Skip to main content
Top
Gepubliceerd in: GZ - Psychologie 1/2013

01-01-2013 | Wetenschap

Autisme; een spectrum aan onduidelijkheid

Overzichtsartikel

Auteurs: E. van der Zee, MSc., prof. dr. J.J.L. Derksen

Gepubliceerd in: GZ - Psychologie | Uitgave 1/2013

Log in om toegang te krijgen
share
DELEN

Deel dit onderdeel of sectie (kopieer de link)

  • Optie A:
    Klik op de rechtermuisknop op de link en selecteer de optie “linkadres kopiëren”
  • Optie B:
    Deel de link per e-mail

Samenvatting

In de klinische praktijk wordt het diagnosticeren van een stoornis binnen het autismespectrum als een lastige opgave beschouwd. In ieder geval zou de clinicus dit als een lastige opgave dienen te beschouwen. Aan deze moeilijkheid liggen verschillende oorzaken ten grondslag. Zo is er onvoldoende inzicht in determinanten van de stoornis, zorgt de diversiteit van kenmerken van deze stoornis voor problemen bij het classificeren en het uiteindelijke diagnosticeren en is het in Nederland gehanteerde testmateriaal sterk verouderd, onvoldoende betrouwbaar, onvoldoende valide en onvoldoende theoretisch gefundeerd teneinde als objectief materiaal te kunnen dienen. Daarnaast worden, met de komst van de DSM-5, verschuivingen verwacht binnen het diagnosticeren en classificeren van de stoornis. Onduidelijkheid en subjectiviteit heerst alom. Er wordt dan ook gesteld dat zonder gefundeerde theorie over determinanten van autisme, met als gevolg onvoldoende betrouwbare en valide instrumenten om autisme objectief te kunnen classificeren, er eigenlijk geen diagnose, geen behandelmogelijkheid en geen (psychische) stoornis is. Deze stelling zal centraal staan binnen het overzichtsartikel. Aansluitend op de publicatie van het artikel zal gestart worden met een vervolgonderzoek op dit vlak gericht op psychologische processen waarop de stoornis van invloed kan zijn en waardoor vernieuwd testmateriaal ontwikkeld kan worden teneinde de stoornis beter te kunnen objectiveren, zoals de ervaren kwaliteit van leven, het systematiseren versus het empathiseren en de persoonlijkheid. De ervaren kwaliteit van leven kan daarnaast eveneens als uitkomstmaat dienen in de verplichte Routine Outcome Monitoring teneinde in kaart te kunnen brengen welke begeleidingsvormen voor personen met een stoornis binnen het autismespectrum, (kosten)effectief zijn.
Literatuur
go back to reference Amaral DG. (2011). The promise and the pitfalls of autism research: an introductory note for new autism researchers. Brain Research. 2011 Mar 22;1380:3-9. Review.CrossRef Amaral DG. (2011). The promise and the pitfalls of autism research: an introductory note for new autism researchers. Brain Research. 2011 Mar 22;1380:3-9. Review.CrossRef
go back to reference Amaral DG, Schumann CM, Nordahl CW. (2008). Neuroanatomy of autism. Trends Neuroscience. 2008 Mar;31(3):137-45 Review. doi:10.1016/j.tins.2007.12.005.CrossRef Amaral DG, Schumann CM, Nordahl CW. (2008). Neuroanatomy of autism. Trends Neuroscience. 2008 Mar;31(3):137-45 Review. doi:10.1016/j.tins.2007.12.005.CrossRef
go back to reference American Psychiatric Association (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, fourth edition, text revisions. Washing, DC: American Psychiatric Association.CrossRef American Psychiatric Association (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, fourth edition, text revisions. Washing, DC: American Psychiatric Association.CrossRef
go back to reference Atmaca M, Yildirim H, Ozdemir H, Tezcan E, Poyraz AK. (2007). Volumetric MRI study of key brain regions implicated in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2007 Jan 30;31(1):46-52.CrossRefPubMed Atmaca M, Yildirim H, Ozdemir H, Tezcan E, Poyraz AK. (2007). Volumetric MRI study of key brain regions implicated in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2007 Jan 30;31(1):46-52.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Baron-Cohen, S. (2009). Autisme en asperger-syndroom. De stand van zaken. Uitgeverij Nieuwezijds. Baron-Cohen, S. (2009). Autisme en asperger-syndroom. De stand van zaken. Uitgeverij Nieuwezijds.
