Top

Gepubliceerd in:

21-02-2024 | Original Paper

Maternal Processes Contributing to Child Internalizing and Externalizing Symptoms: Comparing Military, Two-parent, and Single-parent Families

Auteurs: Julie Wargo Aikins, Deane Aikins

Gepubliceerd in: Journal of Child and Family Studies | Uitgave 5/2024

Abstract

Following the United States’ recent engagements in military conflicts, the impact of parent deployment on child adaptation has become an increased focus of research. This study examined the contributions of maternal depressive affect and parenting stress to young children’s (ages 3 to 7) internalizing and externalizing symptomatology. In order to examine how these maternal factors contribute to child well-being, mean level differences and path analysis with group level modelling examined differences between military, single-parent and two-parent civilian families. Mean level differences reflected higher rates of difficulty for military homefront mothers in terms of depressive affect than either single or two-parent families and similar levels of parenting stress with single mothers. Military children demonstrated higher rates of internalizing or externalizing symptoms than children in single or two-parent families. Path analysis results indicated group level differences in links between maternal depressive affect and internalizing symptoms, with military families having stronger associations than single parent families. No group level differences were found between maternal depressive affect and externalizing symptoms. Associations between parenting stress and internalizing symptoms were stronger for military families than two parent families but weaker than single parent families, while the links between parenting stress and externalizing symptoms were the same for military and for single-parent families. These findings have important implications regarding potential intervention/prevention approaches for military families, suggesting that it may be particularly beneficial to target homefront mothers’ depressive affect and parenting stress during deployment as a means for promoting positive child outcomes.

vorige artikel Etch the Emotional Life: Mother-Child Emotion Socialization from Age 3 to 6 Years

volgende artikel Reciprocal Associations between Maternal Behaviors and Children’s Self-Regulation during the Transition from Early to Middle Childhood

Abidin, R. R. (1995). Parenting Stress Index (3rd ed.). Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.

Achenbach, T. M., & Edelbrock, C., 1983. Manual for the child behavior checklist and revised child behavior profile. University of Vermont, Burlington, VT.

Achenbach, T. M., McConaughy, S. H., & Howell, C. T. (1987). Child/adolescent behavioral and emotional problems: Implications of cross-informant correlations for situational specificity. Psychological Bulletin, 101(2), 213–232. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.101.2.213.CrossRefPubMed

Achenbach. T. M. & Rescorlo, L. A. (2001). Manual for the ASEBA preschool forms and profiles. Burlington, VT: University of Vermont, Research Center for Children, Youth, & Families.

Allen, E. S., Rhoades, G. K., & Stanley, S. M. (2011). On the home front: Stress for recently deployed Army couples. Family Process, 50, 235–247. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1545-5300.2011.01357.x.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Anthony, L. G., Anthony, B. J., Glanville, D. N., Naiman, D. Q., Waanders, C., & Shaffer, S. (2005). The relationships between parenting stress, parenting behaviour and preschoolers’ social competence and behaviour problems in the classroom. Infant and Child Development, 14, 133–154. https://doi.org/10.1002/icd.385.CrossRef

Aranda, M. C., Middleton, L. S., Flake, E., & Davis, B. E. (2011). Psychosocial screening in children with wartime-deployed parents. Military medicine, 176, 402–407. https://doi.org/10.7205/milmed-d-10-00202.CrossRefPubMed

Arbuckle, J. L. (2019). Amos (Version 26.0) [Computer Program]. Chicago: IBM SPSS.

Barker, L. H., & Berry, K. D. (2009). Developmental issues impacting military families with young children during single and multiple deployments. Military Medicine, 174, 1033–1040.CrossRefPubMed

Boyle, M. H., & Pickles, A. R. (1997). Influence of Maternal Depressive Symptoms on Ratings of Childhood Behavior. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 25, 399–412. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1025737124888.CrossRefPubMed

Bowlby, J. (1982). Attachment and Loss, Vol. 1: Attachment. Attachment and Loss. Basic Books. 2nd ed. (1st ed. published in 1969).

