Introduction
Methods
Study design and study population
Materials and methods
Radiographic data
Gait assessment
Patient reported outcome measures
Statistical analysis
Results
Study population
Variable | Patients (n = 10) | Controls (n = 10) | P-value | Mean difference (95% CI interval) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Demographic variables | ||||
Male/Female | 5/5 | 10/0 | ||
Age in years | 44.3 ± 17.8 | 37.1 ± 6.5 | 0.246 | 7.2 [-5.4, 19.8] |
BMI in kg/m2 | 26.1 ± 5.7 | 24.6 ± 3.8 | 0.529 † | 1.5 [-3.1, 6.1] |
Side (Left/Right) | 7/3 | 5/5 | ||
Pathogenesis | ||||
– primary arthritis | 1 | |||
– posttraumatic arthritis | 7 | |||
– other | 2 | |||
Spatiotemporal variables | ||||
Cadence (steps/min) | 102.4 ± 7.9 | 107.5 ± 8.9 | 0.197 | 5.1 [-2.8, 13.0] |
Walking speed (m/s) | 1.0 ± 0.2 | 1.2 ± 0.1 | 0.004* | 0.2 [0.1, 0.3] |
Step length (m) | 0.6 ± 0.09 | 0.7 ± 0.04 | 0.001* | 0.1 [0.04, 0.17] |
Step time (s) | 0.6 ± 0.05 | 0.6 ± 0.04 | 0.181 | 0.0 [-0.04, 0.04] |
Patient Reported Outcome Measures (PROM) | ||||
VAS pain score | ||||
(10-point scale) | ||||
– median | 6.3 | |||
– average | 6.8 ± 1.3 | |||
FFI pain subscore (36-point scale) | 18.6 ± 6.4 | |||
FFI disability subscore (36-point scale) | 20.3 ± 5.7 | |||
SF-36 form | ||||
– Physical functioning | 51.0 | |||
– Role limitations due to physical health | 40.0 | |||
– Role limitations due to emotional problems | 53.3 | |||
– Energy/fatigue | 56.0 | |||
– Emotional well-being | 54.8 | |||
– Social functioning | 62.5 | |||
– Pain | 41.8 | |||
– General health | 66.0 |
Patients (n = 10) | Controls (n = 10) | Mean difference [95% CI] | P-value | Cohen’s D | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
TIBIO-TALAR JOINT | |||||
Sagittal plane | |||||
Loading response | 4.2 ± 1.0 | 5.3 ± 1.6 | 1.1 [-0.1, 2.3] | 0.013 † | 0.31 |
Midstance & terminal stance | 9.1 ± 3.8 | 8.7 ± 3.0 | 0.4 [-2.8, 3.6] | 0.872 | < 0.01 |
Pre-swing | 9.5 ± 3.3 | 19.2 ± 3.8 | 9.7 [6.4, 13.0] | 0.001* | 0.49 |
Frontal plane | |||||
Loading response | 2.1 ± 1.8 | 2.8 ± 0.9 | 0.7 [-0.6, 2.0] | 0.645 | 0.01 |
Midstance & terminal stance | 1.8 ± 1.1 | 5.6 ± 1.1 | 3.8 [2.8, 4.8] | < 0.001* | 0.67 |
Pre-swing phase | 1.6 ± 1.5 | 2.7 ± 1.1 | 1.1 [-0.2, 2.3] | 0.316 | 0.06 |
Transverse plane | |||||
Loading response | 1.6 ± 0.8 | 1.8 ± 0.8 | 0.2 [-0.5, 1.0] | 0.521 | 0.03 |
Midstance & terminal stance | 4.4 ± 2.0 | 6.0 ± 2.4 | 1.6 [-0.5, 3.6] | 0.715 | 0.01 |
Pre-swing | 1.9 ± 0.8 | 2.4 ± 1.1 | 0.5 [-0.4, 1.4] | 0.775 | 0.01 |
MID-TARSAL JOINT | |||||
Sagittal plane | |||||