go back to reference Bauman ML, Kemper TL, Arin DM. (1995). Pervasive neuroanatomic abnormalities of the brain in three cases of Rett’s syndrome. Neurology. 1995 Aug;45(8):1581-6.CrossRefPubMed Bauman ML, Kemper TL, Arin DM. (1995). Pervasive neuroanatomic abnormalities of the brain in three cases of Rett’s syndrome. Neurology. 1995 Aug;45(8):1581-6.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Berckelaer-Onnes, I.A. van, & Hoekman, J. (1991). Auti-R, Schaal ten behoeve van de onderkenning van vroegkinderlijk autisme. Lisse: Swets & Zeitlinger. Berckelaer-Onnes, I.A. van, & Hoekman, J. (1991). Auti-R, Schaal ten behoeve van de onderkenning van vroegkinderlijk autisme. Lisse: Swets & Zeitlinger.
go back to reference DeMeyer, M.K. (1975). Parents and children in autism. Washington DC: Winston. DeMeyer, M.K. (1975). Parents and children in autism. Washington DC: Winston.
go back to reference DiLavore, P.C., Lord, C. & Rutter, M. (1995). Pre-Linguistic Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (PL/ADOS). Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 25, 355-379.CrossRefPubMed DiLavore, P.C., Lord, C. & Rutter, M. (1995). Pre-Linguistic Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (PL/ADOS). Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 25, 355-379.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Feinstein, A. (2011). The extraordinary political world of autism. Book review. Brain 2011: 134; 2436-2439. doi:10.1093/brain/awr111.CrossRef Feinstein, A. (2011). The extraordinary political world of autism. Book review. Brain 2011: 134; 2436-2439. doi:10.1093/brain/awr111.CrossRef
go back to reference Gillberg, C. (1990). Autism and Pervasive Developmental Disorders. J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry Jan; 31(1): 99-119. Review. Erratum in: J Child Psychol Psychiatry 1991 Jan;32(1):213. Gillberg, C. (1990). Autism and Pervasive Developmental Disorders. J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry Jan; 31(1): 99-119. Review. Erratum in: J Child Psychol Psychiatry 1991 Jan;32(1):213.
go back to reference Happé, F.G.E. (1994). An advanced test of theory of mind -understanding of story characters thoughts and feelings by able autistic, mentally-handicapped, and normal-children and adults. Journal of autism and developmental disorders, 24, 129-154.CrossRefPubMed Happé, F.G.E. (1994). An advanced test of theory of mind -understanding of story characters thoughts and feelings by able autistic, mentally-handicapped, and normal-children and adults. Journal of autism and developmental disorders, 24, 129-154.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Happé, F. (1999). Autism: Cognitive deficit or cognitive style? Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 3(6), 216-222. doi:10.1016/S1364-6613(99)01318-2.CrossRefPubMed Happé, F. (1999). Autism: Cognitive deficit or cognitive style? Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 3(6), 216-222. doi:10.1016/S1364-6613(99)01318-2.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Happé, F., Briskman, J., & Frith, U. (2001). Exploring the cognitive phenotype of autism: Weak central coherence in parents and siblings of children with autism: experimental tests. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 42(3), 299-307. doi:10.1111/1469-7610.00723.CrossRefPubMed Happé, F., Briskman, J., & Frith, U. (2001). Exploring the cognitive phenotype of autism: Weak central coherence in parents and siblings of children with autism: experimental tests. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 42(3), 299-307. doi:10.1111/1469-7610.00723.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Happé, F., & Frith, U. (2006). The weak coherence account: Detail-focused cognitive style in autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 36(1), 5-25. doi:10.1007/s10803-005-0039-0.CrossRefPubMed Happé, F., & Frith, U. (2006). The weak coherence account: Detail-focused cognitive style in autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 36(1), 5-25. doi:10.1007/s10803-005-0039-0.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Happé, F., Ronald, A., & Plomin, R. (2006). Time to give up on a single explanation for autism. Nat Neuroscience. 2006; 9: 1218-20.PubMed Happé, F., Ronald, A., & Plomin, R. (2006). Time to give up on a single explanation for autism. Nat Neuroscience. 2006; 9: 1218-20.PubMed
