Skip to main content
Top
Gepubliceerd in: Journal of Behavioral Medicine 4/2006

01-08-2006

Influence of Apologies and Trait Hostility on Recovery from Anger

Auteurs: Jeremy C. Anderson, Wolfgang Linden, Martine E. Habra

Gepubliceerd in: Journal of Behavioral Medicine | Uitgave 4/2006

Log in om toegang te krijgen
share
DELEN

Deel dit onderdeel of sectie (kopieer de link)

  • Optie A:
    Klik op de rechtermuisknop op de link en selecteer de optie “linkadres kopiëren”
  • Optie B:
    Deel de link per e-mail

Abstract

While there is growing evidence that quick recovery from stress is health-protective, relatively little is known about what factors affect recovery rates. We tested whether recovery from anger can be diffused with apologies. 184 participants performed a stress task involving verbal harassment and apologies. Participants were randomly assigned to one of four conditions: non-harassed control, good apology, pseudo-apology, or no apology. Measures of blood pressure and heart rate were taken at baseline, task and recovery periods. Participants scoring high in trait hostility displayed faster systolic blood pressure recovery when they received a genuine apology, but recovered more slowly when they received a pseudo-apology or no apology. Apologies did not influence subjective anger ratings. It was concluded that apologies may accelerate cardiovascular anger recovery among those with hostile personality predispositions.
Bijlagen
Alleen toegankelijk voor geautoriseerde gebruikers
Literatuur
go back to reference Anderson, J., Linden, W., and Habra, M. (2005). The importance of examining blood pressure reactivity and recovery in anger provocation research. Int. J. Psychophysiol. 57: 159–163.PubMedCrossRef Anderson, J., Linden, W., and Habra, M. (2005). The importance of examining blood pressure reactivity and recovery in anger provocation research. Int. J. Psychophysiol. 57: 159–163.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Anderson, J., and Prkachin, G. (1998). Unpublished data, University of Northern British Columbia. Anderson, J., and Prkachin, G. (1998). Unpublished data, University of Northern British Columbia.
go back to reference Barefoot, J. C., Dodge, K. A., Peterson, B. L., Dahlstrom, W. G., and Williams, R. (1989). The Cook-Medley Hostility scale: Item content and ability to predict survival. Psychosom. Med. 51: 46–57.PubMed Barefoot, J. C., Dodge, K. A., Peterson, B. L., Dahlstrom, W. G., and Williams, R. (1989). The Cook-Medley Hostility scale: Item content and ability to predict survival. Psychosom. Med. 51: 46–57.PubMed
go back to reference Baron, R. A. (1990). Countering the effects of destructive criticism: The relative efficacy of four interventions. J. Appl. Psychol. 75: 235–245.CrossRef Baron, R. A. (1990). Countering the effects of destructive criticism: The relative efficacy of four interventions. J. Appl. Psychol. 75: 235–245.CrossRef
go back to reference Cannon, W. B. (1929). Bodily Changes in Pain, Hunger, Fear and Rage 2nd ed.. Appleton, New York. Cannon, W. B. (1929). Bodily Changes in Pain, Hunger, Fear and Rage 2nd ed.. Appleton, New York.
go back to reference Christensen, A. J., and Smith, T. W. (1993). Cynical hostility and cardiovascular reactivity during self-disclosure. Psychosom. Med. 55: 193–202.PubMed Christensen, A. J., and Smith, T. W. (1993). Cynical hostility and cardiovascular reactivity during self-disclosure. Psychosom. Med. 55: 193–202.PubMed
go back to reference Cook, W. W., and Medley, D. M. (1954). Proposed hostility and pharisaic-virtue scales for the MMPI. J. Appl. Psychol. 38: 414–418.CrossRef Cook, W. W., and Medley, D. M. (1954). Proposed hostility and pharisaic-virtue scales for the MMPI. J. Appl. Psychol. 38: 414–418.CrossRef
