Top

Gepubliceerd in:

21-12-2019 | Original Article

Training Adaptive Emotion Regulation Skills in Early Adolescents: The Effects of Distraction, Acceptance, Cognitive Reappraisal, and Problem Solving

Auteurs: Brenda Volkaert, Laura Wante, Marie-Lotte Van Beveren, Leentje Vervoort, Caroline Braet

Gepubliceerd in: Cognitive Therapy and Research | Uitgave 3/2020

Abstract

Adolescence is a critical developmental period in which intense experienced negative emotions need to be successfully regulated in order to decrease the risk of developing psychopathology. This study investigated the immediate and prolonged effects of training emotion regulation (ER) in 256 young adolescents (9–13 years). The four experimental conditions in which an ER skill (acceptance, distraction, cognitive reappraisal, and problem solving) was trained were compared with two control conditions (rumination, performing a cognitive task). Results revealed that: (1) happy affect significantly increased and sad and anxious affect significantly decreased in the four experimental ER conditions but also in the cognitive task condition. Rumination did not have beneficial ER effects. (2) In the experimental condition, the effects on sad and happy affect were more prominent after using distraction, problem solving, and cognitive reappraisal compared to using acceptance. (3) There were no long-term effects of the ER training (ERT) at 1-month follow-up. These results demonstrate that young adolescents are able to use distraction, acceptance, cognitive reappraisal and problem solving, but that the effects of those strategies do not outperform the effects of a neutral cognitive task. In addition, our findings confirm that rumination leads to the maintenance and increase of negative affect, at least short-term. Further research should explore the effects of a more extensive ERT on intense affect states in young adolescents and should investigate the supplementary effects of such a program compared to a neutral cognitive distraction task.

vorige artikel Validating a Mobile Eye Tracking Measure of Integrated Attention Bias and Interpretation Bias in Youth

volgende artikel Evaluation of Exposure Instructions to Pain: Should Therapist Focus on Fear Reduction or Expectation Violation?

Abravanel, B. T., & Sinha, R. (2015). Emotion dysregulation mediates the relationship between lifetime cumulative adversity and depressive symptomatology. Journal of Psychiatric Research,61, 89–96.PubMed

Aldao, A., & Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2012). When are adaptive strategies most predictive of psychopathology? Journal of Abnormal Psychology,121(1), 276.PubMed

Aldao, A., Nolen-Hoeksema, S., & Schweizer, S. (2010). Emotion-regulation strategies across psychopathology: A meta-analytic review. Clinical Psychology Review,30(2), 217–237. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2009.11.004.CrossRefPubMed

Aldao, A., Sheppes, G., & Gross, J. J. (2015). Emotion regulation flexibility. Cognitive Therapy and Research,39(3), 263–278. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-014-9662-4.CrossRef

Allen, P., & Bennett, K. (2008). SPSS for the health and behavioral sciences. South Melbourne: Thompson.

Beauchaine, T. P., Bell, Z., Knapton, E., McDonough-Caplan, H., Shader, T., & Zisner, A. (2019). Respiratory sinus arrhythmia reactivity across empirically based structural dimensions of psychopathology: A meta-analysis. Psychophysiology,56, e13329.PubMedPubMedCentral

Berking, M., & Lukas, C. A. (2015). The Affect Regulation Training (ART): A transdiagnostic approach to the prevention and treatment of mental disorders. Current Opinion in Psychology,3, 64–69.

Berking, M., & Whitley, B. (2013). Affect regulation training. In Handbook of emotion regulation (pp. 350–392). New York: Guilford.

Biglan, A., Hayes, S. C., & Pistorello, J. (2008). Acceptance and commitment: Implications for prevention science. Prevention Science,9(3), 139–152.PubMedPubMedCentral

Bögels, S. (2008). Denken + Doen = Durven. Houten: Bohn Stafleu van Loghum.

Bollen, K. A. (2014). Structural equations with latent variables. New York: Wiley.

