Top

Gepubliceerd in:

17-07-2019 | ORIGINAL PAPER

The Insight Knowledge of Fear and Adverse Effects of Mindfulness Practices

Auteur: Bhikkhu Anālayo

Gepubliceerd in: Mindfulness | Uitgave 10/2019

Abstract

The insight knowledges, descriptive of meditative experiences in Theravāda vipassanā meditation, are the outcome of a historical development and are specific to this Buddhist tradition; the challenging experiences they describe are not representative of conceptions of the path to awakening in early Buddhism and are of no direct relevance to mindfulness-based interventions. Adverse effects of meditation are recognized in early Buddhism, where the response to a drastic case of mental imbalance leading to suicidal tendencies takes the form of recommending the cultivation of mindfulness. In fact, adverse effects can occur with a range of different meditation practices, which need not have any relationship to mindfulness. Although the practice of mindfulness is clearly not a panacea and in case of trauma and mental illness requires being combined with professional assistance, it has a potential to support and facilitate the facing of difficult emotions.

vorige artikel Baseline Craving Strength as a Prognostic Marker of Benefit from Smartphone App-Based Mindfulness Training for Smoking Cessation

volgende artikel Effects of a Short Online Mindfulness Intervention on Relationship Satisfaction and Partner Acceptance: the Moderating Role of Trait Mindfulness

Adhikari, K. (2012). Study of effect of vipassana on anxiety and depression. International Journal of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, 2(6), 274–276. https://doi.org/10.5923/j.ijpbs.20120206.11.CrossRef

Anālayo, Bh. (2007). Sukha. In W. G. Weeraratne (Ed.), Encyclopaedia of Buddhism, volume 8 (pp. 164–168). Sri Lanka: Department of Buddhist Affairs. http://www.buddhismuskunde.uni-hamburg.de/pdf/5-personen/analayo/encyclopedia-entries/sukha.pdf.

Anālayo, Bh. (2012a). The dynamics of Theravāda insight meditation. In K. Chuang (Ed.), 佛教禪坐傳統國際學術研討會論文集 [Buddhist meditation traditions: an international symposium] (pp. 23–56). Taiwan: Dharma Drum Publishing Corporation. https://www.buddhismuskunde.uni-hamburg.de/pdf/5-personen/analayo/dynamicsinsight.pdf.

Anālayo, Bh. (2012b). Purification in early Buddhist discourse and Buddhist ethics. Bukkyō Kenkyū, 40, 67–97 https://www.buddhismuskunde.uni-hamburg.de/pdf/5-personen/analayo/purification-in-early-buddhist-discourse.pdf.

Anālayo, Bh. (2013). Perspectives on satipaṭṭhāna. Cambridge: Windhorse Publications https://www.buddhismuskunde.uni-hamburg.de/pdf/5-personen/analayo/perspectives.pdf.

Anālayo, Bh. (2014). The mass suicide of monks in discourse and Vinaya literature. Journal of the Oxford Centre for Buddhist Studies, 7, 11–55 http://www.buddhismuskunde.uni-hamburg.de/pdf/5-personen/analayo/mass-suicide.pdf.

Anālayo, Bh. (2019a). How mindfulness came to plunge into its objects. Mindfulness, 10, 1181–1185. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-019-01152-4.

Anālayo, Bh. (2019b). In the seen just the seen: Mindfulness and the construction of experience. Mindfulness, 10, 179–184. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-018-1042-9.CrossRef

Anālayo, Bh. (2019c). Meditation on the breath: mindfulness and focused attention. Mindfulness, 10. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-019-01169-9.

Anālayo, Bh. (2019d). Mindfulness-based interventions and the four satipaṭṭhānas. Mindfulness, 10, 611–615. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-019-1097-2.CrossRef

Anderson, T., Suresh, M., & Farb, N. A. S. (2019). Meditation benefits and drawbacks: Empirical codebook and implications for teaching. Journal of Cognitive Enhancement, 3(2), 207–220. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41465-018-00119-y.