go back to reference Darby, B. W., and Schlenker, B. R. (1989). Children's reactions to transgressions: Effects of the actor's apology, reputation and remorse. Br. J. Soc. Psychol. 28: 353–364.PubMed Darby, B. W., and Schlenker, B. R. (1989). Children's reactions to transgressions: Effects of the actor's apology, reputation and remorse. Br. J. Soc. Psychol. 28: 353–364.PubMed
go back to reference Davidson, K. W. (1993). Suppression and repression in discrepant self-other ratings: Relations with thought control and cardiovascular reactivity. J. Pers. 61: 669–691.PubMedCrossRef Davidson, K. W. (1993). Suppression and repression in discrepant self-other ratings: Relations with thought control and cardiovascular reactivity. J. Pers. 61: 669–691.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference DeLongis, A., Folkman, S., and Lazarus, R. (1988). The impact of daily stress on health and mood: Psychological and social resources as mediators. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 54: 486–495.PubMedCrossRef DeLongis, A., Folkman, S., and Lazarus, R. (1988). The impact of daily stress on health and mood: Psychological and social resources as mediators. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 54: 486–495.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Diamond, E., Schneiderman, N., Schwartz, D., Smith, J., Vorp, R., and DeCarlo Pasin, R. (1984). Harassment, hostility, and Type A as determinants of cardiovascular reactivity during competition. J. Behav. Med. 7: 171–189.PubMedCrossRef Diamond, E., Schneiderman, N., Schwartz, D., Smith, J., Vorp, R., and DeCarlo Pasin, R. (1984). Harassment, hostility, and Type A as determinants of cardiovascular reactivity during competition. J. Behav. Med. 7: 171–189.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Drummond, P. D. (1983). Cardiovascular reactivity in mild hypertension. J. Psychosom. Res. 27: 291–297.PubMedCrossRef Drummond, P. D. (1983). Cardiovascular reactivity in mild hypertension. J. Psychosom. Res. 27: 291–297.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Earle, T. L., Linden, W., and Weinberg, J. (1999). Differential effects of harassment on cardiovascular and salivary cortisol stress reactivity and recovery in women and men. J. Psychosom. Res. 46: 125–141.PubMedCrossRef Earle, T. L., Linden, W., and Weinberg, J. (1999). Differential effects of harassment on cardiovascular and salivary cortisol stress reactivity and recovery in women and men. J. Psychosom. Res. 46: 125–141.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Ganster, D. C., Schaubroeck, J., Sime, W. E., and Mayes, B. T. (1991). The nomological validity of the Type A personality among employed adults. J. Appl. Psychol. 76: 143–168.PubMedCrossRef Ganster, D. C., Schaubroeck, J., Sime, W. E., and Mayes, B. T. (1991). The nomological validity of the Type A personality among employed adults. J. Appl. Psychol. 76: 143–168.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Glynn, L. M., Christenfeld, N., and Gerin, W. (2002). The role of rumination in recovery and reactivity: Cardiovascular consequences of emotional states. Psychosom. Med. 64: 714–726.PubMedCrossRef Glynn, L. M., Christenfeld, N., and Gerin, W. (2002). The role of rumination in recovery and reactivity: Cardiovascular consequences of emotional states. Psychosom. Med. 64: 714–726.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Habra, M. E., Linden, W. Anderson, J. C., and Weinberg, J. (2003). Type D personality is related to cardiovascular and neuroendocrine reactivity to acute stress. J. Psychosom. Res. 55: 235–245.PubMedCrossRef Habra, M. E., Linden, W. Anderson, J. C., and Weinberg, J. (2003). Type D personality is related to cardiovascular and neuroendocrine reactivity to acute stress. J. Psychosom. Res. 55: 235–245.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Hocking-Schuler, J. L., and O’Brien, W. H. (1997). Cardiovascular recovery from stress and hypertension risk factors: A meta-analytic review. Psychophysiology 34: 649–659.CrossRef Hocking-Schuler, J. L., and O’Brien, W. H. (1997). Cardiovascular recovery from stress and hypertension risk factors: A meta-analytic review. Psychophysiology 34: 649–659.CrossRef
