.3 | 153 | 82.7 |
Fourth quartile (highest level) | 185 | 24 | 13.0 | 161 | 87.0 |
Totals | 733 | 159 | 21.7 | 574 | 78.3 |
Missinga | 76 |
Variable | Non-imputed | Imputed | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | |||
LL | UL | LL | UL | |||
Unadjusted model | ||||||
Social inclusion | ||||||
First quartile (referent) | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
Second quartile | 1.58 | 1.00 | 2.49 | 1.41 | 0.90 | 2.21 |
Third quartile | 2.37*** | 1.50 | 3.75 | 2.09** | 1.29 | 3.40 |
Fourth quartile (highest 25%) | 3.33*** | 1.95 | 5.68 | 2.95*** | 1.75 | 4.98 |
Adjusted model | ||||||
Social inclusion | ||||||
First quartile (referent) | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
Second quartile | 1.45 | 0.86 | 2.42 | 1.37 | 0.84 | 2.23 |
Third quartile | 2.23** | 1.25 | 3.97 | 1.95* | 1.14 | 3.35 |
Fourth quartile (highest 25%) | 2.72** | 1.40 | 5.28 | 2.57** | 1.41 | 4.68 |
Significant Covariates | ||||||
Gender—female | 1.37 | 0.90 | 2.10 | 1.18 | 0.80 | 1.74 |
Parental ethnic background – non-Australian | 2.70** | 1.42 | 5.16 | 1.97** | 1.28 | 3.01 |
Current alcohol use (past 30 days) | 0.48** | 0.29 | 0.79 | 0.53** | 0.34 | 0.84 |
Perceived availability of drugs in community | 1.08 | 0.82 | 1.40 | 1.12 | 0.87 | 1.44 |
Perceived rewards for antisocial involvement | 1.21 | 0.88 | 1.66 | 1.14 | 0.91 | 1.43 |
Parental attitudes favorable toward antisocial behavior | 0.84 | 0.49 | 1.45 | 0.82 | 0.56 | 1.20 |
Childhood behavior problems, concentration/attention | 0.69** | 0.53 | 0.90 | 0.74* | 0.57 | 0.97 |
Sensation seeking | 0.95 | 0.81 | 1.11 | 0.95 | 0.82 | 1.11 |
Parental overcontrol | 1.29 | 0.99 | 1.67 | 1.31* | 1.03 | 1.66 |
Depression symptomology | 1.16 | 0.77 | 1.77 | 1.08 | 0.72 | 1.62 |