Brown, G., & Moran, P. (1997). Single mothers, poverty, and depression. Psychological Medicine, 27(1), 21–33. https://doi.org/10.1017/S003291796004060.CrossRefPubMed

Cairney, J., Boyle, M., Offord, D. R., & Racine, Y. (2003). Stress, social support and depression in single and married mothers. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 38, 442–449. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-003-0661-0.CrossRefPubMed

Cederbaum, J. A., Gilreath, T. D., Benbenishty, R., Astor, R. A., Pineda, D., De Pedro, K. M., & Atuel, H. (2014). Well-being and suicidal ideation of secondary school students from military families. Journal of Adolescent Health, 54, 672–677. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2013.09.006.CrossRef

Chandra, A., Martin, L. T., Hawkins, S. A., & Richardson, A. (2010). The Impact of Parental Deployment on Child Social and Emotional Functioning: Perspectives of School Staff. Journal of Adolescent Health, 46(3), 218–233. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2009.10.009.CrossRef

Cox, M. J., & Paley, B. (1997). Families as systems. Annual Review of Psychology, 48(1), 243–267.CrossRefPubMed

Crnic, K., Gaze, C., & Hoffman, C. (2005). Cumulative parenting stress across the preschool period: Relations to maternal parenting and child behaviour at age 5. Infant and Child Development, 14, 117–132. https://doi.org/10.1002/icd.384.CrossRef

Crnic, K., Low, C. (2002). Everyday stresses and parenting. In Handbook of Parenting: Practical Issues in Parenting (2nd ed), Bornstein M (ed.), vol. 5. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates: Mahwah, NJ; 243–267.

Crnic, K., & Greenberg, M. (1990). Minor parenting stresses with young children. Child Development, 61, 1628–1637.CrossRefPubMed

Deater-Deckard, K. (2006). Parenting stress and child adjustment: Some old hypotheses and new questions. Clinical Psychology Science and Practice, 5, 314–332. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2850.1998.tb00152.CrossRef

DeVoe, E. R., Paris, R., Emmert-Aronson, B., Ross, A., & Acker, M. (2017). A randomized clinical trial of a postdeployment parenting intervention for service members and their families with very young children. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 9(S1), 25.CrossRefPubMed

Downey, G., & Coyne, J. C. (1990). Children of depressed parents: An integrative review. Psychological Bulletin, 108, 50–76.CrossRefPubMed

Easterbrooks, M. A., Ginsburg, K., & Lerner, R. M. (2013). Resilience among military youth. The Future of Children, 23, 99–120.

Eaton, K. E., Hoge, C. W., Messer, S. C., Whitt, A. W., Cabrera, O. A., McGurk, D., Cox, A., & Castro, C. A. (2008). Prevalence of Mental Health Problems, Treatment Need, and Barriers to Care among Primary Care-Seeking Spouses of Military Service Members Involved in Iraq and Afghanistan Deployments. Military Medicine, 173(11), 1051–1056. https://doi.org/10.7205/MILMED.173.11.1051.CrossRefPubMed

Fairbank, J. A., Briggs, E. C., Lee, R. C., Corry, N. H., Pflieger, J. C., Gerrity, E. T., Amaya-Jackson, L. M., Stander, V. A., & Murphy, R. A. (2018). Mental health of children of deployed and nondeployed military service members. The Millennium Cohort Family Study. Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 39, 683–692. https://doi.org/10.1097/DBP.0000000000000606.CrossRefPubMed

Fear, N. T., Reed, R. V., Rowe, R. S., Burdett, H., Pernet, D., Mahar, A., Iversen, A. C., Ramchandanai, P., Seitn, A., & Wessley, S. (2018). Impact of paternal deployment to conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan and paternal post-traumatic stress disorder on the children of militry fathers. British Journal of Psychiatry, 212, 347–355.CrossRef

Flake, E. M., Davis, B. E., Johnson, P. L., & Middleton, L. S. (2009). The psychosocial effects of deployment on military children. Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 30(4), 271.CrossRefPubMed

Gewirtz, A. H., DeGarmo, D. S., & Zamir, O. (2018). After deployment, adaptive parenting tools: 1-year outcomes of an evidence-based parenting program for military families following deployment. Prevention Science, 19, 589–599.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Goodman, S. H., & Gotlib, I. H. (1999). Risk for psychopathology in the children of depressed mothers: A developmental model for understanding mechanisms of transmission. Psychological Review, 106(3), 458–490. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.106.3.458.CrossRefPubMed

Goodman, S. H., Rouse, M. H., Connell, A. M., Broth, M. R., Hall, C. M., & Heyward, D. (2011). Maternal depression and child psychopathology: a meta-analytic review. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 14, 1–27. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10567-010-0080-1.CrossRefPubMed

Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for ft indexes in covariance structure analysis: conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6(1), 1–55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118.CrossRef

Hoge, C. W., Castro, C. A., Messer, S. C., McGurk, D., Cotting, D. I., & Koffman, R. L. (2004). Combat duty in Iraq and Afghanistan, mental health problems, and barriers to care. New England journal of medicine, 351(1), 13–22.CrossRefPubMed

Jensen P. (1999). Mental health in military children: Military risk factors, mental health, and outcomes. In P. McClure (Ed.), Pathways to the Future: A Review of Military Family Research. (pp. 155-183). Military Family Institute.