go back to reference Hogan, B., and Linden, W. (2004). Ambulatory blood pressure and anger coping styles: At least don't ruminate about it. Ann. Behav. Med. 27: 38–49PubMedCrossRef Hogan, B., and Linden, W. (2004). Ambulatory blood pressure and anger coping styles: At least don't ruminate about it. Ann. Behav. Med. 27: 38–49PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Holmes, J. (1990). Apologies in New Zealand English. Lang. Soc. 19: 155–199.CrossRef Holmes, J. (1990). Apologies in New Zealand English. Lang. Soc. 19: 155–199.CrossRef
go back to reference Jorgensen, R. S., and Houston, B. K. (1986). Family history of hypertension, personality patterns, and cardiovascular reactivity to stress. Psychosom. Med. 48: 102–117.PubMed Jorgensen, R. S., and Houston, B. K. (1986). Family history of hypertension, personality patterns, and cardiovascular reactivity to stress. Psychosom. Med. 48: 102–117.PubMed
go back to reference Jorgensen, R. S., and Houston, B. K. (1988). Cardiovascular reactivity, hostility, and family history of hypertension. Psychother. Psychosom. 50: 216–222.PubMedCrossRef Jorgensen, R. S., and Houston, B. K. (1988). Cardiovascular reactivity, hostility, and family history of hypertension. Psychother. Psychosom. 50: 216–222.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Kleinke, C. L., Wallis, R., and Stalder, K. (1992). Evaluation of a rapist as a function of expressed intent and remorse. J. Soc. Psychol. 132: 525–537.PubMedCrossRef Kleinke, C. L., Wallis, R., and Stalder, K. (1992). Evaluation of a rapist as a function of expressed intent and remorse. J. Soc. Psychol. 132: 525–537.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Landman, J. (1993). Regret: The Persistence of the Possible. Oxford University Press, New York. Landman, J. (1993). Regret: The Persistence of the Possible. Oxford University Press, New York.
go back to reference Lawler, K. A., Kline, K., Seabrook, E., Krishnamoorthy, J., Anderson, S. F., Wilcox, Z. C. et al. (1998). Family history of hypertension: A psychophysiological analysis. Int. J. Psychophysiol. 28: 207–222.PubMedCrossRef Lawler, K. A., Kline, K., Seabrook, E., Krishnamoorthy, J., Anderson, S. F., Wilcox, Z. C. et al. (1998). Family history of hypertension: A psychophysiological analysis. Int. J. Psychophysiol. 28: 207–222.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Lawler, K. A., Younger, J. W., Piferi, R. L., Billington, E., Jobe, R., Edmondson, K., and Jones, W. H. (2003). A change of heart: Cardiovascular correlates of forgiveness in response to interpersonal conflict. J. Behav. Med. 26: 373–393.PubMedCrossRef Lawler, K. A., Younger, J. W., Piferi, R. L., Billington, E., Jobe, R., Edmondson, K., and Jones, W. H. (2003). A change of heart: Cardiovascular correlates of forgiveness in response to interpersonal conflict. J. Behav. Med. 26: 373–393.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Lazare, A. (2004). On Apology. Oxford University Press, New York Lazare, A. (2004). On Apology. Oxford University Press, New York
go back to reference Linden, W., Earle, T. L., Gerin, W., and Christenfeld, N. (1997). Physiological stress reactivity and recovery: Conceptual siblings separated at birth. J. Psychosom. Res. 42: 117–135.PubMedCrossRef Linden, W., Earle, T. L., Gerin, W., and Christenfeld, N. (1997). Physiological stress reactivity and recovery: Conceptual siblings separated at birth. J. Psychosom. Res. 42: 117–135.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Linden, W., Rutledge, T., and Con, A. H. (1998). A case for the ecological validity of social lab stressors. Ann. Behav. Med. 20: 310–316.PubMedCrossRef Linden, W., Rutledge, T., and Con, A. H. (1998). A case for the ecological validity of social lab stressors. Ann. Behav. Med. 20: 310–316.