go back to reference Kooten, I.A. van, Palmen, S.J., von Cappeln, P., Steinbusch, H.W., Korr, H., Heinsen, H., Hof, P.R., van Engeland, H., Schmitz, C. (2008). Neurons in the fusiform gyrus are fewer and smaller in autism. Brain Apr;131: 987-999. Kooten, I.A. van, Palmen, S.J., von Cappeln, P., Steinbusch, H.W., Korr, H., Heinsen, H., Hof, P.R., van Engeland, H., Schmitz, C. (2008). Neurons in the fusiform gyrus are fewer and smaller in autism. Brain Apr;131: 987-999.
go back to reference Krug, D., Arick, J.R. & Almond, P.J. (1980). Autism Behavior Checklist (ABC). Autism Screening Instrument for educational planning. Portland, Oregon: ASIEP Ed. Co. Krug, D., Arick, J.R. & Almond, P.J. (1980). Autism Behavior Checklist (ABC). Autism Screening Instrument for educational planning. Portland, Oregon: ASIEP Ed. Co.
go back to reference Lord, C., Rutter, M., DiLavore, P.C. & Risi, S. (1998). Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule-Generic. Department of Psychiatry, University of Chicago, Illinois. Lord, C., Rutter, M., DiLavore, P.C. & Risi, S. (1998). Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule-Generic. Department of Psychiatry, University of Chicago, Illinois.
go back to reference Lord C, Rutter M, Le Couteur A. (1994). Autism diagnostic interview-revised: a revised version of a diagnostic interview for caregivers of individuals with possible pervasive developmental disorders. Journal of autism and developmental disorders 1994; 24: 659-85.CrossRefPubMed Lord C, Rutter M, Le Couteur A. (1994). Autism diagnostic interview-revised: a revised version of a diagnostic interview for caregivers of individuals with possible pervasive developmental disorders. Journal of autism and developmental disorders 1994; 24: 659-85.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Luteijn, E.F., Jackson, A.E., Volkmar, F.R., & Minderaa, R.B. (1998). The development of the children’s social behavior questionnaire: Preliminary data. Journal of autism and developmental disorders, 28, 559-565.CrossRefPubMed Luteijn, E.F., Jackson, A.E., Volkmar, F.R., & Minderaa, R.B. (1998). The development of the children’s social behavior questionnaire: Preliminary data. Journal of autism and developmental disorders, 28, 559-565.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Lyons, V., Fitzgerald, M. (2007). Asperger (1906-1980) and Kanner (1894-1981), the two pioneers of autism. Journal of autism and developmental disorders. 2007 Nov;37(10):2022-3.CrossRefPubMed Lyons, V., Fitzgerald, M. (2007). Asperger (1906-1980) and Kanner (1894-1981), the two pioneers of autism. Journal of autism and developmental disorders. 2007 Nov;37(10):2022-3.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Mandy, W.P.L., Charman, T., Skuse, D.H. (2012). Testing the construct validity of proposed criteria for DSM-V autism spectrum disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry Vol. 51;1: 41-50.CrossRef Mandy, W.P.L., Charman, T., Skuse, D.H. (2012). Testing the construct validity of proposed criteria for DSM-V autism spectrum disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry Vol. 51;1: 41-50.CrossRef
go back to reference Redcay, E. (2008). The superior temporal sulcus performs a common function for social and speech perception: implications for the emergence of autism. Neuroscience; Biobehavior. Rev. 32, 123-142. Redcay, E. (2008). The superior temporal sulcus performs a common function for social and speech perception: implications for the emergence of autism. Neuroscience; Biobehavior. Rev. 32, 123-142.
go back to reference Rimland, B. (1968). On the objective diagnosis of infantile autism. Acta Paeddopsychiatrica, 35, 146-161. Rimland, B. (1968). On the objective diagnosis of infantile autism. Acta Paeddopsychiatrica, 35, 146-161.
