Skip to main content
Top
Gepubliceerd in: Netherlands Heart Journal 1/2013

01-01-2013 | Review Article

Myocardial bridging: what have we learned in the past and will new diagnostic modalities provide new insights?

Auteurs: A. V. G. Bruschke, C. E. Veltman, M. A. de Graaf, H. W. Vliegen

Gepubliceerd in: Netherlands Heart Journal | Uitgave 1/2013

Log in om toegang te krijgen
share
DELEN

Deel dit onderdeel of sectie (kopieer de link)

  • Optie A:
    Klik op de rechtermuisknop op de link en selecteer de optie “linkadres kopiëren”
  • Optie B:
    Deel de link per e-mail

Abstract

The clinical significance of myocardial bridging has been a subject of discussion and controversy since the introduction of coronary arteriography (CAG) in the early 1960s. More recently computed tomography coronary angiography (CTCA) has made it possible to visualise the overlying muscular bands and appears to have a higher sensitivity for detecting myocardial bridging than CAG. Combining CTCA with invasive techniques such as CAG should make it possible to improve our understanding of the pathophysiology of myocardial bridging and to provide answers to hitherto unresolved questions. This paper critically reviews the outcomes of previous studies and defines remaining questions that should be answered to optimise the management of the presumably fast growing number of patients in whom a diagnosis of myocardial bridging has been made.
Literatuur
1.
go back to reference Sones FM, Shirey EK. Cine coronary arteriography. Mod Concepts Cardiovasc Dis. 1962;31:735–8.PubMed Sones FM, Shirey EK. Cine coronary arteriography. Mod Concepts Cardiovasc Dis. 1962;31:735–8.PubMed
2.
go back to reference Bruschke AVG, Sheldon WC, Shirey EK, et al. A half century of coronary arteriography. J Am Coll Card. 2009;54:2139–44.CrossRef Bruschke AVG, Sheldon WC, Shirey EK, et al. A half century of coronary arteriography. J Am Coll Card. 2009;54:2139–44.CrossRef
3.
go back to reference Kim SY, Seo JB, Do K-H, et al. Coronary artery anomalies: classification and ECG-gated multi-detector row CT findings with angiographic correlation. RadioGraphics. 2006;26:317–34.PubMedCrossRef Kim SY, Seo JB, Do K-H, et al. Coronary artery anomalies: classification and ECG-gated multi-detector row CT findings with angiographic correlation. RadioGraphics. 2006;26:317–34.PubMedCrossRef
4.
go back to reference Hazirolan T, Canyigit M, Karcaaltincaba M, et al. Myocardial bridging on MDCT. Am J Radiol. 2007;188:1074–80. Hazirolan T, Canyigit M, Karcaaltincaba M, et al. Myocardial bridging on MDCT. Am J Radiol. 2007;188:1074–80.
5.
6.
go back to reference Jodocy D, Aglan I, Friedrich G, et al. Left anterior descending coronary artery myocardial bridging by multislice computed tomography correlation with clinical findings. Eur J Radiol. 2010;73:89–95.PubMedCrossRef Jodocy D, Aglan I, Friedrich G, et al. Left anterior descending coronary artery myocardial bridging by multislice computed tomography correlation with clinical findings. Eur J Radiol. 2010;73:89–95.PubMedCrossRef
7.
go back to reference De Rosa R, Sacco M, Tedeschi C, et al. Prevalence of coronary artery intramyocardial course in a large population of clinical patients detected by multislice computed tomography angiography. Acta Radiol. 2008;49:895–901.PubMedCrossRef De Rosa R, Sacco M, Tedeschi C, et al. Prevalence of coronary artery intramyocardial course in a large population of clinical patients detected by multislice computed tomography angiography. Acta Radiol. 2008;49:895–901.PubMedCrossRef
8.
go back to reference Loukas M, von Kriegenberg K, Gilkes M, et al. Myocardial bridges: a review. Clin Anat. 2011;24:675–83.PubMedCrossRef Loukas M, von Kriegenberg K, Gilkes M, et al. Myocardial bridges: a review. Clin Anat. 2011;24:675–83.PubMedCrossRef
9.