Arch, J. J., & Ayers, C. R. (2013). Which treatment worked better for whom? Moderators of group cognitive behavioral therapy versus adapted mindfulness based stress reduction for anxiety disorders. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 51(8), 434–442. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2013.04.004.CrossRefPubMed

Ataria, Y. (2018). Mindfulness and trauma: Some striking similarities. Anthropology of Consciousness, 29(1), 44–56.CrossRef

Baer, R., Crane, C., Miller, E., & Kuyken, W. (2019). Doing no harm in mindfulness-based programs: Conceptual issues and empirical findings. Clinical Psychology Review, 71, 101–114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2019.01.001.

Barford, D. (2018). Dark night of the soul: Duncan Barford explains why mindfulness is associated with risk of severe negative psychological effects. Therapy Today, 29(6), 34–37.

Bilimoria, P. (1992). The Jaina ethic of voluntary death. Bioethics, 6(4), 31–355.CrossRef

Bodhi, Bh. (1980). Transcendental dependent arising, a translation and exposition of the Upanisa sutta. Kandy: Buddhist Publication Society.

Britton, W. B. (2019). Can mindfulness be too much of a good thing? The value of a middle way. Current Opinion in Psychology, 28, 159–165. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2018.12.011.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Brown, D. P., & Engler, J. (1980). The stages of mindfulness meditation: A validation study. The Journal of Transpersonal Psychology, 12(2), 143–192.

Caillat, C. (1977). Fasting unto death according to the Jaina tradition. Acta Orientalia, 38, 43–66.

Castillo, R. J. (1990). Depersonalization and meditation. Psychiatry, 53(2), 158–168.CrossRefPubMed

Cebolla, A., Demarzo, M., Martins, P., Soler, J., & Garcia-Campayo, J. (2017). Unwanted effects: Is there a negative side of meditation? A multicentre survey. PLoS One, 12(9), e0183137. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0183137.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Chan-Ob, T., & Boonyanaruthee, V. (1999). Meditation in association with psychosis. Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand, 82(9), 925–930.PubMed

Compson, J. (2018). Adverse meditation experiences: Navigating Buddhist and secular frameworks for addressing them. Mindfulness, 9, 1358–1369. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-017-0878-8.CrossRef

Disayavanish, C., & Disayavanish, P. (1984). Meditation-induced psychosis. Journal of the Psychiatric Association of Thailand, 29(1), 1–12.

Dobkin, P. L., Irving, J. A., & Amar, S. (2012). For whom may participation in a mindfulness-based stress reduction program be contraindicated? Mindfulness, 3, 44–50. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-011-0079-9.CrossRef

Dyga, K., & Stupak, R. (2015). Meditation and psychosis: Trigger or cure? Archives of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, 17(3), 48–58. https://doi.org/10.12740/APP/58976.CrossRef

Engler, J. (2003). Being somebody and being nobody: A reexamination of the understanding of self in psychoanalysis and Buddhism. In J. D. Safran (Ed.), Psychoanalysis and Buddhism: An unfolding dialogue (pp. 35–79). Somerville: Wisdom Publications.

Epstein, M., & Lieff, J. D. (1981). Psychiatric complications of meditation practice. The Journal of Transpersonal Psychology, 13(2), 137–147.

Filliozat, J. (1967). L’abandon de la vie par le sage et les suicides du criminel et du héros dans la tradition indienne. Arts Asiatiques, 15, 65–88.CrossRef

French, A. P., Schmid, A. C., & Ingalls, E. (1975). Transcendental meditation, altered reality testing, and behavioral change: A case report. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 161(1), 55–58. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005053-197507000-00007.CrossRef

García-Trujillo, R., Monterrey, A. L., & González de Rivera, J. L. (1992). Meditación y psicosis. Psiquis, 13(2), 75–79.

Giustarini, G. (2012). The role of fear (bhaya) in the Nikāyas and in the Abhidhamma. Journal of Indian Philosophy, 40(5), 511–531. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10781-012-9164-1.CrossRef

Goldberg, S. B., Tucker, R. P., Greene, P. A., Davidson, R. J., Wampold, B. E., Kearney, D. J., & Simpson, T. L. (2018). Mindfulness-based interventions for psychiatric disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 59, 52–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2017.10.011.CrossRefPubMed

Grabovac, A. (2015). The stages of insight: Clinical relevance for mindfulness-based interventions. Mindfulness, 6, 589–600. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-014-0294-2.CrossRef

Greenberg, D., Witztum, E., & Buchbinder, J. T. (1992). Mysticism and psychosis: The fate of Ben Zoma. British Journal of Medical Psychology, 65, 223–235.