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Linden, W., Chambers, L., Maurice, J., and Lenz, J. W. (1993). Sex differences in social support, self-deception, hostility, and ambulatory cardiovascular activity. Health Psychol. 12: 376–380.PubMedCrossRef Linden, W., Chambers, L., Maurice, J., and Lenz, J. W. (1993). Sex differences in social support, self-deception, hostility, and ambulatory cardiovascular activity. Health Psychol. 12: 376–380.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Linden, W., Earle, T., Gerin, W., and Christenfeld, N. (1997). Physiological stress reactivity and recovery: Conceptual siblings separated at birth? J. Psychosom. Res. 42: 117–135.PubMedCrossRef Linden, W., Earle, T., Gerin, W., and Christenfeld, N. (1997). Physiological stress reactivity and recovery: Conceptual siblings separated at birth? J. Psychosom. Res. 42: 117–135.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Llabre, M. M., Spitzer, S. B., Saab, P. G., and Ironson, G. H. (1991). The reliability and specificity of delta versus residualized change as measures of cardiovascular reactivity to behavioral challenges. Psychophysiology 28: 701–711.PubMedCrossRef Llabre, M. M., Spitzer, S. B., Saab, P. G., and Ironson, G. H. (1991). The reliability and specificity of delta versus residualized change as measures of cardiovascular reactivity to behavioral challenges. Psychophysiology 28: 701–711.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference McCann, B. S., and Matthews, K. A. (1988). Influences of potential for hostility, Type A behavior, and parental history of hypertension on adolescents' cardiovascular responses during stress. Psychophysiology 25: 503–511.PubMedCrossRef McCann, B. S., and Matthews, K. A. (1988). Influences of potential for hostility, Type A behavior, and parental history of hypertension on adolescents' cardiovascular responses during stress. Psychophysiology 25: 503–511.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Ohbuchi, K., Kameda, M., and Agarie, N. (1989). Apology as aggression control: Its role in mediating appraisal of and response to harm. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 56: 219–227.PubMedCrossRef Ohbuchi, K., Kameda, M., and Agarie, N. (1989). Apology as aggression control: Its role in mediating appraisal of and response to harm. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 56: 219–227.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Palmero, F., Codina, V., and Rosel, J. (1993). Psychophysiological activation, reactivity, and recovery in Type A and Type B scorers when in a stressful laboratory situation. Psychol. Rep. 73: 803–811.PubMed Palmero, F., Codina, V., and Rosel, J. (1993). Psychophysiological activation, reactivity, and recovery in Type A and Type B scorers when in a stressful laboratory situation. Psychol. Rep. 73: 803–811.PubMed
go back to reference Powch, I. G., and Houston, B. K. (1996). Hostility, anger-in, and cardiovascular reactivity in White women. Health Psychol. 15: 200–208.PubMedCrossRef Powch, I. G., and Houston, B. K. (1996). Hostility, anger-in, and cardiovascular reactivity in White women. Health Psychol. 15: 200–208.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Robinson, D. T., Smith-Lovin, L., and Tsoudis, O. (1994). Heinous crime or unfortunate accident? The effects of remorse on responses to mock criminal confessions. Soc. Forces 73: 175–190.CrossRef Robinson, D. T., Smith-Lovin, L., and Tsoudis, O. (1994). Heinous crime or unfortunate accident? The effects of remorse on responses to mock criminal confessions. Soc. Forces 73: 175–190.CrossRef