go back to reference Bourassa MG, Bernard P, Brevers G, et al. Systolic and early diastolic coronary inflow obstruction in patients with muscular bridging of the left anterior descending artery. In: Bruschke AVG, Van Herpen G, Vermeulen FEE, editors. Coronary artery disease today. Amsterdam: Excerpta Medica; 1982. p. 380–97. Bourassa MG, Bernard P, Brevers G, et al. Systolic and early diastolic coronary inflow obstruction in patients with muscular bridging of the left anterior descending artery. In: Bruschke AVG, Van Herpen G, Vermeulen FEE, editors. Coronary artery disease today. Amsterdam: Excerpta Medica; 1982. p. 380–97.
10.
go back to reference Bourassa MG, Butnaru A, Lespérance J, et al. Symptomatic myocardial bridges: overview of ischemic mechanisms and current diagnostic and treatment strategies. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003;41:351–9.PubMedCrossRef Bourassa MG, Butnaru A, Lespérance J, et al. Symptomatic myocardial bridges: overview of ischemic mechanisms and current diagnostic and treatment strategies. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003;41:351–9.PubMedCrossRef
11.
go back to reference Wirianta J, Mouden M, Ottervanger JP, et al. Prevalence and predictors of bridging of coronary arteries in a large Indonesian population, as detected by 64-slice computed tomography scan. Neth Heart J. 2012;20:396–401.PubMedCrossRef Wirianta J, Mouden M, Ottervanger JP, et al. Prevalence and predictors of bridging of coronary arteries in a large Indonesian population, as detected by 64-slice computed tomography scan. Neth Heart J. 2012;20:396–401.PubMedCrossRef
12.
go back to reference Leschka S, Koepfli P, Husman L, et al. Myocardial bridging: depiction rate and morphology at CT coronary angiography- comparison with conventional coronary angiography. Radiology. 2008;246:754–62.PubMedCrossRef Leschka S, Koepfli P, Husman L, et al. Myocardial bridging: depiction rate and morphology at CT coronary angiography- comparison with conventional coronary angiography. Radiology. 2008;246:754–62.PubMedCrossRef
13.
go back to reference Carrascoa P, López EM, Capañay C, et al. Prevalence and characteristics of myocardial bridges in multidetector row computed tomography coronary angiography. Rev Argent Cardiol. 2009;77:268–73. Carrascoa P, López EM, Capañay C, et al. Prevalence and characteristics of myocardial bridges in multidetector row computed tomography coronary angiography. Rev Argent Cardiol. 2009;77:268–73.
14.
go back to reference Hwang JH, Ko SM, Roh HG, et al. Myocardial bridging of the left anterior descending artery: depiction rate and morphologic features by dual-source CT coronary angiography. Korean J Radiol. 2010;11:514–21.PubMedCrossRef Hwang JH, Ko SM, Roh HG, et al. Myocardial bridging of the left anterior descending artery: depiction rate and morphologic features by dual-source CT coronary angiography. Korean J Radiol. 2010;11:514–21.PubMedCrossRef
15.
go back to reference Konen E, Goitein O, Sternik L, et al. The prevalence and anatomical patterns of intramuscular coronary arteries. A coronary computed tomography angiographic study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007;49:587–93.PubMedCrossRef Konen E, Goitein O, Sternik L, et al. The prevalence and anatomical patterns of intramuscular coronary arteries. A coronary computed tomography angiographic study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007;49:587–93.PubMedCrossRef
16.
go back to reference Kim PJ, Hur G, Kim SY, et al. Frequency of myocardial bridges and dynamic compression of epicardial coronary arteries: a comparison between computed tomography and invasive coronary angiography. Circulation. 2009;119:1408–16.PubMedCrossRef Kim PJ, Hur G, Kim SY, et al. Frequency of myocardial bridges and dynamic compression of epicardial coronary arteries: a comparison between computed tomography and invasive coronary angiography. Circulation. 2009;119:1408–16.PubMedCrossRef
