Skip to main content
Top
Gepubliceerd in:

28-05-2019 | ORIGINAL PAPER

Mindfulness, Nonattachment, and the Feeling-Action Relationship

Auteurs: Robert J. Klein, Michael D. Robinson

Gepubliceerd in: Mindfulness | Uitgave 10/2019

Log in om toegang te krijgen
share
DELEN

Deel dit onderdeel of sectie (kopieer de link)

  • Optie A:
    Klik op de rechtermuisknop op de link en selecteer de optie “linkadres kopiëren”
  • Optie B:
    Deel de link per e-mail

Abstract

Objectives

The present research had two objectives. It sought to examine whether traits related to mindful awareness and nonattachment could be distinguished. It also sought to compare both sets of traits with respect to their ability to dissociate relations between feelings and actions.

Methods

To examine processes of this type in a fine-grained manner, two studies (total N = 296; 69.93% female; 87.16% Caucasian; M age = 19.13) developed procedures capable of differentiating affective reactions and their intensity from the behaviors that could result from such feelings. In these situation judgment paradigms, participants were first asked to imagine themselves in a series of evocative situations (e.g., a romantic partner cheating on them). For each situation, individuals then rated how intensely they would experience the targeted feeling (e.g., anger) and how likely they would be to engage in a corresponding action (e.g., an aggressive one).

Results

Multilevel analyses of these responses revealed that both mindfulness (Study 1 p = .005; Study 2 p = .045) and nonattachment (Study 1 p < .001; Study 2 p < .001) moderated the feeling-action relationship such that it was less coupled among participants possessing the relevant traits, but this modulatory influence was more robust for nonattachment.