go back to reference Schwartz, A., Gerin, W., Davidson, K., Brosschot, J., Thayer, J., Pickering, T. G., and Linden, W. (2003) In search of a coherent model of stressor effects on short-term cardiovascular adjustments and the development of cardiovascular disease. Psychosom. Med. 65: 22–35.PubMedCrossRef Schwartz, A., Gerin, W., Davidson, K., Brosschot, J., Thayer, J., Pickering, T. G., and Linden, W. (2003) In search of a coherent model of stressor effects on short-term cardiovascular adjustments and the development of cardiovascular disease. Psychosom. Med. 65: 22–35.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Schwartz, A., Gerin, W., Christenfeld, N., Glynn, L., Davidson, K., and Pickering, T. (2000). Effects of an anger recall task on post-stress rumination and blood pressure recovery in men and women. Psychophysiology 37: S12–S13. Schwartz, A., Gerin, W., Christenfeld, N., Glynn, L., Davidson, K., and Pickering, T. (2000). Effects of an anger recall task on post-stress rumination and blood pressure recovery in men and women. Psychophysiology 37: S12–S13.
go back to reference Selye, H. (1976). The Stress of Life rev. ed.. McGraw-Hill, New York. Selye, H. (1976). The Stress of Life rev. ed.. McGraw-Hill, New York.
go back to reference Smith, T., and Pope, M. (1990). Cynical hostility as a health risk: Current status and future directions. J. Soc. Behav. Pers. 5: 77–88. Smith, T., and Pope, M. (1990). Cynical hostility as a health risk: Current status and future directions. J. Soc. Behav. Pers. 5: 77–88.
go back to reference Suarez, E. C., and Williams, R. B. (1990). The relationships between dimensions of hostility and cardiovascular reactivity as a function of task characteristics. Psychosom. Med. 52: 558–570.PubMed Suarez, E. C., and Williams, R. B. (1990). The relationships between dimensions of hostility and cardiovascular reactivity as a function of task characteristics. Psychosom. Med. 52: 558–570.PubMed
go back to reference Suls, J., and Wan, C. (1993). The relationship between trait hostility and cardiovascular reactivity: A quantitative review and analysis. Psychophysiology 30: 615–626.PubMedCrossRef Suls, J., and Wan, C. (1993). The relationship between trait hostility and cardiovascular reactivity: A quantitative review and analysis. Psychophysiology 30: 615–626.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Taylor, A. E. (1991). Asymmetrical effects of positive and negative events: The mobilization-minimization hypothesis. Psychol. Bull. 110: 67–85.PubMedCrossRef Taylor, A. E. (1991). Asymmetrical effects of positive and negative events: The mobilization-minimization hypothesis. Psychol. Bull. 110: 67–85.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Taylor, C., and Kleinke, C. L. (1992). Effects of severity of accident, history of drunk driving, intent, and remorse on judgments of a drunk driver. J. Appl. Soc. Psychol. 22: 1641–1655.CrossRef Taylor, C., and Kleinke, C. L. (1992). Effects of severity of accident, history of drunk driving, intent, and remorse on judgments of a drunk driver. J. Appl. Soc. Psychol. 22: 1641–1655.CrossRef
go back to reference Treiber, F. A., Kamarck, T., Schneiderman, N., Sheffied, D., Kapuku, G., and Taylor, T. (2003). Cardiovascular reactivity and development of pre-clinical and clinical disease states. Psychosom. Med. 65: 42–62. Treiber, F. A., Kamarck, T., Schneiderman, N., Sheffied, D., Kapuku, G., and Taylor, T. (2003). Cardiovascular reactivity and development of pre-clinical and clinical disease states. Psychosom. Med. 65: 42–62.
Metagegevens
Titel
Influence of Apologies and Trait Hostility on Recovery from Anger
Auteurs
Jeremy C. Anderson
Wolfgang Linden
Martine E. Habra
Publicatiedatum
01-08-2006
Uitgeverij
Springer US
Gepubliceerd in
Journal of Behavioral Medicine / Uitgave 4/2006
Print ISSN: 0160-7715
Elektronisch ISSN: 1573-3521
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10865-006-9062-7

Andere artikelen Uitgave 4/2006

Journal of Behavioral Medicine 4/2006 Naar de uitgave