Bonanno, G. A., & Burton, C. L. (2013). Regulatory flexibility: An individual differences perspective on coping and emotion regulation. Perspectives on Psychological Science,8(6), 591–612.PubMed

Braet, C., & Stark, K. (2011). Pak Aan. Cognitieve gedragstherapie bij kinderen met depressie (2-delig): Therapeutenboek en Werkboek om je sombere buien te overwinnen: Amsterdam: Boom. Google Scholar

Braet, C., Cracco, E., Theuwis, L., Grob, A., & Smolenski, C. (2013). FEEL-KJ: vragenlijst over emotieregulatie bij kinderen en jongeren. Amsterdam: Hogrefe.

Braet, C., Theuwis, L., Van Durme, K., Vandewalle, J., Vandevivere, E., ..., Wante, L. (2014). Emotion regulation in children with emotional problems. Cognitive Therapy and Research,38(5), 493–504.

Braunstein, L. M., Gross, J. J., & Ochsner, K. N. (2017). Explicit and implicit emotion regulation: A multi-level framework. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience,12(10), 1545–1557.PubMedPubMedCentral

Burckhardt, R., Manicavasagar, V., Batterham, P. J., & Hadzi-Pavlovic, D. (2016). A randomized controlled trial of strong minds: A school-based mental health program combining acceptance and commitment therapy and positive psychology. Journal of School Psychology,57, 41–52.PubMed

Buruck, G., Dörfel, D., Kugler, J., & Brom, S. S. (2016). Enhancing well-being at work: The role of emotion regulation skills as personal resources. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology,21(4), 480.PubMed

Calkins, S. D. (2010). Psychobiological models of adolescent risk: Implications for prevention and intervention. Developmental Psychobiology,3(52), 213–215.

Campbell-Sills, L., & Barlow, D. H. (2007). Incorporating emotion regulation into conceptualizations and treatments of anxiety and mood disorders. In J. J. Gross (Ed.), Handbook of emotion regulation. New York: The Guilford Press.

Cohen, S., Kamarck, T., & Mermelstein, R. (1983). A global measure of perceived stress. Journal of Health and Social Behavior,24, 385–396.PubMed

Cohen, S., Kessler, R. C., & Gordon, L. U. (1995). Strategies for measuring stress in studies of psychiatric and physical disorders. Measuring stress: A guide for health and social scientists (pp. 3–26). New York: Oxford University Press.

Copeland, W. E., Shanahan, L., Costello, E. J., & Angold, A. (2009). Childhood and adolescent psychiatric disorders as predictors of young adult disorders. Archives of General Psychiatry,66(7), 764–772.PubMedPubMedCentral

Coppens, E., Vermet, I., Knaeps, J., De Clerck, M., De Schrijver, I., Matot, J., & Van Audenhove, C. (2015). ADOCARE–A preparatory action related to the creation of an EU network of experts in the field of adapted care for adolescents with mental health problems.

Costello, E. J., Copeland, W., & Angold, A. (2011). Trends in psychopathology across the adolescent years: What changes when children become adolescents, and when adolescents become adults? Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry,52(10), 1015–1025.PubMed

Cracco, E., Van Durme, K., & Braet, C. (2015). Validation of the FEEL-KJ: An instrument to measure emotion regulation strategies in children and adolescents. PLoS ONE,10(9), e0137080.PubMedPubMedCentral

Cracco, E., Goossens, L., & Braet, C. (2017). Emotion regulation across childhood and adolescence: Evidence for a maladaptive shift in adolescence. European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry,26(8), 1–13.

Crone, E. A., & Dahl, R. E. (2012). Understanding adolescence as a period of social–affective engagement and goal flexibility. Nature Reviews Neuroscience,13(9), 636–650.PubMed

Crowne, D. P., & Marlowe, D. (1960). A new scale of social desirability independent of psychopathology. Journal of Consulting Psychology,24(4), 349.PubMed

D’Zurilla, T. J., & Nezu, A. M. (1999). Problem-solving therapy: A social competence approach to clinical intervention. New York: Springer.

De Los, R. A., & Kazdin, A. E. (2005). Informant discrepancies in the assessment of childhood psychopathology: A critical review, theoretical framework, and recommendations for further study. Psychological Bulletin,131(4), 483.

