Skip to main content
Top
Gepubliceerd in: Netherlands Heart Journal 12/2010

01-11-2010 | Review Article

Gender differences in coronary heart disease

Auteurs: A.H.E.M. Maas, Y.E.A. Appelman

Gepubliceerd in: Netherlands Heart Journal | Uitgave 12/2010

Log in om toegang te krijgen
share
DELEN

Deel dit onderdeel of sectie (kopieer de link)

  • Optie A:
    Klik op de rechtermuisknop op de link en selecteer de optie “linkadres kopiëren”
  • Optie B:
    Deel de link per e-mail

Abstract

Cardiovascular disease develops 7 to 10 years later in women than in men and is still the major cause of death in women. The risk of heart disease in women is often underestimated due to the misperception that females are ‘protected’ against cardiovascular disease. The under-recognition of heart disease and differences in clinical presentation in women lead to less aggressive treatment strategies and a lower representation of women in clinical trials. Furthermore, self-awareness in women and identification of their cardiovascular risk factors needs more attention, which should result in a better prevention of cardiovascular events. In this review we summarise the major issues that are important in the diagnosis and treatment of coronary heart disease in women. (Neth Heart J 2010;18:598–603.)
Literatuur
1.
go back to reference Towfighi A, Zheng L, Ovbiagele B. Sex-specific trends in midlife coronary heart disease risk and prevalence. Arch Intern Med. 2009;169:1762–1766.PubMedCrossRef Towfighi A, Zheng L, Ovbiagele B. Sex-specific trends in midlife coronary heart disease risk and prevalence. Arch Intern Med. 2009;169:1762–1766.PubMedCrossRef
2.
go back to reference Daly CA, Clemens F, Sendon JL, et al. The clinical characteristics and investigations planned in patients with stable angina presenting to cardiologists in Europe: from the Euro Heart Survey of Stable Angina. Eur Heart J. 2005;26:996–1010.PubMedCrossRef Daly CA, Clemens F, Sendon JL, et al. The clinical characteristics and investigations planned in patients with stable angina presenting to cardiologists in Europe: from the Euro Heart Survey of Stable Angina. Eur Heart J. 2005;26:996–1010.PubMedCrossRef
3.
go back to reference Prescott E, Hippe M, Schnohr P, Hein HO, Vestbo J. Smoking and risk of myocardial infarction in women and men: longitudinal population study. BMJ. 1998; 316:1043–1047.PubMed Prescott E, Hippe M, Schnohr P, Hein HO, Vestbo J. Smoking and risk of myocardial infarction in women and men: longitudinal population study. BMJ. 1998; 316:1043–1047.PubMed
4.
go back to reference Ossewaarde ME, Bots ML, Verbeek AL, et al. Age at menopause, cause-specific mortality and total life expectancy. Epidemiology. 2005;16:556–562.PubMedCrossRef Ossewaarde ME, Bots ML, Verbeek AL, et al. Age at menopause, cause-specific mortality and total life expectancy. Epidemiology. 2005;16:556–562.PubMedCrossRef
5.
go back to reference Bairey Merz CN, Johnson BD, Sharaf BL, et al. Hypoestrogenemia of hypothalamic origin and coronary artery disease in premenopausal women: a report from the NHLBI-sponsored WISE study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003;41:413–419.PubMedCrossRef Bairey Merz CN, Johnson BD, Sharaf BL, et al. Hypoestrogenemia of hypothalamic origin and coronary artery disease in premenopausal women: a report from the NHLBI-sponsored WISE study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003;41:413–419.PubMedCrossRef
6.
go back to reference Sutton-Tyrell K, Lassila HC, Meilahn E, Bunker C, Matthews KA, Kuller LH. Carotid atherosclerosis in premenopausal and postmenopausal women and its association with risk factors measured after menopause. Stroke. 1998;29:1116–1121. Sutton-Tyrell K, Lassila HC, Meilahn E, Bunker C, Matthews KA, Kuller LH. Carotid atherosclerosis in premenopausal and postmenopausal women and its association with risk factors measured after menopause. Stroke. 1998;29:1116–1121.
