Top

Mindfulness

Gepubliceerd in:

09-09-2022 | REVIEW

A Meta-analysis of Loving-Kindness Meditations on Self-Compassion

Auteurs: Emily B. Reilly, Corri L. Stuyvenberg

Gepubliceerd in: Mindfulness | Uitgave 10/2023

Abstract

Objectives

Accumulating evidence from the last two decades suggests self-compassion is central to psychological well-being and reduced psychopathology symptoms. Loving-kindness meditations (LKMs), a mindfulness practice that involves sending feelings of kindness to oneself, loved ones, and all beings, may increase feelings of self-compassion. The aim of this meta-analysis is to evaluate the effect of LKMs on self-compassion in adults.

Methods

Peer-reviewed journal articles and dissertations written in English with adult samples, quantitative analysis of a LKM, and measured self-compassion using the Self-Compassion Scale were included in the meta-analysis. Seven articles met inclusion criteria following a systematic search.

Results

We found a moderate overall effect of LKMs on self-compassion (g = 0.44, p < 0.0001), indicating LKMs are effective at increasing self-compassion in adults.

Conclusions

Self-compassion can be increased in adults using LKMs. Given the role of self-compassion in well-being, future research should test increasing self-compassion as a mechanism of the effect of LKMs on psychological health.

vorige artikel Compassion and Skillful Means: Diverse Views, Novel Insights, and Extended Applications for Compassion Science and Training

volgende artikel Transforming Empathy-Based Stress to Compassion: Skillful Means to Preventing Teacher Burnout

Arch, J. J., Brown, K. W., Dean, D. J., Landy, L. N., Brown, K. D., & Laudenslager, M. L. (2014). Self-compassion training modulates alpha-amylase, heart rate variability, and subjective responses to social evaluative threat in women. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 42, 49–58.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Buddhaghosa (1975). Path of purification. Buddhist Publication Society.

Bartel, C. (2009). Self-compassion: Ein neues konzept positiver selbstzuwendung. Eine deutsche adaptierung der “Self Compassion Scale”. (Doctoral dissertation, Albert Ludwig University of Freiburg, Germany).

Barnard, L., & Curry, J. (2011). Self-compassion: Conceptualizations, correlates, & interventions. Review of General Psychology, 15(4), 289–303.CrossRef

Borenstein, M., Hedges, L., Higgins, J., & Rothstein, H. (2021). Introduction to meta-analysis (Second ed.). John Wiley & Sons.

Card, N. A. (2012). Applied meta-analysis for social science research. The Guilford Press.

Cohen, J. (1992). Statistical power analysis. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 1(3), 98–101.CrossRef

Feliu-Soler, A., Pascual, J. C., Elices, M., Martín-Blanco, A., Carmona, C., Cebolla, A., Simón, V., & Soler, J. (2017). Fostering self-compassion and loving-kindness in patients with borderline personality disorder: A randomized pilot study. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 24(1), 278–286.CrossRef

Ferrari, M., Hunt, C., Harrysunker, A., Abbott, M. J., Beath, A. P., & Einstein, D. A. (2019). Self-compassion interventions and psychosocial outcomes: A meta-analysis of RCTs. Mindfulness, 10(8), 1455–1473.CrossRef

Germer, C. (2009). The mindful path to self-compassion: Freeing yourself from destructive thoughts and emotions. Guilford Press.

Galante, J., Galante, I., Bekkers, M. J., & Gallacher, J. (2014). Effect of kindness-based meditation on health and well-being: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 82, 1101–1114. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0037249CrossRefPubMed

Gilbert, P. (2014). The origins and nature of compassion focused therapy. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 53, 6–41. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjc.12043CrossRefPubMed

Gilbert, P., McEwan, K., Matos, M., & Rivis, A. (2011). Fears of compassion: Development of three self-report measures. Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice, 84, 239–255. https://doi.org/10.1348/147608310X526511CrossRef

Gilbert, P. (2019). Explorations into the nature and function of compassion. Current opinion in psychology, 28, 108–114.CrossRefPubMed