De Girolamo, G., Dagani, J., Purcell, R., Cocchi, A., & McGorry, P. (2012). Age of onset of mental disorders and use of mental health services: Needs, opportunities and obstacles. Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences,21(01), 47–57.PubMed

De Witte, N. A., Sütterlin, S., Braet, C., & Mueller, S. C. (2017). Psychophysiological correlates of emotion regulation training in adolescent anxiety: Evidence from the novel PIER task. Journal of Affective Disorders,214, 89–96.PubMed

Denham, S. A. (1998). Emotional development in young children. New York: Guilford Press.

Dewulf, D. (2012). Mindfulness voor jongeren. Tielt: Lannoo Meulenhoff-Belgium.

Dingemans, A., Danner, U., & Parks, M. (2017). Emotion regulation in binge eating disorder: A review. Nutrients,9(11), 1274.PubMedCentral

Durlak, J. A., Weissberg, R. P., Dymnicki, A. B., Taylor, R. D., & Schellinger, K. B. (2011). The impact of enhancing students’ social and emotional learning: A meta-analysis of school-based universal interventions. Child Development,82(1), 405–432.PubMed

Essau, C. A., LeBlanc, S. S., & Ollendick, T. H. (2017). Emotion regulation and psychopathology in children and adolescents. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Fairburn, C. G., Cooper, Z., & Shafran, R. (2003). Cognitive behaviour therapy for eating disorders: A “transdiagnostic” theory and treatment. Behaviour Research and Therapy,41(5), 509–528.PubMed

Gratz, K. L., & Roemer, L. (2004). Multidimensional assessment of emotion regulation and dysregulation: Development, factor structure, and initial validation of the difficulties in emotion regulation scale. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment,26(1), 41–54.

Gross, J. J. (1998). The emerging field of emotion regulation: An integrative review. Review of General Psychology,2(3), 271.

Gross, J. J. (2013). Emotion regulation: Taking stock and moving forward. Emotion,13(3), 359.PubMed

Guendelman, S., Medeiros, S., & Rampes, H. (2017). Mindfulness and emotion regulation: Insights from neurobiological, psychological, and clinical studies. Frontiers in Psychology,. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00220.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Gundrum, M. (2010). De schatkist van de therapeut.

Haedt-Matt, A. A., & Keel, P. K. (2015). Affect regulation and purging: An ecological momentary assessment study in purging disorder. Journal of Abnormal Psychology,124(2), 399.PubMedPubMedCentral

Hansen, W. B., & Collins, L. M. (1994). Seven ways to increase power without increasing N. NIDA Research Monograph,142, 184–184.PubMed

Hayes, S. C., Wilson, K. G., Gifford, E. V., Follette, V. M., & Strosahl, K. (1996). Experiential avoidance and behavioral disorders: A functional dimensional approach to diagnosis and treatment. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology,64(6), 1152.PubMed

Hayes, S. C., Strosahl, K. D., & Wilson, K. G. (1999). Acceptance and commitment therapy: An experiential approach to behavior change. New York: Guilford Press.

Hayes, S. C., Barnes-Holmes, D., & Roche, B. (2001). Relational frame theory: A post-Skinnerian account of human language and cognition. New York: Springer.

Hayes, S. C., Pistorello, J., & Levin, M. E. (2012). Acceptance and commitment therapy as a unified model of behavior change. The Counseling Psychologist,40(7), 976–1002.

Heller, A. S., & Casey, B. (2016). The neurodynamics of emotion: Delineating typical and atypical emotional processes during adolescence. Developmental Science,19(1), 3–18.PubMed

Herts, K. L., McLaughlin, K. A., & Hatzenbuehler, M. L. (2012). Emotion dysregulation as a mechanism linking stress exposure to adolescent aggressive behavior. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology,40(7), 1111–1122. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-012-9629-4.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Hilt, L. M., & Pollak, S. D. (2012). Getting out of rumination: Comparison of three brief interventions in a sample of youth. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology,40(7), 1157–1165. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-012-9638-3.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Hilt, L. M., McLaughlin, K. A., & Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2010). Examination of the response styles theory in a community sample of young adolescents. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology,38(4), 545–556. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-009-9384-3.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Hofmann, S. G. (2015). Emotion in therapy: From science to practice. New York: Guilford Publications.