Loading response | 1.8 ± 1.3 | 2.3 ± 0.8 | 0.5 [-0.6, 1.4] | 0.956 | < 0.01 |
Midstance & terminal stance | 7.7 ± 3.4 | 5.4 ± 3.5 | 2.3 [-0.9, 5.6] | 0.402 | 0.04 |
Pre-swing | 7.1 ± 4.7 | 11.4 ± 3.2 | 4.3 [0.5, 8.1] | 0.187 | 0.10 |
Frontal plane | |||||
Loading response | 2.3 ± 1.1 | 2.4 ± 0.7 | 0.1 [-0.8, 1.0] | 0.961 | < 0.01 |
Midstance & terminal stance | 2.7 ± 2.0 | 2.0 ± 1.2 | 0.7 [-0.9, 2.2] | 0.157 | 0.11 |
Pre-swing | 1.5 ± 1.3 | 2.0 ± 1.3 | 0.5 [-0.7, 1.7] | 0.514 | 0.03 |
Transverse plane | |||||
Loading response | 0.7 ± 0.3 | 2.5 ± 0.9 | 1.8 [1.2, 2.4] | < 0.001* | 0.56 |
Midstance & terminal stance | 2.2 ± 1.0 | 2.7 ± 1.0 | 0.5 [-0.4, 1.5] | 0.883 | < 0.01 |
Pre-swing | 2.1 ± 1.3 | 5.9 ± 1.6 | 3.8 [2.4, 5.2] | 0.002* | 0.46 |
TARSO-METATARSAL JOINT | |||||
Sagittal plane | |||||
Loading response | 3.1 ± 1.7 | 3.2 ± 2.1 | 0.1 [-1.7, 1.9] | 0.149 | 0.12 |
Midstance & terminal stance | 2.8 ± 2.0 | 7.5 ± 1.6 | 4.7 [2.9, 6.3] | 0.002* | 0.44 |
Pre-swing | 6.3 ± 3.6 | 2.3 ± 0.9 | 4.0 [1.6, 6.4] | 0.003* | 0.41 |
Frontal plane | |||||
Loading response | 1.9 ± 1.5 | 3.2 ± 1.5 | 1.3 [-0.1, 2.7] | 0.169 | 0.11 |
Midstance & terminal stance | 2.8 ± 2.0 | 2.7 ± 1.1 | 0.1 [-1.4, 1.7] | 0.510 | 0.03 |
Pre-swing | 4.1 ± 3.3 | 2.3 ± 1.5 | 1.8 [-0.6, 4.2] | 0.061 | 0.19 |
Transverse plane | |||||
Loading response | 2.1 ± 1.1 | 2.3 ± 1.2 | 0.2 [-0.9, 1.3] | 0.911 | < 0.01 |
Midstance & terminal stance | 2.3 ± 1.2 | 4.2 ± 2.4 | 1.9 [0.04, 3.6] | 0.200 | 0.10 |
Pre-swing | 3.3 ± 1.9 | 4.5 ± 2.2 | 1.2 [-0.7, 3.1] | 0.568 | 0.02 |
MTP1 JOINT | |||||
Sagittal plane | |||||
Loading response | 4.6 ± 3.3 | 7.5 ± 2.9 | 2.9 [0.03, 5.8] | 0.163 | 0.11 |
Midstance & terminal stance | 8.7 ± 6.6 | 17.5 ± 4.3 | 8.8 [3.6, 14.0] | 0.103 | 0.15 |
Pre-swing | 17.7 ± 8.7 | 16.5 ± 4.9 | 1.2 [-5.5, 7.8] | 0.271 | 0.09 |
CALC-MET ANGLE | |||||
Frontal plane | |||||
Loading response | 2.5 ± 2.2 | 2.1 ± 1.0 | 0.4 [-1.2, 2.0] | 0.498 | 0.03 |
Midstance & terminal stance | 4.8 ± 2.8 | 2.6 ± 1.4 | 2.2 [0.1, 4.2] | 0.001* | 0.50 |
Pre-swing | 5.1 ± 4.0 | 7.8 ± 2.6 | 2.7 [-0.5, 5.8] | 0.976 | < 0.01 |
Variable | Patients (n = 10) | Controls (n = 10) | Mean difference [95% CI] | P-value | Cohen’s D |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
TIBIO-TALAR JOINT | |||||
Sagittal plane | |||||
Peak PF moment (Nm/kg) | 1.0 ± 0.3 | 1.5 ± 0.1 | 0.5 [0.3, 0.7] | 0.004* | 0.44 |
Peak DF velocity (°/s) | 58.8 ± 13.7 | 86.8 ± 17.9 | 28.0 [12.0, 43.9] | 0.036 | 0.26 |
Peak PF velocity (°/s) | 108.2 ± 30.0 | 231.9 ± 45.7 | 123.7 [85.1, 162.3] | < 0.001* | 0.60 |