go back to reference Robinson, E.B., Koenen, K.C., McCormick, M.C., Munir, K., Hallett, V., Happé, F., Plomin, R., & Ronald, A. (2011). A multivariate twin study of autistic traits in 12-year-olds: testing the fractionable autism triad hypothesis. Behav Genet. 2012 Mar;42(2):245-55.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Robinson, E.B., Koenen, K.C., McCormick, M.C., Munir, K., Hallett, V., Happé, F., Plomin, R., & Ronald, A. (2011). A multivariate twin study of autistic traits in 12-year-olds: testing the fractionable autism triad hypothesis. Behav Genet. 2012 Mar;42(2):245-55.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
go back to reference Roeyers, H., Thys, M., Druart, De Schryver, M. & Schittekatte, M. (2011). SRS Screeningslijst voor autismespectrum stoornissen. Amsterdam: Hogrefe. Roeyers, H., Thys, M., Druart, De Schryver, M. & Schittekatte, M. (2011). SRS Screeningslijst voor autismespectrum stoornissen. Amsterdam: Hogrefe.
go back to reference Ronald, A., Hoekstra, RA. (2011). Autism spectrum disorders and autistic traits: a decade of new twin studies. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2011; 156: 255-74.CrossRef Ronald, A., Hoekstra, RA. (2011). Autism spectrum disorders and autistic traits: a decade of new twin studies. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2011; 156: 255-74.CrossRef
go back to reference Schopler, E., Reichler, R.J., & Bashford, A. (1990). Individualized assessment for autistic and developmentally disturbed children. Volume 1 Psychoeducational Profile Revised (PEP-R), Austin Texas: Pro-Ed. Schopler, E., Reichler, R.J., & Bashford, A. (1990). Individualized assessment for autistic and developmentally disturbed children. Volume 1 Psychoeducational Profile Revised (PEP-R), Austin Texas: Pro-Ed.
go back to reference Schopler, E., Reichler, R.J., & Renner, B.R. (1988). The childhood autism rating scale (CARS). Los Angeles: Western Psychological Services. Schopler, E., Reichler, R.J., & Renner, B.R. (1988). The childhood autism rating scale (CARS). Los Angeles: Western Psychological Services.
go back to reference Schumann, C.M., Hamstra, J., Goodlin-Jones, B.L., Lotspeich, L.J., Kwon, H., Buonocore, M.H., Lammers, C.R., Reiss, A.L., Amaral, D.G., 2004. The amygdala is enlarged in children but not adolescents with autism; the hippocampus is enlarged at all ages. Journal of Neuroscience. 2004 Jul 14;24 (28): 6392-6401.CrossRefPubMed Schumann, C.M., Hamstra, J., Goodlin-Jones, B.L., Lotspeich, L.J., Kwon, H., Buonocore, M.H., Lammers, C.R., Reiss, A.L., Amaral, D.G., 2004. The amygdala is enlarged in children but not adolescents with autism; the hippocampus is enlarged at all ages. Journal of Neuroscience. 2004 Jul 14;24 (28): 6392-6401.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Skuse, D., Morris, J., & Lawrence, K. (2003). The amygdala and the development of the social brain. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1008, 91-101.CrossRefPubMed Skuse, D., Morris, J., & Lawrence, K. (2003). The amygdala and the development of the social brain. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1008, 91-101.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference South, Ozonoff, Suchy, Kesner, McMahon en Lainhart (2008). Intact emotion facilitation for nonsocial stimuli in autism: Is amygdala impairment in autism specific for social information? Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society (2008), 14, 42-54. DOI:10.10170S1355617708080107.CrossRefPubMed South, Ozonoff, Suchy, Kesner, McMahon en Lainhart (2008). Intact emotion facilitation for nonsocial stimuli in autism: Is amygdala impairment in autism specific for social information? Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society (2008), 14, 42-54. DOI:10.10170S1355617708080107.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Stauder, J.E.A., Cornet, L.J.M., Ponds, R.W.H.M. (2011). The extreme male brain theory and gender role behaviour in persons with an autism spectrum condition. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders 5 (2011) 1209-1214. doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2011.01.008.CrossRef Stauder, J.E.A., Cornet, L.J.M., Ponds, R.W.H.M. (2011). The extreme male brain theory and gender role behaviour in persons with an autism spectrum condition. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders 5 (2011) 1209-1214. doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2011.01.008.CrossRef