Gilbert, P., Basran, J., MacArthur, M., & Kirby, J. N. (2019). Differences in the semantics of prosocial words: An exploration of compassion and kindness. Mindfulness, 10(11), 2259–2271.CrossRef

Goetz, J. L., Keltner, D., & Simon-Thomas, E. (2010). Compassion: An evolutionary analysis and empirical review. Psychological Bulletin, 136(3), 351.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Goulet-Pelletier, J. C., & Cousineau, D. (2018). A review of effect sizes and their confidence intervals, part I: The Cohen’s d family. The Quantitative Methods for Psychology, 14(4), 242–265.CrossRef

Gouveia, M. J., Carona, C., Canavarro, M. C., & Moreira, H. (2016). Self-compassion and dispositional mindfulness are associated with parenting styles and parenting stress: The mediating role of mindful parenting. Mindfulness, 7(3), 700–712.CrossRef

Graser, J., Höfling, V., Weβlau, C., Mendes, A., & Stangier, U. (2016). Effects of a 12-week mindfulness, compassion, and loving kindness program on chronic depression: A pilot within-subjects wait-list controlled trial. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy, 30(1), 35–49.CrossRefPubMed

Harrer, M., Cuijpers, P., Furukawa, T.A, & Ebert, D. D. (2019). Doing meta-analysis in R: A hands-on guide. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.2551803. https://bookdown.org/MathiasHarrer/Doing_Meta_Analysis_in_R/

Higgins, J. P., & Thompson, S. G. (2002). Quantifying heterogeneity in a meta-analysis. Statistics in Medicine, 21(11), 1539–1558.CrossRefPubMed

Hofmann, S. G., Grossman, P., & Hinton, D. E. (2011). Loving-kindness and compassion meditation: Potential for psychological interventions. Clinical Psychology Review, 31(7), 1126–1132.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Ioannidis, J., Patsopoulos, N., & Evangelou, E. (2007). Uncertainty in heterogeneity estimates in meta-analyses. BMJ, 335(7626), 914–916.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Jazaieri, H., Jinpa, T., McGonigal, K., Rosenberg, E. L., Finkelstein, J., Simon-Thomas, E., Cullen, M., Doty, J. R., Gross, J. J., & Goldin, P. R. (2013). Enhancing compassion: A randomized controlled trial of a compassion cultivation training program. Journal of Happiness Studies, 14, 1113–1126. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-012-9373-zCrossRef

Jefferson, F. A., Shires, A., & McAloon, J. (2020). Parenting self-compassion: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Mindfulness, 11(9), 2067–2088. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-020-01401-xCrossRef

*Kearney, D. J., Malte, C. A., McManus, C., Martinez, M. E., Felleman, B., & Simpson, T. L. (2013). Loving-kindness meditation for posttraumatic stress disorder: A pilot study. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 26(4), 426–434.CrossRefPubMed

Kemeny, M. E., Foltz, C., Cavanagh, J. F., Cullen, M., Giese-Davis, J., Jennings, P., Rosenberg, E. L., Gillath, O., Shaver, P. R., Wallace, B. A., & Ekman, P. (2012). Contemplative/emotion training reduces negative emotional behavior and promotes prosocial responses. Emotion, 12, 338–350. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0026118CrossRefPubMed

*Kirby, J. N., & Baldwin, S. (2018). A randomized micro-trial of a loving-kindness meditation to help parents respond to difficult child behavior vignettes. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 27(5), 1614–1628.CrossRef

*Kirby, J. N., & Laczko, D. (2017). A randomized micro-trial of a loving-kindness meditation for young adults living at home with their parents. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 26(7), 1888–1899.CrossRef

Kirby, J. N., Tellegen, C. L., & Steindl, S. R. (2017). A meta-analysis of compassion-based interventions: Current state of knowledge and future directions. Behavior Therapy, 48(6), 778–792.CrossRefPubMed

Kirby, J. N., Day, J., & Sagar, V. (2019). The ‘Flow’ of compassion: A meta-analysis of the fears of compassion scales and psychological functioning. Clinical Psychology Review, 70, 26–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2019.03.001CrossRefPubMed

Kropp, A., & Sedlmeier, P. (2019). What makes mindfulness-based interventions effective? An Examination of Common Components. Mindfulness, 10(10), 2060–2072.