Hofmann, S. G., Sawyer, A. T., Witt, A. A., & Oh, D. (2010). The effect of mindfulness-based therapy on anxiety and depression: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 78(2), 169–183. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0018555.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Jones, D. T. (2019). Preconditions: The Upanisā Sutta in context. Journal of the Oxford Center for Buddhist Studies, 17 (forthcoming).

Kabat-Zinn, J. (2018). Proprioception–the felt sense of the body. Mindfulness, 9, 1979–1980. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-018-1028-7.CrossRef

Kennedy, R. B. (1976). Self–induced depersonalization syndrome. American Journal of Psychiatry, 133(11), 1326–1328.CrossRef

Kerr, C. E., Josyula, K., & Littenberg, R. (2011). Developing an observing attitude: An analysis of meditation diaries in an MBSR clinical trial. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 18, 80–93. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpp.700.CrossRef

Khoury, B., Lecomte, T., Fortin, G., Masse, M., Therien, P., Bouchard, V., Chapleu, M.-A., Paquin, K., & Hofmann, S. G. (2013). Mindfulness-based therapy: A comprehensive meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 33(6), 763–771. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2013.05.005.CrossRefPubMed

Kocovski, N. L., Segal, Z. V., & Battista, S. R. (2009). Mindfulness and psychopathology: Problem formulation. In F. Didonna (Ed.), Clinical handbook of mindfulness (pp. 85–98). New York: Springer Publishing.CrossRef

Kornfield, J. (1979). Intensive insight meditation: A phenomenological study. The Journal of Transpersonal Psychology, 11(1), 41–58.

Kornfield, J. (2011). Bringing home the Dharma, awakening right where you are. Boulder: Shambala Publications.

Kuijpers, H. J. H., van der Heijden, F. M. M. A., Tuinier, S., & Verhoeven, W. M. A. (2007). Meditation-induced psychosis. Psychopathology, 40, 461–464. https://doi.org/10.1159/000108125.CrossRefPubMed

Laidlaw, J. (2005). A life worth leaving: Fasting to death as telos of a Jain religious life. Economy and Society, 34(2), 178–199.CrossRef

Lazarus, A. A. (1976). Psychiatric problems precipitated by transcendental meditation. Psychological Reports, 39(2), 601–602. https://doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1976.39.2.601.CrossRefPubMed

Lindahl, J. R., Fisher, N. E., Cooper, D. J., Rosen, R. K., & Britton, W. B. (2017). The varieties of contemplative experience: A mixed-methods study of meditation-related challenges in Western Buddhists. PLoS One, 12(5), E0176239. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0176239.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Lomas, T., Cartwright, T., Edginton, T., & Ridge, D. (2015). A qualitative analysis of experiential challenges associated with meditation practice. Mindfulness, 6, 848–860. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-014-0329-8.

Lustyk, M. K. B., Chawla, N., Nolan, R. S., & Marlatt, G. A. (2009). Mindfulness meditation research: Issues of participant screening, safety procedures, and researcher training. Advances in Mind-Body Medicine, 24(1), 20–30.PubMed

Mahasi, S. (1971). Practical insight meditation; basic and progressive stages. Kandy: Buddhist Publication Society.

Miller, J. J. (1993). The unveiling of traumatic memories and emotions through mindfulness and concentration meditation: Clinical implications and three case reports. Journal of Transpersonal Psychology, 25(2), 169–180.

Nagashima, J. (2009). The Sanskrit fragments Or. 15009/251–290 in the Hoernle collection. In S. Karashima & K. Wille (Eds.), Buddhist manuscripts from Central Asia, the British library Sanskrit fragments, volume 2 (pp. 258–286). Tokyo: International Research Institute for Advanced Buddhology, Soka University.

Ñāṇārāma, M. S. (1983). The seven stages of purification and the insight knowledges, a guide to the progressive stages of Buddhist meditation. Kandy: Buddhist Publication Society.