7.
go back to reference Matthews KA, Meilahn EN, Kuller LH, Kelsey SF, Caggiula AW, Wing RR. Menopause and risk factors for coronary heart disease. N Engl J Med. 1989;321:641–646.PubMedCrossRef Matthews KA, Meilahn EN, Kuller LH, Kelsey SF, Caggiula AW, Wing RR. Menopause and risk factors for coronary heart disease. N Engl J Med. 1989;321:641–646.PubMedCrossRef
8.
go back to reference Hochman JS, Tamis, JE, Thompson TD, et al. Sex, clinical presentation, and outcome in patients with acute coronary syndromes. N Engl J Med. 1999;341:226–232.PubMedCrossRef Hochman JS, Tamis, JE, Thompson TD, et al. Sex, clinical presentation, and outcome in patients with acute coronary syndromes. N Engl J Med. 1999;341:226–232.PubMedCrossRef
9.
go back to reference Vaccarino V, Parsons L, Every NR, Barron HV, Krumholz HM. Sex-based differences in early mortality after myocardial infarction. National Registry of Myocardial Infarction 2 Participants. N Engl J Med. 1999;341:217–225.PubMedCrossRef Vaccarino V, Parsons L, Every NR, Barron HV, Krumholz HM. Sex-based differences in early mortality after myocardial infarction. National Registry of Myocardial Infarction 2 Participants. N Engl J Med. 1999;341:217–225.PubMedCrossRef
10.
go back to reference Grundtvig M, Hagen TP, German M, Reikvam A. Sex-based differences in premature first myocardial infarction caused by smoking: twice as many years lost by women as by men. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehab. 2009;16:174–179.CrossRef Grundtvig M, Hagen TP, German M, Reikvam A. Sex-based differences in premature first myocardial infarction caused by smoking: twice as many years lost by women as by men. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehab. 2009;16:174–179.CrossRef
11.
go back to reference Vanhoutte PM, Shimokawa H, Tang EHC, Feletou M. Endothelial dysfunction and vascular disease. Acta Physiol. 2009;196:193–222.CrossRef Vanhoutte PM, Shimokawa H, Tang EHC, Feletou M. Endothelial dysfunction and vascular disease. Acta Physiol. 2009;196:193–222.CrossRef
12.
go back to reference Kip KE, Marroquin OC, Kelley DE, et al. Clinical importance of obesity versus the metabolic syndrome in cardiovascular risk in women. Circulation. 2004;109:706–713.PubMedCrossRef Kip KE, Marroquin OC, Kelley DE, et al. Clinical importance of obesity versus the metabolic syndrome in cardiovascular risk in women. Circulation. 2004;109:706–713.PubMedCrossRef
13.
go back to reference Huxley R, Barzi F, Woodward M. Excess risk of fatal coronary heart disease associated with diabetes in men and women: metaanalysis of 37 prospective cohort studies. BMJ. 2006;332:73–78.PubMedCrossRef Huxley R, Barzi F, Woodward M. Excess risk of fatal coronary heart disease associated with diabetes in men and women: metaanalysis of 37 prospective cohort studies. BMJ. 2006;332:73–78.PubMedCrossRef
14.
go back to reference Burt VL, Whelton P, Roccella EJ, Brown C, Cutler JA, Higgins M, et al. Prevalence of hypertension in the US adult population. Results from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988–1991. Hypertension. 1995;25:305–313.PubMed Burt VL, Whelton P, Roccella EJ, Brown C, Cutler JA, Higgins M, et al. Prevalence of hypertension in the US adult population. Results from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988–1991. Hypertension. 1995;25:305–313.PubMed
15.
go back to reference Dubey RK, Oparil S, Imthurn B, Jackson EK. Sex hormones and hypertension. Cardiovasc Res. 2002;53:688–708.PubMedCrossRef Dubey RK, Oparil S, Imthurn B, Jackson EK. Sex hormones and hypertension. Cardiovasc Res. 2002;53:688–708.PubMedCrossRef
16.