Minozzi, S., Cinquini, M., Gianola, S., Gonzalez-Lorenzo, M., & Banzi, R. (2020). The revised Cochrane risk of bias tool for randomized trials (RoB 2) showed low interrater reliability and challenges in its application. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 126, 37–44.CrossRefPubMed

Neff, K. D. (2003a). Self-compassion: An alternative conceptualization of a healthy attitude toward oneself. Self and Identity, 2, 85–102.CrossRef

Neff, K. D. (2003b). The development and validation of a scale to measure self-compassion. Self and Identity, 2(3), 223–250.CrossRef

Neff, K. D. (2016). The self-compassion scale is a valid and theoretically coherent measure of self-compassion. Mindfulness, 7(1), 264–274.CrossRef

Neff, K. D., & Faso, D. J. (2015). Self-compassion and well-being in parents of children with autism. Mindfulness, 6(4), 938–947.CrossRef

Neff, K. D., & Germer, C. K. (2013). A pilot study and randomized controlled trial of the mindful self-compassion program. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 69, 28–44. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.21923CrossRefPubMed

Neff, K. D., & McGehee, P. (2010). Self-compassion and psychological resilience among adolescents and young adults. Self and Identity, 9(3), 225–240. https://doi.org/10.1080/15298860902979307CrossRef

Neff, K. D., Tóth-Király, I., Knox, M. C., Kuchar, A., & Davidson, O. (2021). The development and validation of the state self-compassion scale (long-and short form). Mindfulness, 12(1), 121–140.CrossRef

Pepping, C. A., Davis, P. J., O’Donovan, A., & Pal, J. (2015). Individual differences in self-compassion: The role of attachment and experiences of parenting in childhood. Self & Identity, 14(1), 104–117. https://doi.org/10.1080/15298868.2014.955050CrossRef

Psychogiou, L., Legge, K., Parry, E., Mann, J., Nath, S., Ford, T., & Kuyken, W. (2016). Self-compassion and parenting in mothers and fathers with depression. Mindfulness, 7(4), 896–908. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-016-0528-6CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Page M. J., Higgins J. P. T., Sterne J. A. C. (2021a). Assessing risk of bias due to missing results in a synthesis. In J. P. T. Higgins, J. Thomas, J. Chandler, M. Cumpston, T. Li, M. J. Page, & V. A. Welch (Eds.), Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions version 6.2. Available from www.training.cochrane.org/handbook.

Page, M., McKenzie, J., Bossuyt, P., Boutron, I., Hoffmann, T., Mulrow, C., Shamseer, L., Tetzlaff J. M., Akl, E. A., Brennan, S. E., Chou, R., Glanville, J., Grimshaw, J. M., Hróbjartsson, A., Lalu, M. M., Li, T., Loder, E. W., Mayo-Wilson, E., McDonald, S., …Moher, D. (2021b). The PRISMA 2020 statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ (online), 372, N71

*Rao, N., & Kemper, K. J. (2017). Online training in specific meditation practices improves gratitude, well-being, self-compassion, and confidence in providing compassionate care among health professionals. Journal of Evidence-Based Complementary & Alternative Medicine, 22(2), 237–241.CrossRef

RStudio Team. (2022). RStudio: Integrated development environment for R. RStudio, PBC, Boston, MA. http://www.rstudio.com/.

Scarlet, J., Altmeyer, N., Knier, S., & Harpin, R. (2017). The effects of Compassion Cultivation Training (CCT) on health-care workers. Clinical Psychologist, 21(2), 116–124.

*Shahar, B., Szepsenwol, O., Zilcha-Mano, S., Haim, N., Zamir, O., Levi-Yeshuvi, S., & Levit-Binnun, N. (2015). A wait-list randomized controlled trial of loving-kindness meditation programme for self-criticism. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 22(4), 346–356.CrossRef

Shapiro, D. H., Jr. (1992). Adverse effects of meditation: A preliminary investigation of long-term meditators. International Journal of Psychosomatics, 39(1–4), 63.