Ng, B.-Y. (1999). Qigong-induced mental disorders: A review. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 33, 197–206.CrossRef

Nyklíček, I., & Irrmischer, M. (2017). For whom does mindfulness-based stress reduction work? Moderating effects of personality. Mindfulness, 8(4), 1106–1116. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-017-0687-0.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Oberlies, T. (2006). Das Sterben ‘lebender Toter’: zur Genese des Instituts des Freitods und zum Umgang der indischen Rechtstradition mit ihm. Acta Orientalia, 67, 203–228.

Olivelle, P. (1978). Ritual suicide and the rite of renunciation. Wiener Zeitschrift für die Kunde Südasiens, 22, 19–44.

Olivelle, P. (2002). Deconstruction of the body in Indian asceticism. In V. L. Wimbush & R. Valantasis (Eds.), Asceticism (pp. 188–210). New York: Oxford University Press.

Otis, L. S. (2017). Adverse effects of transcendental meditation. In D. H. Shapiro & R. N. Walsh (Eds.), Meditation: classic and contemporary perspectives (pp. 201–208). New York: Routledge (originally published 1984).CrossRef

Perez-De-Albeniz, A., & Holmes, J. (2000). Meditation: concepts, effects, and uses in therapy. International Journal of Psychotherapy, 5(1), 49–58.

Potes, A., Souza, G., Nikolitch, K., Penheiro, R., Moussa, Y., Jarvis, E., Looper, K., & Rej, S. (2018). Mindfulness in severe and persistent mental illness: A systematic review. International Journal of Psychiatry in Clinical Practice, 22(4), 253–261. https://doi.org/10.1080/13651501.2018.1433857.CrossRefPubMed

Reynolds, L. M., Bissett, I. P., Porter, D., & Consedine, N. S. (2017). A brief mindfulness intervention is associated with negative outcomes in a randomised controlled trial among chemotherapy patients. Mindfulness, 8, 1291–1303. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-017-0705-2.CrossRef

Roos, C. R., Bowen, S., & Witkiewitz, K. (2017). Baseline patterns of substance use disorder severity and depression and anxiety symptoms moderate the efficacy of mindfulness-based relapse prevention. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 85, 1041–1051. https://doi.org/10.1037/ccp0000249.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Schlosser, M., Sparby, T., Vörös, S., Jones, R., & Marchant, N. L. (2019). Unpleasant meditation-related experiences in regular meditators: Prevalence, predictors, and conceptual considerations. PLoS One, 14(5), e0216643. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0216643.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Sethi, S., & Bhargava, S. C. (2003). Relationship of meditation and psychosis: Case studies. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 37(3), 382.

Settar, S. (1990). Pursuing death: Philosophy and practice of voluntary termination of life. Dharwad: Karnatak University, Institute of Indian Art History.

Shan, H. H. (2000). Culture-bound psychiatric disorders associated with qigong practice in China. Hong Kong Journal of Psychiatry, 10(3), 12–14.

Shapiro, D. H., Jr. (1992). Adverse effects of meditation: A preliminary investigation of long-term meditators. International Journal of Psychosomatics, 39(1–4), 62–67.PubMed

Sherrill, H. N., Sherrill, J., & Cáceda, R. (2017). Psychotic mania induced by diffuse meditation. Psychiatry Research, 258, 604. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2016.12.035.CrossRefPubMed

Shonin, E., Van Gordon, W., & Griffiths, M. D. (2014). Do mindfulness-based therapies have a role in the treatment of psychosis? The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 48(2), 124–127. https://doi.org/10.1177/0004867413512688.CrossRefPubMed

Sircar, D. C. (1971). Religious suicide. In D. C. Sircar (Ed.), Studies in the religious life of ancient and medieval India (pp. 206–220). Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass.

Skoog, K. (2003). The morality of sallekhanā, the Jaina practice of fasting to death. In O. Quarnstrom (Ed.), Jainism and early Buddhism, essays in honor of Padmanabh S. Jaini (pp. 293–304). Fremont: Asian Humanities Press.

Tatia, N. (1968). On saṃlekhanā or suspension of aliment. In A. N. Upadhye et al. (Eds.), Sri Mahavir Jaina Vidyalaya golden jubilee volume (pp. 139–142). Bombay: Sri Mahavira Jaina Vidyalaya Prakasana.

Thakur, U. (1963). The history of suicide in India, an introduction. New Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal.