go back to reference Barton M, Meyer MR. Postmenopausal hypertension. Mechanisms and therapy. Hypertension. 2009; 54:1118.CrossRef Barton M, Meyer MR. Postmenopausal hypertension. Mechanisms and therapy. Hypertension. 2009; 54:1118.CrossRef
17.
go back to reference Vasan RS, Larson MG, Leip EP, Evans JC, O’Donnell CJ, Kannel WB, et al. Impact of high-normal blood pressure on the risk of cardiovascular disease. N Engl J Med. 2001;345:1291–1297.PubMedCrossRef Vasan RS, Larson MG, Leip EP, Evans JC, O’Donnell CJ, Kannel WB, et al. Impact of high-normal blood pressure on the risk of cardiovascular disease. N Engl J Med. 2001;345:1291–1297.PubMedCrossRef
18.
go back to reference Maas AHEM, Franke HR. Women’s health in menopause with a focus on hypertension. Neth Heart J. 2009;17:69–73.CrossRef Maas AHEM, Franke HR. Women’s health in menopause with a focus on hypertension. Neth Heart J. 2009;17:69–73.CrossRef
19.
go back to reference Ikeda H, Inoue T, Uemura S, Kaibara R, Tanaka H, Node K. Effects of candesartan for middle-aged and elderly women with hypertension and menopausal-like symptoms. Hypertens Res. 2006;29:1007–1012.PubMedCrossRef Ikeda H, Inoue T, Uemura S, Kaibara R, Tanaka H, Node K. Effects of candesartan for middle-aged and elderly women with hypertension and menopausal-like symptoms. Hypertens Res. 2006;29:1007–1012.PubMedCrossRef
20.
go back to reference Gast G-CM, Grobbee DE, Pop VJM, Keyzer JJ, Wijnandsvan Gent CJM, Samsioe GN, et al. Menopausal complaints are associated with cardiovascular risk factors. Hypertension. 2008;51:1492–1498.PubMedCrossRef Gast G-CM, Grobbee DE, Pop VJM, Keyzer JJ, Wijnandsvan Gent CJM, Samsioe GN, et al. Menopausal complaints are associated with cardiovascular risk factors. Hypertension. 2008;51:1492–1498.PubMedCrossRef
21.
go back to reference Abbey M, Owen A, Suzakawa M, Roach P, Nestel PJ. Effects of menopause and hormone replacement therapy on plasma lipids, lipoproteins and LDL-receptor activity. Maturitas. 1999;33:259–269.PubMedCrossRef Abbey M, Owen A, Suzakawa M, Roach P, Nestel PJ. Effects of menopause and hormone replacement therapy on plasma lipids, lipoproteins and LDL-receptor activity. Maturitas. 1999;33:259–269.PubMedCrossRef
22.
go back to reference Kannel WB, Castelli WP, Gordon T, McNamar PM. Serum cholesterol, lipoproteins, and the risk of coronary heart disease. The Framingham Study. Ann Intern Med. 1971;74:1–12.PubMed Kannel WB, Castelli WP, Gordon T, McNamar PM. Serum cholesterol, lipoproteins, and the risk of coronary heart disease. The Framingham Study. Ann Intern Med. 1971;74:1–12.PubMed
23.
go back to reference Baigent C, Keech A, Kearny PM, Blackwell L, Buck G, Pollicino C, et al. Cholesterol Treatment Trialists collaborators. Efficacy and safety of cholesterol-lowering treatment: prospective meta-analysis of data from 90.056 participants in 14 randomised trials of statins. Lancet. 2005;366:1267–1278.PubMedCrossRef Baigent C, Keech A, Kearny PM, Blackwell L, Buck G, Pollicino C, et al. Cholesterol Treatment Trialists collaborators. Efficacy and safety of cholesterol-lowering treatment: prospective meta-analysis of data from 90.056 participants in 14 randomised trials of statins. Lancet. 2005;366:1267–1278.PubMedCrossRef
24.