17.
go back to reference Kim SS, Ko SM, Song MG, et al. Systolic luminal narrowing and morphologic characteristics of myocardial bridging of the mid-left anterior descending coronary artery by dual-source computed tomography. Int J Cardiovasc Imag. 2011;27:73–83.CrossRef Kim SS, Ko SM, Song MG, et al. Systolic luminal narrowing and morphologic characteristics of myocardial bridging of the mid-left anterior descending coronary artery by dual-source computed tomography. Int J Cardiovasc Imag. 2011;27:73–83.CrossRef
18.
go back to reference Möhlenkamp S, Hort W, Ge J, et al. Update on myocardial bridging. Circulation. 2002;106:2616–22.PubMedCrossRef Möhlenkamp S, Hort W, Ge J, et al. Update on myocardial bridging. Circulation. 2002;106:2616–22.PubMedCrossRef
19.
go back to reference Ishikawa Y, Kawawa Y, Kohda E, et al. Significance of the anatomical properties of a myocardial bridge in coronary heart disease. Circulation J. 2011;75:1559–66.CrossRef Ishikawa Y, Kawawa Y, Kohda E, et al. Significance of the anatomical properties of a myocardial bridge in coronary heart disease. Circulation J. 2011;75:1559–66.CrossRef
20.
go back to reference Qian J, Zhang F, Dong M, et al. Prevalence and characteristics of myocardial bridging in coronary angiogram-data from consecutive 5525 patients. Chin Med J. 2009;122:632–5.PubMed Qian J, Zhang F, Dong M, et al. Prevalence and characteristics of myocardial bridging in coronary angiogram-data from consecutive 5525 patients. Chin Med J. 2009;122:632–5.PubMed
21.
go back to reference Ferreira Jr AG, Trotter SE, König Jr B, et al. Myocardial bridges: morphological and functional aspects. Br Heart J. 1991;66:364–7.PubMedCrossRef Ferreira Jr AG, Trotter SE, König Jr B, et al. Myocardial bridges: morphological and functional aspects. Br Heart J. 1991;66:364–7.PubMedCrossRef
22.
23.
go back to reference Kramer JR, Kitazume H, Proudfit WL, et al. Clinical significance of isolated coronary bridges: benign and frequent condition involving the left anterior descending artery. Am Heart J. 1982;103:283–8.PubMedCrossRef Kramer JR, Kitazume H, Proudfit WL, et al. Clinical significance of isolated coronary bridges: benign and frequent condition involving the left anterior descending artery. Am Heart J. 1982;103:283–8.PubMedCrossRef
24.
go back to reference Loukas M, Curry B, Bowers M, et al. The relationship of myocardial bridges to coronary artery dominance in the adult human heart. J Anat. 2006;209:43–50.PubMedCrossRef Loukas M, Curry B, Bowers M, et al. The relationship of myocardial bridges to coronary artery dominance in the adult human heart. J Anat. 2006;209:43–50.PubMedCrossRef
25.
go back to reference Poláček P, Králové H. Relation of myocardial bridges and loops on the coronary arteries to coronary occlusions. Am Heart J. 1961;61:44–52.PubMedCrossRef Poláček P, Králové H. Relation of myocardial bridges and loops on the coronary arteries to coronary occlusions. Am Heart J. 1961;61:44–52.PubMedCrossRef
26.
go back to reference Kitazume H, Kramer JR, Krauthamer D, et al. Myocardial bridges in obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Am Heart J. 1983;106:131–5.PubMedCrossRef Kitazume H, Kramer JR, Krauthamer D, et al. Myocardial bridges in obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Am Heart J. 1983;106:131–5.PubMedCrossRef
27.
go back to reference Mohiddin SA, Begley D, Shih J, et al. Myocardial bridging does not predict sudden death in children with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy but is associated with more severe cardiac disease. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2000;36:2270–8.PubMedCrossRef Mohiddin SA, Begley D, Shih J, et al. Myocardial bridging does not predict sudden death in children with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy but is associated with more severe cardiac disease. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2000;36:2270–8.PubMedCrossRef
