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01-04-2010 | Original Article

Does the Hopelessness Theory Account for Sex Differences in Depressive Symptoms Among Young Adults?

Auteurs: Lindsey B. Stone, Brandon E. Gibb, Meredith E. Coles

Gepubliceerd in: Cognitive Therapy and Research | Uitgave 2/2010

Abstract

The present study examined whether the sex difference in depression could be accounted for within the framework of the hopelessness theory of depression. Specifically, we tested whether young adults’ negative inferential styles mediated the sex difference in depressive symptoms or whether sex moderated the cognitive vulnerability-stress effects on depressive symptoms in a multi-wave longitudinal study. In doing so, we examined the different forms of negative inferential styles separately (causes, consequences, self-characteristics, composite, weakest link). Results did not support the mediation hypothesis. In terms of the moderation hypothesis, we found significant sex × inferential style × stress interactions predicting depressive symptoms across the follow-up, with the vulnerability-stress effects significant for men but not women. Among women, negative inferential styles and life events were independent predictors of depressive symptoms. In these moderation analyses, each of the inferential styles exhibited similar predictive validity.

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Although the vulnerability-stress interactions specific to negative interpersonal events did not reach significance according to our adjusted critical alpha level (α _crit = .01), the pattern is virtually identical to the sex × inferential style × events interaction with overall negative events. Specifically, among the men, negative inferential styles were related to depressive symptom elevations at high, but not low, levels of negative interpersonal events. In contrast, among women, inferential styles and negative interpersonal events were independent predictors of depressive symptom elevations.

Although the sex × consequences inferential style × events interaction was a nonsignificant trend (P = .02) using our adjusted critical alpha level (α _crit = .01), the effect size for this three-way interaction (r _effectsize = .11) was virtually to that obtained for the other inferential styles (r _effectsize = .12 to .13) and the consequences × negative events interaction was significant among men but not women, just as for the other inferential styles.

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Titel: Does the Hopelessness Theory Account for Sex Differences in Depressive Symptoms Among Young Adults?
Auteurs: Lindsey B. Stone
Brandon E. Gibb
Meredith E. Coles
Publicatiedatum: 01-04-2010
Uitgeverij: Springer US
Gepubliceerd in: Cognitive Therapy and Research / Uitgave 2/2010
Print ISSN: 0147-5916
Elektronisch ISSN: 1573-2819
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-009-9241-2

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