go back to reference Mizuno K, Nakaya N, Ohashi Y, Tajima N, Kushiro T, Teramoto T, et al. Usefulness of pravastatin in primary prevention of cardiovascular events in women. Analysis of the management of elevated cholesterol in the primary prevention group of adult Japanese (MEGA-study). Circulation. 2008;117:494–502.PubMedCrossRef Mizuno K, Nakaya N, Ohashi Y, Tajima N, Kushiro T, Teramoto T, et al. Usefulness of pravastatin in primary prevention of cardiovascular events in women. Analysis of the management of elevated cholesterol in the primary prevention group of adult Japanese (MEGA-study). Circulation. 2008;117:494–502.PubMedCrossRef
25.
go back to reference Ridker PM, Danielson E, Fonseca FA, Genest J, Gotto AM, Kastelein JJ, et al. Rosuvastatin to prevent vascular events in men and women with elevated C-reactive protein. N Engl J Med. 2008;359:2195–2207.PubMedCrossRef Ridker PM, Danielson E, Fonseca FA, Genest J, Gotto AM, Kastelein JJ, et al. Rosuvastatin to prevent vascular events in men and women with elevated C-reactive protein. N Engl J Med. 2008;359:2195–2207.PubMedCrossRef
26.
go back to reference Setji TL, Brown AJ. Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: diagnosis and treatment. Am J Med. 2007; 120:128–132.PubMedCrossRef Setji TL, Brown AJ. Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: diagnosis and treatment. Am J Med. 2007; 120:128–132.PubMedCrossRef
27.
go back to reference Shaw LJ, Bairey Merz N, Azziz R, Stanczyk FZ, Sopko G, Braunstein GD, et al. Postmenopausal women with a history of irregular menses and elevated androgen measurements at high risk for worsening cardiovascular event-free survival: results from the National Institutes of Health-NHLBI sponsored Women’s Ischemia Syndrome Evaluation. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008;93:1276–1284.PubMedCrossRef Shaw LJ, Bairey Merz N, Azziz R, Stanczyk FZ, Sopko G, Braunstein GD, et al. Postmenopausal women with a history of irregular menses and elevated androgen measurements at high risk for worsening cardiovascular event-free survival: results from the National Institutes of Health-NHLBI sponsored Women’s Ischemia Syndrome Evaluation. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008;93:1276–1284.PubMedCrossRef
28.
go back to reference Bellamy L, Casas JP, Hingorani AD, Williams DJ. Pre-eclampsia and risk of cardiovascular disease and cancer later in life: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ. 2007;335:974–985.PubMedCrossRef Bellamy L, Casas JP, Hingorani AD, Williams DJ. Pre-eclampsia and risk of cardiovascular disease and cancer later in life: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ. 2007;335:974–985.PubMedCrossRef
29.
go back to reference McDonald SD, Malinowski A, Zhou Q, Yusuf S, Devereaux PJ. Cardiovascular sequelae of preeclampsia/eclampsia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am Heart J. 2008;156:918–930.PubMedCrossRef McDonald SD, Malinowski A, Zhou Q, Yusuf S, Devereaux PJ. Cardiovascular sequelae of preeclampsia/eclampsia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am Heart J. 2008;156:918–930.PubMedCrossRef
30.
go back to reference Bellamy L, Casas JP, Hingorani AD, Williams D. Type 2 diabetes mellitus after gestational diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet. 2009;373:1773–1779.PubMedCrossRef Bellamy L, Casas JP, Hingorani AD, Williams D. Type 2 diabetes mellitus after gestational diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet. 2009;373:1773–1779.PubMedCrossRef
31.
go back to reference Mosca L, Banka CL, Benjamin EJ, et al. Evidence-based guidelines for cardiovascular disease prevention in women: 2007 update. Circulation. 2007;115:1481–1501.PubMedCrossRef Mosca L, Banka CL, Benjamin EJ, et al. Evidence-based guidelines for cardiovascular disease prevention in women: 2007 update. Circulation. 2007;115:1481–1501.PubMedCrossRef
32.
go back to reference Douglas PS, Ginsburg GS. The evaluation of chest pain in women. N Engl J Med. 1996;334:1311–1315.PubMedCrossRef Douglas PS, Ginsburg GS. The evaluation of chest pain in women. N Engl J Med. 1996;334:1311–1315.PubMedCrossRef
33.