Inchley, J., Young, T., Samdal, O., Torsheim, T., Augustson, L., Mathison, F., …, Barnekow, V. (2016). Health behaviour in school-aged children (hbsc) study: International report from the 2013 Health /2014 survey. Retrieved from Copenhagen:

Kaplan, R. M., & Stone, A. A. (2013). Bringing the laboratory and clinic to the community: Mobile technologies for health promotion and disease prevention. Annual Review of Psychology,64, 471–498.PubMed

Kemeny, M. E. (2003). The psychobiology of stress. Current Directions in Psychological Science,12(4), 124–129.

Kobylinska, D., & Kusev, P. (2019). Flexible emotion regulation: How situational demands and individual differences influence the effectiveness of regulatory strategies. Frontiers in Psychology,10, 72.PubMedPubMedCentral

Koole, S. L. (2009). The psychology of emotion regulation: An integrative review. Cognition and Emotion,23(1), 4–41.

Kovacs, M. (1982). The Children’s Depression Inventory: A self-rated depression scale for school-aged youngsters. Unpublished manuscript. University of Pittsburgh.

Kovacs, M., Joormann, J., & Gotlib, I. H. (2008). Emotion (dys) regulation and links to depressive disorders. Child Development Perspectives,2(3), 149–155.PubMedPubMedCentral

Lambie, J. A., & Marcel, A. J. (2002). Consciousness and the varieties of emotion experience: A theoretical framework. Psychological Review,109(2), 219.PubMed

Lane, R. D., & Schwartz, G. E. (1987). Levels of emotional awareness: A cognitive-developmental theory and its application to psychopathology. The American Journal of Psychiatry,144, 133–143.PubMed

Lench, H. C., Flores, S. A., & Bench, S. W. (2011). Discrete emotions predict changes in cognition, judgment, experience, behavior, and physiology: A meta-analysis of experimental emotion elicitations. Psychological Bulletin,137(5), 834.PubMed

Lindell, M. K., & Whitney, D. J. (2001). Accounting for common method variance in cross-sectional research designs. Journal of Applied Psychology,86(1), 114.PubMed

Lord, R. G., Klimoski, R. J., & Kanfer, R. (2002). Emotions in the workplace: Understanding the structure and role of emotions in organizational behavior (Vol. 7). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

McRae, K., Misra, S., Prasad, A. K., Pereira, S. C., & Gross, J. J. (2011). Bottom-up and top-down emotion generation: Implications for emotion regulation. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience,7(3), 253–262.PubMedPubMedCentral

McRae, K., Gross, J. J., Weber, J., Robertson, E. R., Sokol-Hessner, P., ..., Ray, R. D. (2012). The development of emotion regulation: An fMRI study of cognitive reappraisal in children, adolescents and young adults. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience,7(1), 11–22.

Mennin, D. S., Holaway, R. M., Fresco, D. M., Moore, M. T., & Heimberg, R. G. (2007). Delineating components of emotion and its dysregulation in anxiety and mood psychopathology. Behavior Therapy,38(3), 284–302.PubMed

Michels, N., Sioen, I., Clays, E., De Buyzere, M., Ahrens, W., Huybrechts, I., ..., De Henauw, S. (2013). Children’s heart rate variability as stress indicator: Association with reported stress and cortisol. Biological Psychology,94(2), 433–440.

Neumann, A., van Lier, P. A., Gratz, K. L., & Koot, H. M. (2010). Multidimensional assessment of emotion regulation difficulties in adolescents using the difficulties in emotion regulation scale. Assessment,17(1), 138–149.PubMed

Nezu, A. M., & D’Zurilla, T. J. (2006). Problem-solving therapy: A positive approach to clinical intervention. New York: Springer.

Nolen-Hoeksema, S., Wisco, B. E., & Lyubomirsky, S. (2008). Rethinking rumination. Perspectives on Psychological Science,3(5), 400–424.

Paulhus, D. L., & Vazire, S. (2007). The self-report method. Handbook of Research Methods in Personality Psychology,1, 224–239.