28.
go back to reference Soraija P, Ommen SR, Nishimura RA, et al. Myocardial bridging in adult patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003;42:889–94.CrossRef Soraija P, Ommen SR, Nishimura RA, et al. Myocardial bridging in adult patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003;42:889–94.CrossRef
29.
go back to reference Bourassa MG, Bernard P, Brevers G, Petitclerc R, Dyrda I. Systolic and early diastolic coronary inflow obstruction in patients with muscular bridging of the left anterior descending artery. In: Bruschke AVG, Van Herpen G, Vermeulen FEE, editors. Coronary artery disease today. Excerpta Medica. 1982. pp. 380–97. Bourassa MG, Bernard P, Brevers G, Petitclerc R, Dyrda I. Systolic and early diastolic coronary inflow obstruction in patients with muscular bridging of the left anterior descending artery. In: Bruschke AVG, Van Herpen G, Vermeulen FEE, editors. Coronary artery disease today. Excerpta Medica. 1982. pp. 380–97.
30.
go back to reference Ge J, Erbel R, Rupprecht H-J, et al. Comparison of intravascular ultrasound and angiography in the assessment of myocardial bridging. Circulation. 1994;89:1725–32.PubMedCrossRef Ge J, Erbel R, Rupprecht H-J, et al. Comparison of intravascular ultrasound and angiography in the assessment of myocardial bridging. Circulation. 1994;89:1725–32.PubMedCrossRef
31.
go back to reference Ge J, Jeremias A, Rupp M, et al. New signs characteristic of myocardial bridging demonstrated by intracoronary ultrasound and Doppler. Eur Heart J. 1999;20:1707–16.PubMedCrossRef Ge J, Jeremias A, Rupp M, et al. New signs characteristic of myocardial bridging demonstrated by intracoronary ultrasound and Doppler. Eur Heart J. 1999;20:1707–16.PubMedCrossRef
32.
go back to reference Schwarz ER, Klues HG, vom Dahl J, et al. Functional characteristics of myocardial bridging. A combined angiographic and intracoronary Doppler flow study. Eur Heart J. 1997;18:434–42.PubMedCrossRef Schwarz ER, Klues HG, vom Dahl J, et al. Functional characteristics of myocardial bridging. A combined angiographic and intracoronary Doppler flow study. Eur Heart J. 1997;18:434–42.PubMedCrossRef
33.
go back to reference Erbel R, Ge J, Möhlenkamp S. Myocardial bridging: a congenital variant as an anatomic risk factor for myocardial infarction? Circulation. 2009;120:357–9.PubMedCrossRef Erbel R, Ge J, Möhlenkamp S. Myocardial bridging: a congenital variant as an anatomic risk factor for myocardial infarction? Circulation. 2009;120:357–9.PubMedCrossRef
34.
go back to reference Ishikawa Y, Akasaka Y, Suzuki K, et al. Anatomic properties of myocardial bridge predisposing to myocardial infarction. Circulation. 2009;120:376–83.PubMedCrossRef Ishikawa Y, Akasaka Y, Suzuki K, et al. Anatomic properties of myocardial bridge predisposing to myocardial infarction. Circulation. 2009;120:376–83.PubMedCrossRef
35.
go back to reference Chatzizisis YS, Giannoglou GD. Myocardial bridges are free from atherosclerosis: overview of the underlying mechanisms. Can J Cardiol. 2009;25:219–22.PubMedCrossRef Chatzizisis YS, Giannoglou GD. Myocardial bridges are free from atherosclerosis: overview of the underlying mechanisms. Can J Cardiol. 2009;25:219–22.PubMedCrossRef
36.
go back to reference Hazenberg AJC, Jessurun GAJ, Tio RA. Mechanisms involved in symptomatic myocardial bridging. Value of sequential testing for endothelial function, flow reserve measurements and dobutamine stress angiography. Neth Heart J. 2008;16:10–5.PubMedCrossRef Hazenberg AJC, Jessurun GAJ, Tio RA. Mechanisms involved in symptomatic myocardial bridging. Value of sequential testing for endothelial function, flow reserve measurements and dobutamine stress angiography. Neth Heart J. 2008;16:10–5.PubMedCrossRef