go back to reference Mieres JH, Shaw LJ, Arai A, Budoff MJ, Flamm SD, Hundley G, et al. Role of non-invasive testing in the clinical evaluation of women with suspected coronary artery disease. Circulation. 2005;111:682–696.PubMedCrossRef Mieres JH, Shaw LJ, Arai A, Budoff MJ, Flamm SD, Hundley G, et al. Role of non-invasive testing in the clinical evaluation of women with suspected coronary artery disease. Circulation. 2005;111:682–696.PubMedCrossRef
34.
go back to reference Johnson BD, Kelsey SF, Bairey Merz CN. Clinical risk assessment in women: chest discomfort. Report from the WISE study. In: Shaw LJ, Redberg RF editors. CAD in women: evidence-based diagnosis and treatment. Totowa, NJ. Humana Press, 2003:129–142. Johnson BD, Kelsey SF, Bairey Merz CN. Clinical risk assessment in women: chest discomfort. Report from the WISE study. In: Shaw LJ, Redberg RF editors. CAD in women: evidence-based diagnosis and treatment. Totowa, NJ. Humana Press, 2003:129–142.
35.
go back to reference Pepine CJ, Kerensky RA, Lambert CR, Smith KM, von Mering GO, Sopko G, et al. Some thoughts on the vasculopathy of women with ischemic heart disease. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006;47(suppl): S30–S35.PubMedCrossRef Pepine CJ, Kerensky RA, Lambert CR, Smith KM, von Mering GO, Sopko G, et al. Some thoughts on the vasculopathy of women with ischemic heart disease. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006;47(suppl): S30–S35.PubMedCrossRef
36.
go back to reference Hemingway H, Langenberg C, Damant J, Frost C, Pyörälä K, Barrett-Connor E. Prevalence of angina in women versus men. A systematic review and meta-analysis of international variations across 31 countries. Circulation. 2008; 117:1526–1536.PubMedCrossRef Hemingway H, Langenberg C, Damant J, Frost C, Pyörälä K, Barrett-Connor E. Prevalence of angina in women versus men. A systematic review and meta-analysis of international variations across 31 countries. Circulation. 2008; 117:1526–1536.PubMedCrossRef
37.
go back to reference Shaw LJ, Bugiardini R, Bairey Merz CN. Women and ischemic heart disease. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009;54:1561–1575.PubMedCrossRef Shaw LJ, Bugiardini R, Bairey Merz CN. Women and ischemic heart disease. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009;54:1561–1575.PubMedCrossRef
38.
go back to reference Robinson JG, Wallace R, Limacher M, Ren H, Cochrane B, Wassertheil-Smoller S, et al. Cardiovascular risk in women with non-specific chest pain (from the Women’s Health Initiative hormone trials). Am J Cardiol. 2008;102:693–699.PubMedCrossRef Robinson JG, Wallace R, Limacher M, Ren H, Cochrane B, Wassertheil-Smoller S, et al. Cardiovascular risk in women with non-specific chest pain (from the Women’s Health Initiative hormone trials). Am J Cardiol. 2008;102:693–699.PubMedCrossRef
39.
go back to reference Humphries KH, Pu A, Gao M, Carere RG, Pilote L. Angina with “normal” coronary arteries: sex differences in outcome. Am Heart J. 2008;155:375–381.PubMedCrossRef Humphries KH, Pu A, Gao M, Carere RG, Pilote L. Angina with “normal” coronary arteries: sex differences in outcome. Am Heart J. 2008;155:375–381.PubMedCrossRef
40.
go back to reference Morise AP, Olson MB, Bairey Merz NC, Mankad S, Rogers WJ, Pepine CJ, et al. Validation of the accuracy of pretest and exercise test scores in women with a low prevalence of coronary disease: the NHLB sponsored Women’s Ischemia Syndrome Evaluation (WISE) study. Am Heart J. 2004;147:1085–1092.PubMedCrossRef Morise AP, Olson MB, Bairey Merz NC, Mankad S, Rogers WJ, Pepine CJ, et al. Validation of the accuracy of pretest and exercise test scores in women with a low prevalence of coronary disease: the NHLB sponsored Women’s Ischemia Syndrome Evaluation (WISE) study. Am Heart J. 2004;147:1085–1092.PubMedCrossRef
41.