Picó-Pérez, M., Radua, J., Steward, T., Menchón, J. M., & Soriano-Mas, C. (2017). Emotion regulation in mood and anxiety disorders: A meta-analysis of fMRI cognitive reappraisal studies. Progress in Neuro-psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry,79, 96–104.PubMed

Raes, F., Griffith, J. W., Van der Gucht, K., & Williams, J. M. G. (2014). School-based prevention and reduction of depression in adolescents: A cluster-randomized controlled trial of a mindfulness group program. Mindfulness,5(5), 477–486.

Raven, J. C. (1938). Raven’s progressive matrices.

Riediger, M., & Klipker, K. (2014). Emotion regulation in adolescence. In J. J. Gross (Ed.), Handbook of emotion regulation. New York: The Guilford Press.

Roelofs, J., Rood, L., Meesters, C., te Dorsthorst, V., Bogels, S., Alloy, L. B., et al. (2009). The influence of rumination and distraction on depressed and anxious mood: A prospective examination of the response styles theory in children and adolescents. European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry,18(10), 635–642. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-009-0026-7.CrossRefPubMed

Rood, L., Roelofs, J., Bögels, S. M., & Arntz, A. (2012). The effects of experimentally induced rumination, positive reappraisal, acceptance, and distancing when thinking about a stressful event on affect states in adolescents. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology,40(1), 73–84.PubMed

Ryan, R., Booth, S., Spathis, A., Mollart, S., & Clow, A. (2016). Use of salivary diurnal cortisol as an outcome measure in randomised controlled trials: A systematic review. Annals of Behavioral Medicine,50(2), 210–236. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12160-015-9753-9.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Salters-Pedneault, K., Roemer, L., Tull, M. T., Rucker, L., & Mennin, D. S. (2006). Evidence of broad deficits in emotion regulation associated with chronic worry and generalized anxiety disorder. Cognitive Therapy and Research,30(4), 469–480.

Schafer, J. L. (1997). Analysis of incomplete multivariate data. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.

Schäfer, J. Ö., Naumann, E., Holmes, E. A., Tuschen-Caffier, B., & Samson, A. C. (2016). Emotion regulation strategies in depressive and anxiety symptoms in youth: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Youth and Adolescence,46, 1–16.

Scheibe, S., Sheppes, G., & Staudinger, U. M. (2015). Distract or reappraise? Age-related differences in emotion-regulation choice. Emotion,15(6), 677.PubMed

Schwartz, G. E., Fair, P. L., Salt, P., Mandel, M. R., & Klerman, G. L. (1976). Facial muscle patterning to affective imagery in depressed and nondepressed subjects. Science,192(4238), 489–491.PubMed

Sheppes, G., Scheibe, S., Suri, G., & Gross, J. J. (2011). Emotion-regulation choice. Psychological Science,22(11), 1391–1396. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797611418350.CrossRefPubMed

Sheppes, G., Brady, W. J., & Samson, A. C. (2014). In (visual) search for a new distraction: The efficiency of a novel attentional deployment versus semantic meaning regulation strategies. Frontiers in Psychology,5, 346.PubMedPubMedCentral

Silk, J. S., Steinberg, L., & Morris, A. S. (2003). Adolescents’ emotion regulation in daily life: Links to depressive symptoms and problem behavior. Child Development,74(6), 1869–1880.PubMed

Somerville, L. H., Jones, R. M., & Casey, B. (2010). A time of change: Behavioral and neural correlates of adolescent sensitivity to appetitive and aversive environmental cues. Brain and Cognition,72(1), 124–133.PubMed

Southam-Gerow, M. (2013). Emotion regulation in children and adolescents: A practitioner’s guide. New York: Guilford Press.

Steinberg, L. (2005). Cognitive and affective development in adolescence. Trends in Cognitive Sciences,9(2), 69–74.PubMed

Thayer, J. F., Åhs, F., Fredrikson, M., Sollers, J. J., III, & Wager, T. D. (2012). A meta-analysis of heart rate variability and neuroimaging studies: Implications for heart rate variability as a marker of stress and health. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews,36(2), 747–756.PubMed

Timbremont, B., & Braet, C. (2002). Children’s Depression Inventory: Nederlandstalige versie [Children’s Depression Inventory: Dutch version]. Lisse: Swets and Zeitlinger.