Kessler, R. C. (2003). Epidemiology of women and depression. Journal of Affective Disorders, 74(1), 5–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0165-0327(02)00426-3.CrossRefPubMed

Kochanova, K., Pittman, L. D., & McNeela, L. (2022). Parenting Stress and Child Externalizing and Internalizing Problems Among Low-Income Families: Exploring Transactional Associations. Child psychiatry and human development, 53, 76–88. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10578-020-01115-0.CrossRefPubMed

Kuczynski, L., & Kochanska, G. (1990). Development of children’s noncompliance strategies from toddlerhood to age 5. Developmental Psychology, 26(3), 398–408. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.26.3.398.CrossRef

Larsen, R. (2011). Missing data imputation versus full information maximum likelihood with second-level dependencies. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 18(4), 649–662.CrossRef

Lester, P., Liang, L. J., Milburn, N., Mogil, C., Woodward, K., Nash, W., & Saltzman, W. (2016). Evaluation of a family-centered preventive intervention for military families: Parent and child longitudinal outcomes. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 55(1), 14–24.CrossRef

Lester, P., Peterson, K., Reeves, J., Knauss, L., Glover, D., Mogil, C., Duan, N., Saltzman, W., Pynoos, R., Wilt, K., & Beardslee, W. (2010). The long war and parental combat deployment: effects on military children and at-home spouses. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 49(4), 310–320.PubMedPubMedCentral

Liang, L. A., Berger, U., & Brand, C. (2019). Psychosocial factors associated with symptoms of depression, anxiety and stress among single mothers with young children: A population-based study. Journal of Affective Disorders, 242, 255–264. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2018.08.013.CrossRefPubMed

Lieberman, A. F. (2004). Child-Parent Psychotherapy: A Relationship-Based Approach to the Treatment of Mental Health Disorders in Infancy and Early Childhood. In A. J. Sameroff, S. C. McDonough, & K. L. Rosenblum (Eds.), Treating parent-infant relationship problems: Strategies for intervention (pp. 97–122). The Guilford Press.

Lovejoy, M. C., Graczyk, P. A., O’Hare, E., & Neuman, G. (2000). Maternal depression and parenting behavior: a meta-analytic review. Clinical psychology review, 20(5), 561–592. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0272-7358(98)00100-7.CrossRefPubMed

Mansfield, A. J., Kaufman, J. S., Marshall, S. W., Gaynes, B. N., Morrissey, J. P., & Engel, C. C. (2010). Deployment and the use of mental health services among U.S. Army Wives. New England Journal of Medicine, 362, 101–109. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa0900177.CrossRefPubMed

Masten, A. S., & Cicchtti, D. (2010). Developmental cascases. Development and Psychopathology, 22(3), 491–495. https://doi.org/10.1017/S095457941000022.CrossRefPubMed

Mustillo, S., MacDermid Wadsworth, S., & Lester, P. (2016). Parental deployment and well-being in children: Results from a new study of military families. Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders, 24, 82–91. https://doi.org/10.1177/1063426615598766.CrossRef

Muthen, B. O., & Khoo, S. T. (1998). Longitudinal studies of achievement growth using latent variable modeling. Learning and Individual Differences, 10, 73–101.CrossRef

North Atlantic Treaty Organization. (2019). Impact of military life on children from military families. Alla Skomorovsky (Ed.) STO Technical Report. https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/AD1071759.pdf.