go back to reference Reis SE, Holubkov R, Conrad Smith AJ, Kelsey SF, Sharaf BL, Reichek N, et al. Coronary microvascular dysfunction is highly prevalent in women with chest pain in the absence of coronary artery disease: results from the NHLBI WISE study. Am Heart J. 2001;141:735–741.PubMedCrossRef Reis SE, Holubkov R, Conrad Smith AJ, Kelsey SF, Sharaf BL, Reichek N, et al. Coronary microvascular dysfunction is highly prevalent in women with chest pain in the absence of coronary artery disease: results from the NHLBI WISE study. Am Heart J. 2001;141:735–741.PubMedCrossRef
42.
go back to reference Raggi P, Gongora MC, Gopal A, Callister TQ, Budoff M, Shaw LJ. Coronary artery calcium to predict all cause mortality in elderly men and women. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008;52:17–23.PubMedCrossRef Raggi P, Gongora MC, Gopal A, Callister TQ, Budoff M, Shaw LJ. Coronary artery calcium to predict all cause mortality in elderly men and women. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008;52:17–23.PubMedCrossRef
43.
go back to reference Milner KA, Funk M, Richards S, Wilmes RM, Vaccarino V, Krumholz HM. Gender differences in symptom presentation associated with coronary heart disease. Am J Cardiol. 1999;84:396–399.PubMedCrossRef Milner KA, Funk M, Richards S, Wilmes RM, Vaccarino V, Krumholz HM. Gender differences in symptom presentation associated with coronary heart disease. Am J Cardiol. 1999;84:396–399.PubMedCrossRef
44.
go back to reference Dey S, Flather MD, Devlin G, Brieger D, Gurfunkel EP, Steg PG, et al Sex-related differences in the presentation, treatment and outcomes among patients with acute coronary syndromes: the Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events. Heart. 2009;95:20–26.PubMedCrossRef Dey S, Flather MD, Devlin G, Brieger D, Gurfunkel EP, Steg PG, et al Sex-related differences in the presentation, treatment and outcomes among patients with acute coronary syndromes: the Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events. Heart. 2009;95:20–26.PubMedCrossRef
45.
go back to reference Pope JH, Aufderheide TP, Ruthazer R, Woolard RH, Feldman JA, Beshansky JR, et al. Missed Diagnoses of Acute Cardiac Ischemia in the Emergency Department. N Engl J Med. 2000;342:1163–1170.PubMedCrossRef Pope JH, Aufderheide TP, Ruthazer R, Woolard RH, Feldman JA, Beshansky JR, et al. Missed Diagnoses of Acute Cardiac Ischemia in the Emergency Department. N Engl J Med. 2000;342:1163–1170.PubMedCrossRef
46.
go back to reference Milcent C, Dormont B, Durand-Zaleski I, Steg PG. Gender differences in hospital mortality and use of percutaneous coronary intervention in acute myocardial infarction. Circulation. 2007;115:833–839.PubMedCrossRef Milcent C, Dormont B, Durand-Zaleski I, Steg PG. Gender differences in hospital mortality and use of percutaneous coronary intervention in acute myocardial infarction. Circulation. 2007;115:833–839.PubMedCrossRef
47.
go back to reference Jacobs AK. Coronary intervention in 2009. Are women no different than men? Circ Cardiovasc Intervent. 2009;2:69–78.CrossRef Jacobs AK. Coronary intervention in 2009. Are women no different than men? Circ Cardiovasc Intervent. 2009;2:69–78.CrossRef
48.
go back to reference Berger JS, Elliott L, Gallup D, Roe M, Granger CB, Armstrong PW, et al. Sex differences in mortality following acute coronary syndromes. JAMA. 2009;302:874–882.PubMedCrossRef Berger JS, Elliott L, Gallup D, Roe M, Granger CB, Armstrong PW, et al. Sex differences in mortality following acute coronary syndromes. JAMA. 2009;302:874–882.PubMedCrossRef
49.