Treleaven, D. A. (2018). Trauma-sensitive mindfulness, practices for safe and transformative healing. New York: W.W. Norton & Company.

Tripāṭhī, C. (1962). Fünfundzwanzig sūtras des Nidānasaṃyukta. Berlin: Akademie Verlag.

Tukol, T. K. (1976). Sallekhanā is not suicide. Ahmedabad: L.D. Institute of Indology.

VanderKooi, L. (1997). Buddhist teachers’ experience with extreme mental states in western meditators. The Journal of Transpersonal Psychology, 29(1), 31–46.

Vieten, C., Wahbeh, H., Cahn, B. R., MacLean, K., Estrada, M., Mills, P., Murphy, M., Shapiro, S., Radin, D., Josipovic, Z., Presti, D. E., Sapiro, M., Bays, J. C., Russell, P., Vago, D., Travis, F., Walsh, R., & Delorme, A. (2018). Future directions in meditation research: Recommendations for expanding the field of contemplative science. PLoS One, 13(11), e0205740. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0205740.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Vörös, S. (2016). Sitting with the demons—Mindfulness, suffering, and existential transformation. Asian Studies, 4(2), 59–83. https://doi.org/10.4312/as.2016.4.2.59-83.CrossRef

Walshe, R., & Roche, L. (1979). Precipitation of acute psychotic episodes by intensive meditation individuals with a history of schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry, 136, 1085–1086.CrossRef

Wang, Y. Y., Li, X. H., Zheng, W., Xu, Z. Y., Ng, C. H., Ungvari, G. S., Yuan, Z., & Xiang, Y. T. (2018). Mindfulness-based interventions for major depressive disorder: A comprehensive meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Journal of Affective Disorder, 229, 429–436. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2017.12.093.

Williams, J. M. G., Crane, C., Barnhofer, T., Brennan, K., Duggan, D. S., Fennell, M. J. V., Hackmann, A., Krusche, A., Muse, K., Von Rohr, I. R., Shah, D., Crane, R. S., Eames, C., Jones, M., Radford, S., Silverton, S., Yongzhong, S., Weatherley-Jones, E., Whitaker, C. J., Russel, D., & Russel, I. T. (2014). Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for preventing relapse in recurrent depression: A randomized dismantling trial. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 82(2), 275–286. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0035036.CrossRefPubMed

Wong, S. Y. S., Chan, J. Y. C., Zhang, D., Lee, E. K. P., & Tsoi, K. K. F. (2018). The safety of mindfulness-based interventions: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Mindfulness, 9, 1344–1357. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-018-0897-0.CrossRef

Yorston, G. A. (2010). Mania precipitated by meditation: A case report and literature review. Mental Health, Religion and Culture, 4(2), 209–213. https://doi.org/10.1080/713685624.CrossRef

Titel: The Insight Knowledge of Fear and Adverse Effects of Mindfulness Practices
Auteur: Bhikkhu Anālayo
Publicatiedatum: 17-07-2019
Uitgeverij: Springer US
Gepubliceerd in: Mindfulness / Uitgave 10/2019
Print ISSN: 1868-8527
Elektronisch ISSN: 1868-8535
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-019-01198-4

Bohn Stafleu van Loghum

Deel dit onderdeel of sectie (kopieer de link)

Abstract

Log in om toegang te krijgen

Andere artikelen Uitgave 10/2019

Trauma- and Stressor-Related History and Symptoms Predict Distress Experienced during a Brief Mindfulness Meditation Sitting: Moving toward Trauma-Informed Care in Mindfulness-Based Therapy

Effect of Mindfulness-Based Relapse Prevention on Impulsivity Trajectories Among Young Adults in Residential Substance Use Disorder Treatment

The Effects of Mindfulness Training on Cognitive and Psychosocial Well-Being Among Family Caregivers of Persons with Neurodegenerative Disease

Coping with Seizures Through Mindfulness Meditation: a Qualitative Study of a Mindfulness-Based Intervention in Epilepsy

Heart Rate Variability of Various Video-Aided Mindful Deep Breathing Durations and Its Impact on Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Symptom Severity

Longitudinal Effects of a 2-Year Meditation and Buddhism Program on Well-Being, Quality of Life, and Valued Living