37.
go back to reference Juillière Y, Berder V, Suty-Selton C, et al. Isolated myocardial bridges with angiographic milking of the left anterior descending artery: a long-term follow-up study. Am Heart J. 1995;129:663–5.PubMedCrossRef Juillière Y, Berder V, Suty-Selton C, et al. Isolated myocardial bridges with angiographic milking of the left anterior descending artery: a long-term follow-up study. Am Heart J. 1995;129:663–5.PubMedCrossRef
38.
go back to reference Çiçek D, Kalay N, Müderrisoğlu H. Incidence, clinical characteristics, and 4-year follow-up of patients with isolated myocardial bridge: a retrospective, single-center, epidemiologic, coronary arteriographic follow-up study in southern Turkey. Cardiovasc Revasc Med. 2011;12:25–8.PubMedCrossRef Çiçek D, Kalay N, Müderrisoğlu H. Incidence, clinical characteristics, and 4-year follow-up of patients with isolated myocardial bridge: a retrospective, single-center, epidemiologic, coronary arteriographic follow-up study in southern Turkey. Cardiovasc Revasc Med. 2011;12:25–8.PubMedCrossRef
39.
go back to reference Desseigne P, Tabiba A, Loire R. Pont myocardique sur l’interventriculaire antérieure et mort subite: à propos de 19 cas autotopsiés [Myocardial bridging of the left anterior descending artery and sudden death: an autopsy study of 19 cases. Article in French]. Arch Mal Coeur Vaiss. 1991;84:511–6.PubMed Desseigne P, Tabiba A, Loire R. Pont myocardique sur l’interventriculaire antérieure et mort subite: à propos de 19 cas autotopsiés [Myocardial bridging of the left anterior descending artery and sudden death: an autopsy study of 19 cases. Article in French]. Arch Mal Coeur Vaiss. 1991;84:511–6.PubMed
40.
go back to reference Morales A, Romanelli R, Tate LG, et al. Intramural left anterior descending coronary artery: significance of the depth of the muscular tunnel. Hun Pathol. 1993;24:693–701.CrossRef Morales A, Romanelli R, Tate LG, et al. Intramural left anterior descending coronary artery: significance of the depth of the muscular tunnel. Hun Pathol. 1993;24:693–701.CrossRef
41.
go back to reference Eckart RE, Scoville L, Campbell CL, et al. Sudden death in young adults: a 25-year review of autopsies in military recruits. Ann Intern Med. 2004;141:829–34.PubMed Eckart RE, Scoville L, Campbell CL, et al. Sudden death in young adults: a 25-year review of autopsies in military recruits. Ann Intern Med. 2004;141:829–34.PubMed
42.
go back to reference Corrado D, Basso C, Pavei A, et al. Trends in sudden cardiovascular death in young competitive athletes after implementation of a preparticipation screening program. JAMA. 2006;296:1593–601.PubMedCrossRef Corrado D, Basso C, Pavei A, et al. Trends in sudden cardiovascular death in young competitive athletes after implementation of a preparticipation screening program. JAMA. 2006;296:1593–601.PubMedCrossRef
43.
go back to reference Maron BJ, Thompson PD, Ackerman MJ, et al. Recommendations and considerations related to preparticipation screening for cardiovascular abnormalities in competitive athletes: 2007 update. Circulation. 2007;115:1643–55.PubMedCrossRef Maron BJ, Thompson PD, Ackerman MJ, et al. Recommendations and considerations related to preparticipation screening for cardiovascular abnormalities in competitive athletes: 2007 update. Circulation. 2007;115:1643–55.PubMedCrossRef
44.
go back to reference Maron BJ, Doerer JJ, Haas TS, et al. Sudden death in young competitive athletes: analysis of 1866 deaths in the United States, 1980–2006. Circulation. 2009;119:1085–92.PubMedCrossRef Maron BJ, Doerer JJ, Haas TS, et al. Sudden death in young competitive athletes: analysis of 1866 deaths in the United States, 1980–2006. Circulation. 2009;119:1085–92.PubMedCrossRef
45.