go back to reference Clayton TC, Pocock SJ, Henderson RA, Poole-Wilson PA, Shaw TR, Knight R, et al. Do men benefit more than women from an interventional strategy in patients with unstable angina or non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction? The impact of gender in the RITA3 trial. Eur Heart J. 2004;25:1641–1650.PubMedCrossRef Clayton TC, Pocock SJ, Henderson RA, Poole-Wilson PA, Shaw TR, Knight R, et al. Do men benefit more than women from an interventional strategy in patients with unstable angina or non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction? The impact of gender in the RITA3 trial. Eur Heart J. 2004;25:1641–1650.PubMedCrossRef
50.
go back to reference Donoghue MO, Boden W, Braunwald E, Cannon CP, Clayton TC, de Winter RJ, et al. Early invasive versus conservative treatment strategies in women and men with unstable angina and non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction. JAMA. 2008;300:71–80.CrossRef Donoghue MO, Boden W, Braunwald E, Cannon CP, Clayton TC, de Winter RJ, et al. Early invasive versus conservative treatment strategies in women and men with unstable angina and non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction. JAMA. 2008;300:71–80.CrossRef
51.
go back to reference Vaccarino V, Abramson JL, Veledar E, et al. Sex differences in hospital mortality after coronary artery bypass surgery: evidence for a higher mortality in younger women. Circulation. 2002;105:1176–1181.PubMedCrossRef Vaccarino V, Abramson JL, Veledar E, et al. Sex differences in hospital mortality after coronary artery bypass surgery: evidence for a higher mortality in younger women. Circulation. 2002;105:1176–1181.PubMedCrossRef
52.
go back to reference Alexander KP, Chen AY, Newby LK, et al. Sex differences in major bleeding with glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors: results from the CRUSADE initiative. Circulation. 2006;114:1380–1287.PubMedCrossRef Alexander KP, Chen AY, Newby LK, et al. Sex differences in major bleeding with glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors: results from the CRUSADE initiative. Circulation. 2006;114:1380–1287.PubMedCrossRef
53.
go back to reference Berger JS, Bhatt DL, Cannon CP, Chen Z, Jiang L, Jones JB, et al. The relative efficacy and safety of clopidogrel in women and men. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009;54:1935–1945.PubMedCrossRef Berger JS, Bhatt DL, Cannon CP, Chen Z, Jiang L, Jones JB, et al. The relative efficacy and safety of clopidogrel in women and men. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009;54:1935–1945.PubMedCrossRef
54.
go back to reference Phan A, Shufelt C, Bairey Merx NC. Persistent chest pain and no obstructive coronary artery disease. JAMA. 2009;301:1468–1474.PubMedCrossRef Phan A, Shufelt C, Bairey Merx NC. Persistent chest pain and no obstructive coronary artery disease. JAMA. 2009;301:1468–1474.PubMedCrossRef
55.
go back to reference Gulati M, Cooper-DeHoff RM, McClure C, Johnson D, Shaw LJ, Handberg EM, et al. Adverse cardiovascular outcomes in women with nonobstructive coronary artery disease. A report from the Women’s Ischemia Syndrome Evaluation Study and the St James Women take Heart Project. Arch Intern Med. 2009;169:843–850.PubMedCrossRef Gulati M, Cooper-DeHoff RM, McClure C, Johnson D, Shaw LJ, Handberg EM, et al. Adverse cardiovascular outcomes in women with nonobstructive coronary artery disease. A report from the Women’s Ischemia Syndrome Evaluation Study and the St James Women take Heart Project. Arch Intern Med. 2009;169:843–850.PubMedCrossRef
Metagegevens
Titel
Gender differences in coronary heart disease
Auteurs
A.H.E.M. Maas
Y.E.A. Appelman
Publicatiedatum
01-11-2010
Uitgeverij
Bohn Stafleu van Loghum
Gepubliceerd in
Netherlands Heart Journal / Uitgave 12/2010
Print ISSN: 1568-5888
Elektronisch ISSN: 1876-6250
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12471-010-0841-y

Andere artikelen Uitgave 12/2010

Netherlands Heart Journal 12/2010 Naar de uitgave