Conclusions

The methods, which build on emotional simulations and multilevel modeling, provide a paradigm for studying reactions to situations as well as feeling-action relationships. Additionally, the results provide insights into both mindfulness and nonattachment and the manner in which they are likely to function within emotional contexts.
Bijlagen
Alleen toegankelijk voor geautoriseerde gebruikers
Literatuur
go back to reference Aiken, L. S., & West, S. G. (1991). Multiple regression: testing and interpreting interactions. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications. Aiken, L. S., & West, S. G. (1991). Multiple regression: testing and interpreting interactions. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications.
go back to reference Averill, J. R. (1982). Anger and aggression: an essay on emotion. New York: Springer-Verlag.CrossRef Averill, J. R. (1982). Anger and aggression: an essay on emotion. New York: Springer-Verlag.CrossRef
go back to reference Baer, R. (2016). Assessment of mindfulness and closely related constructs: introduction to the special issue. Psychological Assessment, 28, 787–790.CrossRefPubMed Baer, R. (2016). Assessment of mindfulness and closely related constructs: introduction to the special issue. Psychological Assessment, 28, 787–790.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Berkowitz, L. (1993). Aggression: its causes, consequences, and control. New York: Mcgraw-Hill Book Company. Berkowitz, L. (1993). Aggression: its causes, consequences, and control. New York: Mcgraw-Hill Book Company.
go back to reference Bishop, S. R., Lau, M., Shapiro, S., Carlson, L., Anderson, N. D., Carmody, J., et al. (2004). Mindfulness: a proposed operational definition. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 11, 230–241. Bishop, S. R., Lau, M., Shapiro, S., Carlson, L., Anderson, N. D., Carmody, J., et al. (2004). Mindfulness: a proposed operational definition. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 11, 230–241.
go back to reference Bodhi, B. (2005). In the Buddha’s words: an anthology of discourses from the Pali cannon. Boston: Wisdom Publications. Bodhi, B. (2005). In the Buddha’s words: an anthology of discourses from the Pali cannon. Boston: Wisdom Publications.
go back to reference Bond, F. W., Hayes, S. C., Baer, R. A., Carpenter, K. M., Guenole, N., Orcutt, H. K., et al. (2011). Preliminary psychometric properties of the Acceptance and Action Questionnaire-II: a revised measure of psychological inflexibility and experiential avoidance. Behavior Therapy, 42, 676–688.CrossRefPubMed Bond, F. W., Hayes, S. C., Baer, R. A., Carpenter, K. M., Guenole, N., Orcutt, H. K., et al. (2011). Preliminary psychometric properties of the Acceptance and Action Questionnaire-II: a revised measure of psychological inflexibility and experiential avoidance. Behavior Therapy, 42, 676–688.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Brown, K. W., & Ryan, R. M. (2003). The benefits of being present: mindfulness and its role in psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84, 822–848.CrossRefPubMed Brown, K. W., & Ryan, R. M. (2003). The benefits of being present: mindfulness and its role in psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84, 822–848.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Brown, K. W., & Ryan, R. M. (2004). Perils and promise in defining and measuring mindfulness: observations from experience. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 11, 242–248. Brown, K. W., & Ryan, R. M. (2004). Perils and promise in defining and measuring mindfulness: observations from experience. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 11, 242–248.
go back to reference Brown, K. W., Ryan, R. M., & Creswell, J. D. (2007). Mindfulness: theoretical foundations and evidence for its salutary effects. Psychological Inquiry, 18, 211–237.CrossRef Brown, K. W., Ryan, R. M., & Creswell, J. D. (2007). Mindfulness: theoretical foundations and evidence for its salutary effects. Psychological Inquiry, 18, 211–237.CrossRef
go back to reference Carver, C. S., & Scheier, M. F. (1998). On the self-regulation of behavior. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRef Carver, C. S., & Scheier, M. F. (1998). On the self-regulation of behavior. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRef
go back to reference Cyders, M. A., & Smith, G. T. (2008). Emotion-based dispositions to rash action: positive and negative urgency. Psychological Bulletin, 134, 807–828.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Cyders, M. A., & Smith, G. T. (2008). Emotion-based dispositions to rash action: positive and negative urgency. Psychological Bulletin, 134, 807–828.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
go back to reference Desbordes, G., Gard, T., Hoge, E. A., Hölzel, B. K., Kerr, C., Lazar, S. W., et al. (2015). Moving beyond mindfulness: defining equanimity as an outcome measure in meditation and contemplative research. Mindfulness, 6, 356–372.CrossRef Desbordes, G., Gard, T., Hoge, E. A., Hölzel, B. K., Kerr, C., Lazar, S. W., et al. (2015). Moving beyond mindfulness: defining equanimity as an outcome measure in meditation and contemplative research. Mindfulness, 6, 356–372.CrossRef