go back to reference Yetman AT, McGrindle BW, MacDonald C, et al. Myocardial bridging in children with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy- a risk factor for sudden death. New Engl J Med. 1998;339:1201–9.PubMedCrossRef Yetman AT, McGrindle BW, MacDonald C, et al. Myocardial bridging in children with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy- a risk factor for sudden death. New Engl J Med. 1998;339:1201–9.PubMedCrossRef
46.
go back to reference Kramer JR, Kitazume H, Krauthamer D, et al. The prevalence of myocardial bridging and septal squeeze in patients with significant aortic stenosis. Cleve Clin Quat. 1984;51:35–8. Kramer JR, Kitazume H, Krauthamer D, et al. The prevalence of myocardial bridging and septal squeeze in patients with significant aortic stenosis. Cleve Clin Quat. 1984;51:35–8.
47.
go back to reference Vliegen HW, Jukema JW, Bruschke AVG. Congenital coronary artery anomalies. Anatomy, diagnosis, and management. Leiden: TTMA B.V; 2012. Vliegen HW, Jukema JW, Bruschke AVG. Congenital coronary artery anomalies. Anatomy, diagnosis, and management. Leiden: TTMA B.V; 2012.
48.
go back to reference Stables RH, Knight CJ, McNeill JG, et al. Coronary stenting in the management of myocardial is6haemia caused by muscle bridging. Br Heart J. 1995;74:90–2.PubMedCrossRef Stables RH, Knight CJ, McNeill JG, et al. Coronary stenting in the management of myocardial is6haemia caused by muscle bridging. Br Heart J. 1995;74:90–2.PubMedCrossRef
49.
go back to reference Haager PK, Schwartz ER, vom Dahl J, et al. Long term angiographic and clinical follow up in patients with stent implantation for symptomatic myocardial bridging. Heart. 2000;84:403–8.PubMedCrossRef Haager PK, Schwartz ER, vom Dahl J, et al. Long term angiographic and clinical follow up in patients with stent implantation for symptomatic myocardial bridging. Heart. 2000;84:403–8.PubMedCrossRef
50.
go back to reference Kunamneni PB, Rajdev S, Krishnan P, et al. Outcome of intracoronary stenting after failed maximal therapy in patients with symptomatic bridge. Cathet Cardiovasc Interv. 2008;71:185–90.CrossRef Kunamneni PB, Rajdev S, Krishnan P, et al. Outcome of intracoronary stenting after failed maximal therapy in patients with symptomatic bridge. Cathet Cardiovasc Interv. 2008;71:185–90.CrossRef
51.
go back to reference Srinavasan M, Prasad A. Metal fatigue in myocardial bridges: stent fracture limits the efficacy of drug-eluting stents. J Invasive Cardiol. 2011;23:E150–2. Srinavasan M, Prasad A. Metal fatigue in myocardial bridges: stent fracture limits the efficacy of drug-eluting stents. J Invasive Cardiol. 2011;23:E150–2.
52.
go back to reference Sun X, Chen H, Xia L, et al. Coronary artery bypass grafting for myocardial bridges of the left anterior descending artery. J Card Surg. 2012;27:405.PubMedCrossRef Sun X, Chen H, Xia L, et al. Coronary artery bypass grafting for myocardial bridges of the left anterior descending artery. J Card Surg. 2012;27:405.PubMedCrossRef
53.
go back to reference Betriu A, Tubau J, Sanz G, et al. Relief of angina by resection of myocardial bridges. Am Heart J. 1980;100:223–6.PubMedCrossRef Betriu A, Tubau J, Sanz G, et al. Relief of angina by resection of myocardial bridges. Am Heart J. 1980;100:223–6.PubMedCrossRef
Metagegevens
Titel
Myocardial bridging: what have we learned in the past and will new diagnostic modalities provide new insights?
Auteurs
A. V. G. Bruschke
C. E. Veltman
M. A. de Graaf
H. W. Vliegen
Publicatiedatum
01-01-2013
Uitgeverij
Bohn Stafleu van Loghum
Gepubliceerd in
Netherlands Heart Journal / Uitgave 1/2013
Print ISSN: 1568-5888
Elektronisch ISSN: 1876-6250
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12471-012-0355-x

Andere artikelen Uitgave 1/2013

Netherlands Heart Journal 1/2013 Naar de uitgave

Rhythm Puzzle - Question

Palpitations, once again