Treynor, W., Gonzalez, R., & Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2003). Rumination reconsidered: A psychometric analysis. Cognitive Therapy and Research,27(3), 247–259.

Tugade, M. M., & Fredrickson, B. L. (2007). Regulation of positive emotions: Emotion regulation strategies that promote resilience. Journal of Happiness Studies,8(3), 311–333.

Tull, M. T., & Aldao, A. (2015). Editorial overview: New directions in the science of emotion regulation. Current Opinion in Psychology,3, iv–x.

Utens, E. (2003). VRIENDEN voor jongeren: handleiding voor groepsleiders. Afdeling Kinder-en Jeugdpsychiatrie, Rotterdam: ErasmusMS.

Van Beveren, M.-L., Goossens, L., Volkaert, B., Grassmann, C., Wante, L., Vandeweghe, L., ..., Braet, C. (2018). How do I feel right now? Emotional awareness, emotion regulation, and depressive symptoms in youth. European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry,28, 1–10.

Wante, L., Mezulis, A., Van Beveren, M.-L., & Braet, C. (2016). The mediating effect of adaptive and maladaptive emotion regulation strategies on executive functioning impairment and depressive symptoms among adolescents. Child Neuropsychology,. https://doi.org/10.1080/09297049.2016.1212986.CrossRefPubMed

Wante, L., Van Beveren, M. L., Theuwis, L., & Braet, C. (2017). The effects of emotion regulation strategies on positive and negative affect in early adolescents. Cognition and Emotion,. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699931.2017.1374242.CrossRefPubMed

Wante, L., Van Beveren, M.-L., Theuwis, L., & Braet, C. (2018). The effects of emotion regulation strategies on positive and negative affect in early adolescents. Cognition and Emotion,32(5), 988–1002.PubMed

Wijsman, J., Grundlehner, B., Penders, J., & Hermens, H. (2010). 2010. In Paper presented at the Wireless Health: Trapezius muscle EMG as predictor of mental stress.

Wills, T. A., Pokhrel, P., Morehouse, E., & Fenster, B. (2011). Behavioral and emotional regulation and adolescent substance use problems: A test of moderation effects in a dual-process model. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors,25(2), 13. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0022870.CrossRef

Wilson, T. D., & Gilbert, D. T. (2008). Explaining away: A model of affective adaptation. Perspectives on Psychological Science,3(5), 370–386.PubMed

Wolgast, M., & Lundh, L.-G. (2017). Is distraction an adaptive or maladaptive strategy for emotion regulation? A person-oriented approach. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment,39(1), 117–127.PubMed

Wolgast, M., Lundh, L.-G., & Viborg, G. (2011). Cognitive reappraisal and acceptance: An experimental comparison of two emotion regulation strategies. Behaviour Research and Therapy,49(12), 858–866.PubMed

Titel: Training Adaptive Emotion Regulation Skills in Early Adolescents: The Effects of Distraction, Acceptance, Cognitive Reappraisal, and Problem Solving
Auteurs: Brenda Volkaert
Laura Wante
Marie-Lotte Van Beveren
Leentje Vervoort
Caroline Braet
Publicatiedatum: 21-12-2019
Uitgeverij: Springer US
Gepubliceerd in: Cognitive Therapy and Research / Uitgave 3/2020
Print ISSN: 0147-5916
Elektronisch ISSN: 1573-2819
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-019-10073-4

Bohn Stafleu van Loghum

Deel dit onderdeel of sectie (kopieer de link)

Abstract

Log in om toegang te krijgen

Andere artikelen Uitgave 3/2020

Predictors of Treatment Outcome in Group or Individual Cognitive Processing Therapy for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Among Active Duty Military

Validating a Mobile Eye Tracking Measure of Integrated Attention Bias and Interpretation Bias in Youth

Social Avoidance as a Predictor of Psychosocial Functioning in Body Dysmorphic Disorder: A Prospective Longitudinal Analysis

Therapist Guided Activity Practice for Depressive Symptoms in University Students: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Cognitive Vulnerabilities as Prognostic Predictors of Acute and Follow-Up Outcomes in Seasonal Affective Disorder Treatment with Light Therapy or Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy

Mechanisms of Change in Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Body Dysmorphic Disorder