Padden, D., & Agazio, J. (2013). Caring for military families across the deployment cycle. Journal of Emergency Nursing, 39(6), 562–569.CrossRefPubMed

Palmer, C. (2008). A theory of risk and resilience factors in military families. Military Psychology, 20, 205–217.CrossRef

Pellegrini, D. (1989). Depressed mothers’ judgments about their children: An examination of the depression–distortion hypothesis. Child Development, 60, 1068–1075.CrossRefPubMed

Radloff, L. S. (1977). The CES-D Scale: A self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Applied Psychological Measurement, 1(3), 385–401. https://doi.org/10.1177/014662167700100306.CrossRef

Richters, J. (1992). Depressed mothers as informants about their children: A critical review of the evidence for distortion. Psychological Bulletin, 112, 485–499.CrossRefPubMed

Richters, J., & Pellegrini, D. (1989). Depressed mothers’ judgment about their children: An examination of depression–distortion hypothesis. Child Development, 50, 1068–1075.CrossRef

Riley, A. W., Valdez, C. R., Barrueco, S., Mills, C., Beardslee, W., Sandler, I., & Rawal, P. (2008). Development of family-based program to reduce risk and promote resilience among families affected by maternal depression: Theoretical basis and program description. Clinical Child Family Psychology Review, 11, 12–29. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10567-008-0030-3.CrossRefPubMed

Rueter, M. A., Scaramella, L., Wallace, L. E., & Conger, R. (1999). First onselt of depressive or anxiety disorders predicted by the longitudinal course of internalizing symptoms and parent-adolescent disagreements. Archives of General Psychiatry, 65(8), 726–732. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.56.8.726.CrossRef

Sieh, D. S., Visser-Meily, J. M. A., Meijer, A. M. (2013). The relationship between parental depressive symptoms, family type, and adolescent functioning. Plos One, 8, https://doi.org/10.1371/annotation/b8370232-c144-4c14-8168-8dceede5b8e2.

Sullivan, K., Capp, G., Gilreath, T. D., Benbenishty, R., Roziner, I., & Astor, R. A. (2015). Substance abuse and the other adverse outcomes for military-connected youth in California: Results from a large-scale normative population survey. Journal of American Medical Association Pediatrics, 169, 922–928. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2015.1413.CrossRef

Tanielian, T., Haycox, L. H., Schell, T. L., Marshall, G. N., Burnam, M. A., Eibner, C., … & Vaiana, M. E. (2008). Invisible wounds of war. Summary and recommendations for addressing psychological and cognitive injuries. Rand Corp Santa Monica CA.

Verdeli, H., Baily, C., Vousoura, E., Belser, A., Singla, D., & Manos, G. (2011). The case for treating depression in military spouses. Journal of Family Psychology, 25(4), 488.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Vilagut, G., Forero, C. G., Barbaglia, G., & Alonson, J. (2016). Screening for depression in the general population with the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression (CES-D): A systematic review with Meta-Analysis. Plos One, 11, e0155431 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0155431.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

White, C. J., de Burgh, H. T., Fear, N. T., & Iversen, A. C. (2011). The impact of deployment to Iraq or Afghanistan on military children: A review of the literature. International Review of Psychiatry, 23(2), 210–217.CrossRefPubMed

Williamson, V., Stevelink, S. A. M., Da Silva, E., & Fear, N. T. (2018). A systematic review of wellbeing in children: A comparison of military and civilian families. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health, 12, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13034-018-0252-1.CrossRef

Titel: Maternal Processes Contributing to Child Internalizing and Externalizing Symptoms: Comparing Military, Two-parent, and Single-parent Families
Auteurs: Julie Wargo Aikins
Deane Aikins
Publicatiedatum: 21-02-2024
Uitgeverij: Springer US
Gepubliceerd in: Journal of Child and Family Studies / Uitgave 5/2024
Print ISSN: 1062-1024
Elektronisch ISSN: 1573-2843
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-024-02798-y

Andere artikelen Uitgave 5/2024

Are Parenting Style and Loneliness Associated with Depression in Children with or without Developmental Dyslexia?

Original Paper

Sequential Change in Postpartum Mothers’ Affect between Conflict Discussions with Partners and Play Interactions with Infants

Original Paper

Maternal Subjective Wellbeing and the Cognitive and Socioemotional Outcomes of 3- to 4-Year-Old Children in Nigeria

Original Paper

Coordination of Maternal Autonomic Reactivity Predicts Psychological Control

Original Paper

Author Correction: Differential Effects of an Early Childhood Care Preventive Intervention Program on Behavior and Emotional Problems

Open Access
Author Correction

Perceived Parental Control, Parent-Adolescent Relationship and Adolescents’ Psychological Adjustment. Does Gender Matter?

Open Access
Original Paper