go back to reference Elkins-Brown, N., Teper, R., & Inzlicht, M. (2017). How mindfulness enhances self-control. In J. C. Karremans & E. K. Papies (Eds.), Mindfulness in social psychology (pp. 65–78). New York: Routledge.CrossRef Elkins-Brown, N., Teper, R., & Inzlicht, M. (2017). How mindfulness enhances self-control. In J. C. Karremans & E. K. Papies (Eds.), Mindfulness in social psychology (pp. 65–78). New York: Routledge.CrossRef
go back to reference Enders, C. K., & Tofighi, D. (2007). Centering predictor variables in cross-sectional multilevel models: a new look at an old issue. Psychological Methods, 12, 121–138.CrossRefPubMed Enders, C. K., & Tofighi, D. (2007). Centering predictor variables in cross-sectional multilevel models: a new look at an old issue. Psychological Methods, 12, 121–138.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Fehr, B., & Sprecher, S. (2009). Prototype analysis of the concept of compassionate love. Personal Relationships, 16, 343–364.CrossRef Fehr, B., & Sprecher, S. (2009). Prototype analysis of the concept of compassionate love. Personal Relationships, 16, 343–364.CrossRef
go back to reference Feltman, R., Robinson, M. D., & Ode, S. (2009). Mindfulness as a moderator of neuroticism-outcome relations: a self-regulation perspective. Journal of Research in Personality, 43, 953–961.CrossRef Feltman, R., Robinson, M. D., & Ode, S. (2009). Mindfulness as a moderator of neuroticism-outcome relations: a self-regulation perspective. Journal of Research in Personality, 43, 953–961.CrossRef
go back to reference Fresco, D. M., Coles, M. E., Heimberg, R. G., Liebowitz, M. R., Hami, S., Stein, M. B., et al. (2001). The Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale: a comparison of the psychometric properties of self-report and clinician-administered formats. Psychological Medicine, 31, 1025–1035.CrossRefPubMed Fresco, D. M., Coles, M. E., Heimberg, R. G., Liebowitz, M. R., Hami, S., Stein, M. B., et al. (2001). The Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale: a comparison of the psychometric properties of self-report and clinician-administered formats. Psychological Medicine, 31, 1025–1035.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Germer, C. K. (2005). Mindfulness: what is it? What does it matter? In C. K. Germer, R. D. Siegel, & P. R. Fulton (Eds.), Mindfulness and psychotherapy (pp. 3–27). New York: Guilford Press. Germer, C. K. (2005). Mindfulness: what is it? What does it matter? In C. K. Germer, R. D. Siegel, & P. R. Fulton (Eds.), Mindfulness and psychotherapy (pp. 3–27). New York: Guilford Press.
go back to reference Hayes, S. C. (2002). Buddhism and acceptance and commitment therapy. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 9, 58–66.CrossRef Hayes, S. C. (2002). Buddhism and acceptance and commitment therapy. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 9, 58–66.CrossRef
go back to reference Heppner, W. L., Kernis, M. H., Lakey, C. E., Campbell, W. K., Goldman, B. M., Davis, P. J., et al. (2008). Mindfulness as a means of reducing aggressive behavior: dispositional and situational evidence. Aggressive Behavior, 34, 486–496.CrossRefPubMed Heppner, W. L., Kernis, M. H., Lakey, C. E., Campbell, W. K., Goldman, B. M., Davis, P. J., et al. (2008). Mindfulness as a means of reducing aggressive behavior: dispositional and situational evidence. Aggressive Behavior, 34, 486–496.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Heppner, W. L., Spears, C. A., Vidrine, J. I., & Wetter, D. W. (2015). Mindfulness and emotion regulation. In B. D. Ostafin, M. D. Robinson, & B. P. Meier (Eds.), Handbook of mindfulness and self-regulation (pp. 107–120). New York: Springer Science.CrossRef Heppner, W. L., Spears, C. A., Vidrine, J. I., & Wetter, D. W. (2015). Mindfulness and emotion regulation. In B. D. Ostafin, M. D. Robinson, & B. P. Meier (Eds.), Handbook of mindfulness and self-regulation (pp. 107–120). New York: Springer Science.CrossRef
go back to reference Heppner, W. L., Spears, C. A., Correa-Fernandez, V., Castro, Y., Li, Y., Guo, B., et al. (2016). Dispositional mindfulness predicts enhanced smoking cessation and smoking lapse recovery. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 50, 337–347.CrossRefPubMed Heppner, W. L., Spears, C. A., Correa-Fernandez, V., Castro, Y., Li, Y., Guo, B., et al. (2016). Dispositional mindfulness predicts enhanced smoking cessation and smoking lapse recovery. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 50, 337–347.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference James, W. (1890). The principles of psychology. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. James, W. (1890). The principles of psychology. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
go back to reference Kabat-Zinn, J. (1990). Full catastrophe living. New York: Bantam Doubleday Dell. Kabat-Zinn, J. (1990). Full catastrophe living. New York: Bantam Doubleday Dell.
go back to reference Khong, B. S. L. (2009). Expanding the understanding of mindfulness: seeing the tree and the forest. The Humanistic Psychologist, 37, 117–136.CrossRef Khong, B. S. L. (2009). Expanding the understanding of mindfulness: seeing the tree and the forest. The Humanistic Psychologist, 37, 117–136.CrossRef