Salzberg, S. (2004). Lovingkindness: The revolutionary art of happiness. Shambhala Publications

Shapiro, S. L., Astin, J. A., Bishop, S. R., & Cordova, M. (2005). Mindfulness-based stress reduction for health care professionals: Results from a randomized trial. International Journal of Stress Management, 12(2), 164.CrossRef

Shonin, E., Van Gordon, W., Compare, A., Zangeneh, M., & Griffiths, M. D. (2015). Buddhist-derived loving-kindness and compassion meditation for the treatment of psychopathology: A systematic review. Mindfulness, 6(5), 1161–1180. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-014-0368-1CrossRef

*Sheffield, K. (2017). Exploring loving kindness meditation; understanding the practice, and its relationship with wellbeing. (Doctoral dissertation, University of Northampton).

Sirois, F. M., Bögels, S., & Emerson, L. M. (2019). Self-compassion improves parental well-being in response to challenging parenting events. The Journal of Psychology, 153(3), 327–341. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223980.2018.1523123CrossRefPubMed

Strauss, C., Lever Taylor, B., Gu, J., Kuyken, W., Baer, R., Jones, F., & Cavanagh, K. (2016). What is compassion and how can we measure it? A review of definitions and measures. Clinical Psychology Review, 47, 15–27.CrossRefPubMed

Sterne, J. A., Hernán, M. A., Reeves, B. C., Savović, J., Berkman, N. D., Viswanathan, M., Henry, D., Altman, D. G., Ansari, M. T., Boutron, I., Carpenter, J. R., Chan, A., Churchill, R., Deeks, J. J., Hróbjartsson, A., Kirkham, J., Jüni, P., Loke, Y. K., Pigott, T. D., ... & Higgins, J. P. (2016). ROBINS-I: A tool for assessing risk of bias in non-randomized studies of interventions. BMJ, 355

Sterne, J. A., Savović, J., Page, M. J., Elbers, R. G., Blencowe, N. S., Boutron, I., Cates, C. J., Cheng, H., Corbett, M. S., Eldridge, S. M., Emberson, J. R., Hernán, M. A., Hopewell, S., Hróbjartsson, A., Junqueira, D. R., Jüni, P., Kirkham, J. J., Lasserson, T., Li, T., ... & Higgins, J. P. (2019). RoB 2: a revised tool for assessing risk of bias in randomized trials. BMJ, 366

Wallace, B. A. (1999). Boundless heart: The four immeasurables. Snow Lion Publications.

*Weibel, D. T., McClintock, A. S., & Anderson, T. (2017). Does loving-kindness meditation reduce anxiety? Results from a randomized controlled trial. Mindfulness, 8(3), 565–571.CrossRef

Yarnell, L. M., Stafford, R. E., Neff, K. D., Reilly, E. D., Knox, M. C., & Mullarkey, M. (2015). Meta-analysis of gender differences in self-compassion. Self and Identity, 14(5), 499–520.CrossRef

Ying, Y. W. (2009). Contribution of self-compassion to competence and mental health in social work students. Journal of Social Work Education, 45, 309–323. https://doi.org/10.5175/JSWE.2009.200700072CrossRef

Titel: A Meta-analysis of Loving-Kindness Meditations on Self-Compassion
Auteurs: Emily B. Reilly
Corri L. Stuyvenberg
Publicatiedatum: 09-09-2022
Uitgeverij: Springer US
Gepubliceerd in: Mindfulness / Uitgave 10/2023
Print ISSN: 1868-8527
Elektronisch ISSN: 1868-8535
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-022-01972-x

Bohn Stafleu van Loghum

Deel dit onderdeel of sectie (kopieer de link)

Abstract

Objectives

Methods

Results

Conclusions

Log in om toegang te krijgen

Andere artikelen Uitgave 10/2023

Skillful Means in Christian-Tradition Compassion Formation

Compassion, Self-compassion, and Skill in Means: a Mahāyāna Perspective

Skillful Means in Interreligious Compassion Education

Skill in Means and Mindfulness

Activity of the Armless Mother: Applications of Compassion and Skillful Means from Indo-Tibetan Buddhism

Compassion and Skillful Means: Cultural Adaptation, Psychological Science, and Creative Responsiveness