Peak power generation (W/kg) | 0.9 ± 0.5 | 2.8 ± 0.8 | 1.9 [1.3, 2.6] | < 0.001* † | 0.57 |
Peak power absorption (W/kg) | 0.4 ± 0.2 | 0.6 ± 0.3 | 0.2 [-0.04, 0.4] | 0.480 | 0.03 |
Frontal plane | |||||
Peak INV moment (Nm/kg) | 0.2 ± 0.1 | 0.1 ± 0.1 | 0.1 [-0.01, 0.2] | 0.199 | 0.11 |
Peak INV velocity (°/s) | 23.8 ± 13.4 | 54.4 ± 11.5 | 30.6 [18.2, 43.2] | 0.003* | 0.26 |
Peak EV velocity (°/s) | 34.5 ± 25.9 | 51.6 ± 14.7 | 17.1 [-4.0, 38.1] | 0.430 | 0.04 |
Peak power generation (W/kg) | 0.05 ± 0.04 | 0.05 ± 0.04 | 0.00 [-0.04, 0.05] | 0.654 | 0.01 |
Peak power absorption (W/kg) | 0.04 ± 0.01 | 0.22 ± 0.13 | 0.18 [0.09, 0.27] | 0.036 † | 0.26 |
Transverse plane | |||||
Peak ADD moment (Nm/kg) | 0.08 ± 0.09 | 0.03 ± 0.03 | 0.05 [-0.02, 0.12] | 0.129 | 0.15 |
Peak ADD velocity (°/s) | 28.3 ± 11.7 | 52.2 ± 18.7 | 23.9 [8.4, 39.5] | 0.241 † | 0.09 |
Peak ABD velocity (°/s) | 33.4 ± 13.2 | 43.0 ± 33.6 | 9.6 [-15.9, 35.1] | 0.676 | 0.01 |
Peak power generation (W/kg) | 0.03 ± 0.03 | 0.03 ± 0.02 | 0.00 [-0.02, 0.03] | 0.071 | 0.20 |
Peak power absorption (W/kg) | 0.03 ± 0.03 | 0.13 ± 0.08 | 0.10 [0.04, 0.16] | 0.113 | 0.16 |
MID-TARSAL JOINT | |||||
Sagittal plane | |||||
Peak PF moment (Nm/kg) | 0.8 ± 0.2 | 1.1 ± 0.1 | 0.3 [0.1, 0.5] | 0.248 | 0.09 |
Peak DF velocity (°/s) | 47.0 ± 15.9 | 50.5 ± 14.7 | 3.5 [-11.7, 18.9] | 0.865 | < 0.01 |
Peak PF velocity (°/s) | 77.5 ± 46.8 | 144.9 ± 48.8 | 67.4 [19.7, 115.2] | 0.120 | 0.15 |
Peak power generation (W/kg) | 0.6 ± 0.6 | 1.4 ± 0.4 | 0.8 [0.4, 1.3] | 0.070 | 0.20 |
Peak power absorption (W/kg) | 0.4 ± 0.2 | 0.3 ± 0.2 | 0.1 [-0.2, 0.3] | 0.432 | 0.04 |
Frontal plane | |||||
Peak INV moment (Nm/kg) | 0.04 ± 0.05 | 0.04 ± 0.03 | 0.00 [-0.04, 0.04] | 0.587 | 0.02 |
Peak INV velocity (°/s) | 24.2 ± 13.9 | 24.0 ± 13.3 | 0.2 [-13.4, 13.7] | 0.516 | 0.03 |
Peak EV velocity (°/s) | 22.8 ± 9.7 | 35.7 ± 16.8 | 12.9 [-0.8, 26.6] | 0.328 | 0.06 |
Peak power generation (W/kg) | 0.03 ± 0.02 | 0.02 ± 0.03 | 0.01 [-0.02, 0.03] | 0.947 | < 0.01 |
Peak power absorption (W/kg) | 0.04 ± 0.03 | 0.10 ± 0.06 | 0.06 [0.003, 0.11] | 0.326 | 0.06 |
Transverse plane | |||||
Peak ADD moment (Nm/kg) | 0.014 ± 0.03 | 0.002 ± 0.001 | 0.012 [-0.01, 0.03] | 0.136 | 0.14 |
Peak ADD velocity (°/s) | 27.5 ± 11.2 | 84.8 ± 21.9 | 57.3 [39.9, 74.6] | < 0.001* † | 0.60 |
Peak ABD velocity (°/s) | 16.3 ± 5.8 | 46.7 ± 11.7 | 30.4 [21.1, 39.6] | < 0.001* | 0.62 |
Peak power generation (W/kg) | 0.03 ± 0.03 | 0.02 ± 0.01 | 0.01 [-0.01, 0.04] | 0.042 | 0.25 |
Peak power absorption (W/kg) | 0.02 ± 0.02 | 0.25 ± 0.1 | 0.23 [0.15, 0.30] | < 0.001* † | 0.55 |