go back to reference Krishnakumar, S., & Robinson, M. D. (2015). Maintaining an even keel: an affect-mediated model of mindfulness and hostile work behavior. Emotion, 15, 579–589.CrossRefPubMed Krishnakumar, S., & Robinson, M. D. (2015). Maintaining an even keel: an affect-mediated model of mindfulness and hostile work behavior. Emotion, 15, 579–589.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Kuppens, P., Van Mechelen, I., & Rijmen, F. (2008). Toward disentangling sources of individual differences in appraisal and anger. Journal of Personality, 76, 959–1000.CrossRef Kuppens, P., Van Mechelen, I., & Rijmen, F. (2008). Toward disentangling sources of individual differences in appraisal and anger. Journal of Personality, 76, 959–1000.CrossRef
go back to reference Lang, P. J. (1995). The emotion probe: studies of motivation and attention. American Psychologist, 50, 372–385.CrossRefPubMed Lang, P. J. (1995). The emotion probe: studies of motivation and attention. American Psychologist, 50, 372–385.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Lawrence, C., & Hutchinson, L. (2013). The influence of individual differences in sensitivity to provocations on provoked aggression. Aggressive Behavior, 39, 212–221.CrossRefPubMed Lawrence, C., & Hutchinson, L. (2013). The influence of individual differences in sensitivity to provocations on provoked aggression. Aggressive Behavior, 39, 212–221.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Lindsay, E. K., & Creswell, J. D. (2017). Mechanisms of mindfulness training: Monitor and Acceptance Theory (MAT). Clinical Psychology Review, 51, 48–59.CrossRefPubMed Lindsay, E. K., & Creswell, J. D. (2017). Mechanisms of mindfulness training: Monitor and Acceptance Theory (MAT). Clinical Psychology Review, 51, 48–59.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Marlatt, G. A. (2002). Buddhist philosophy and the treatment of addictive behavior. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 9, 44–49.CrossRef Marlatt, G. A. (2002). Buddhist philosophy and the treatment of addictive behavior. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 9, 44–49.CrossRef
go back to reference Modinos, G., Ormel, J., & Aleman, A. (2010). Individual differences in dispositional mindfulness and brain activity involved in reappraisal of emotion. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 5, 369–377.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Modinos, G., Ormel, J., & Aleman, A. (2010). Individual differences in dispositional mindfulness and brain activity involved in reappraisal of emotion. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 5, 369–377.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
go back to reference Nezlek, J. B. (2001). Multilevel random coefficient analyses of event- and interval-contingent data in social and personality psychology research. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 27, 771–785.CrossRef Nezlek, J. B. (2001). Multilevel random coefficient analyses of event- and interval-contingent data in social and personality psychology research. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 27, 771–785.CrossRef
go back to reference Nezlek, J. B. (2012). Multilevel modeling analyses of dairy-style data. In M. R. Mehl & T. S. Conner (Eds.), Handbook of research methods for studying daily life (pp. 357–383). New York: Guilford Press. Nezlek, J. B. (2012). Multilevel modeling analyses of dairy-style data. In M. R. Mehl & T. S. Conner (Eds.), Handbook of research methods for studying daily life (pp. 357–383). New York: Guilford Press.
go back to reference Niemiec, C. P., Brown, K. W., Kashdan, T. B., Cozzolino, P. J., Breen, W. E., Levesque-Bristol, C., et al. (2010). Being present in the face of existential threat: the role of trait mindfulness in reducing defensive responses to mortality salience. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 99, 344–365.CrossRefPubMed Niemiec, C. P., Brown, K. W., Kashdan, T. B., Cozzolino, P. J., Breen, W. E., Levesque-Bristol, C., et al. (2010). Being present in the face of existential threat: the role of trait mindfulness in reducing defensive responses to mortality salience. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 99, 344–365.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Ostafin, B. D. (2015). Taming the wild elephant: mindfulness and its role in overcoming automatic mental processes. In B. D. Ostafin, M. D. Robinson, & B. P. Meier (Eds.), Handbook of mindfulness and self-regulation (pp. 47–63). New York: Springer Science.CrossRef Ostafin, B. D. (2015). Taming the wild elephant: mindfulness and its role in overcoming automatic mental processes. In B. D. Ostafin, M. D. Robinson, & B. P. Meier (Eds.), Handbook of mindfulness and self-regulation (pp. 47–63). New York: Springer Science.CrossRef
go back to reference Parrott, W. G. (2001). Implications of dysfunctional emotions for understanding how emotions function. Review of General Psychology, 5, 180–186.CrossRef Parrott, W. G. (2001). Implications of dysfunctional emotions for understanding how emotions function. Review of General Psychology, 5, 180–186.CrossRef
go back to reference Preacher, K. J., Curran, P. J., & Bauer, D. J. (2006). Computational tools for probing interactions in multiple linear regression, multilevel modeling, and latent curve analysis. Journal of Educational and Behavioral Statistics, 31, 437–448.CrossRef Preacher, K. J., Curran, P. J., & Bauer, D. J. (2006). Computational tools for probing interactions in multiple linear regression, multilevel modeling, and latent curve analysis. Journal of Educational and Behavioral Statistics, 31, 437–448.CrossRef
go back to reference Robinson, M. D. (2007). Lives lived in milliseconds: using cognitive methods in personality research. In R. W. Robins, R. C. Fraley, & R. F. Krueger (Eds.), Handbook of research methods in personality psychology (pp. 345–359). New York: Guilford Press. Robinson, M. D. (2007). Lives lived in milliseconds: using cognitive methods in personality research. In R. W. Robins, R. C. Fraley, & R. F. Krueger (Eds.), Handbook of research methods in personality psychology (pp. 345–359). New York: Guilford Press.
go back to reference Romero-Canyas, R., Downey, G., Berenson, K., Ayduk, O., & Kang, N. J. (2010). Rejection sensitivity and the rejection-hostility link in romantic relationships. Journal of Personality, 78, 119–148.CrossRefPubMed Romero-Canyas, R., Downey, G., Berenson, K., Ayduk, O., & Kang, N. J. (2010). Rejection sensitivity and the rejection-hostility link in romantic relationships. Journal of Personality, 78, 119–148.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Sahdra, B. K., Shaver, P. R., & Brown, K. W. (2010). A scale to measure nonattachment: a Buddhist complement to western research on attachment and adaptive functioning. Journal of Personality Assessment, 92, 116–127.CrossRefPubMed Sahdra, B. K., Shaver, P. R., & Brown, K. W. (2010). A scale to measure nonattachment: a Buddhist complement to western research on attachment and adaptive functioning. Journal of Personality Assessment, 92, 116–127.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Sahdra, B., Ciarrochi, J., & Parker, P. (2016). Nonattachment and mindfulness: related but distinct constructs. Psychological Assessment, 28, 819–929.CrossRefPubMed Sahdra, B., Ciarrochi, J., & Parker, P. (2016). Nonattachment and mindfulness: related but distinct constructs. Psychological Assessment, 28, 819–929.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Scherbaum, C. A., & Ferreter, J. M. (2009). Estimating statistical power and required sample sizes for organizational research using multilevel modeling. Organizational Research Methods, 12, 347–367.CrossRef Scherbaum, C. A., & Ferreter, J. M. (2009). Estimating statistical power and required sample sizes for organizational research using multilevel modeling. Organizational Research Methods, 12, 347–367.CrossRef
go back to reference Shapiro, S. L., Oman, D., Thoresen, C. E., Plante, T. G., & Flinders, T. (2008). Cultivating mindfulness: effects on well-being. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 64, 840–862.CrossRefPubMed Shapiro, S. L., Oman, D., Thoresen, C. E., Plante, T. G., & Flinders, T. (2008). Cultivating mindfulness: effects on well-being. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 64, 840–862.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Singer, J. D. (1998). Using SAS PROC MIXED to fit multilevel models, hierarchical models, and individual growth models. Journal of Educational and Behavioral Statistics, 23, 323–355.CrossRef Singer, J. D. (1998). Using SAS PROC MIXED to fit multilevel models, hierarchical models, and individual growth models. Journal of Educational and Behavioral Statistics, 23, 323–355.CrossRef
go back to reference Tangney, J. P., Wagner, P. E., Marschall, D., & Gramzow, R. (1991). The Anger Response Inventory (ARI). Fairfax: George Mason University. Tangney, J. P., Wagner, P. E., Marschall, D., & Gramzow, R. (1991). The Anger Response Inventory (ARI). Fairfax: George Mason University.
go back to reference Tangney, J. P., Hill-Barlow, D., Wagner, P. E., Marschall, D. E., Borenstein, J. K., Sanftner, J., et al. (1996). Assessing individual differences in constructive versus destructive responses to anger across the lifespan. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70, 780–796.CrossRefPubMed Tangney, J. P., Hill-Barlow, D., Wagner, P. E., Marschall, D. E., Borenstein, J. K., Sanftner, J., et al. (1996). Assessing individual differences in constructive versus destructive responses to anger across the lifespan. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70, 780–796.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Teasdale, J. D., & Chaskalson, M. (2011). How does mindfulness transform suffering? I: THE nature and origins of dukkha. Contemporary Buddhism, 12, 89–102.CrossRef Teasdale, J. D., & Chaskalson, M. (2011). How does mindfulness transform suffering? I: THE nature and origins of dukkha. Contemporary Buddhism, 12, 89–102.CrossRef
go back to reference Wallace, B. A., & Shapiro, S. L. (2006). Mental balance and well-being: building bridges between Buddhism and Western psychology. American Psychologist, 61, 690–701.CrossRefPubMed Wallace, B. A., & Shapiro, S. L. (2006). Mental balance and well-being: building bridges between Buddhism and Western psychology. American Psychologist, 61, 690–701.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Wilkowski, B. M., & Robinson, M. D. (2008). The cognitive basis of trait anger and reactive aggression: an integrative analysis. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 12, 3–21.CrossRefPubMed Wilkowski, B. M., & Robinson, M. D. (2008). The cognitive basis of trait anger and reactive aggression: an integrative analysis. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 12, 3–21.CrossRefPubMed
Metagegevens
Titel
Mindfulness, Nonattachment, and the Feeling-Action Relationship
Auteurs
Robert J. Klein
Michael D. Robinson
Publicatiedatum
28-05-2019
Uitgeverij
Springer US
Gepubliceerd in
Mindfulness / Uitgave 10/2019
Print ISSN: 1868-8527
Elektronisch ISSN: 1868-8535
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-019-01180-0