go back to reference Verhulst, F.C., Verheij, F. (2009). Kinder- en jeugdpsychiatrie. Onderzoek en diagnostiek. Van Gorchum Assen. Verhulst, F.C., Verheij, F. (2009). Kinder- en jeugdpsychiatrie. Onderzoek en diagnostiek. Van Gorchum Assen.
go back to reference Vojdani, Mumper, Granpeesheh, Mielke, Traver, Bock, Hirani, Neubrander, Woeller, O’Hara, Usman, Schneider, Hebroni, Berookhim en McCandless (2008). Low natural killer cell cytotoxic activity in autism: The role of glutathione, IL-2 and IL-15. Journal of Neuroimmunology 205 (2008) 148-154. doi:10.1016/j.jneuroim.2008.09.005.CrossRefPubMed Vojdani, Mumper, Granpeesheh, Mielke, Traver, Bock, Hirani, Neubrander, Woeller, O’Hara, Usman, Schneider, Hebroni, Berookhim en McCandless (2008). Low natural killer cell cytotoxic activity in autism: The role of glutathione, IL-2 and IL-15. Journal of Neuroimmunology 205 (2008) 148-154. doi:10.1016/j.jneuroim.2008.09.005.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Whiteside SP, Port JD, Abramowitz JS. (2004). A meta-analysis of functional neuroimaging in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psychiatry Res. 2004 Nov 15;132(1):69-79.CrossRefPubMed Whiteside SP, Port JD, Abramowitz JS. (2004). A meta-analysis of functional neuroimaging in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psychiatry Res. 2004 Nov 15;132(1):69-79.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Whitney, E.R., Kemper, T.L., Bauman, M.L., Rosene, D.L., Blatt, G.J., 2008. Cerebellar Purkinje cells are reduced in a subpopulation of autistic brains: a stereological experiment using calbindin-D28k. Cerebellum. 2008;7 (3): 406-416.CrossRefPubMed Whitney, E.R., Kemper, T.L., Bauman, M.L., Rosene, D.L., Blatt, G.J., 2008. Cerebellar Purkinje cells are reduced in a subpopulation of autistic brains: a stereological experiment using calbindin-D28k. Cerebellum. 2008;7 (3): 406-416.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Wing, L. (1993). The definition and prevalence of autism: a review. European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 2: 61-74.CrossRefPubMed Wing, L. (1993). The definition and prevalence of autism: a review. European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 2: 61-74.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Wing, Lorna (1997). The History of Ideas on Autism: Legends, Myths and Reality. Autism 1997 1: 13. DOI:10.1177/1362361397011004.CrossRef Wing, Lorna (1997). The History of Ideas on Autism: Legends, Myths and Reality. Autism 1997 1: 13. DOI:10.1177/1362361397011004.CrossRef
go back to reference Wing, L. & Gould, J. (1979). Severe impairments of social interaction and associated abnormalities in children: epidemiology and classification. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 9, 129-137.CrossRef Wing, L. & Gould, J. (1979). Severe impairments of social interaction and associated abnormalities in children: epidemiology and classification. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 9, 129-137.CrossRef
go back to reference Wing, L. & Gould, J. (1978). Systematic recording of behaviors and skills of retarded and psychotic children. Journal of Autism and Childhood Schizophrenia, 8, 79-97.CrossRefPubMed Wing, L. & Gould, J. (1978). Systematic recording of behaviors and skills of retarded and psychotic children. Journal of Autism and Childhood Schizophrenia, 8, 79-97.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Wing, L., Gould, J., Gillberg, C. (2011). Autism spectrum disorders in the DSMV: better or worse than the DSM-IV? Research in Developmental Disabilities 2011;32: 768-773. doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2010.11.003CrossRefPubMed Wing, L., Gould, J., Gillberg, C. (2011). Autism spectrum disorders in the DSMV: better or worse than the DSM-IV? Research in Developmental Disabilities 2011;32: 768-773. doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2010.11.003CrossRefPubMed
Metagegevens
Titel
Autisme; een spectrum aan onduidelijkheid
Overzichtsartikel
Auteurs
E. van der Zee, MSc.
prof. dr. J.J.L. Derksen
Publicatiedatum
01-01-2013
Uitgeverij
Bohn Stafleu van Loghum
Gepubliceerd in
GZ - Psychologie / Uitgave 1/2013
Print ISSN: 1879-5080
Elektronisch ISSN: 1879-5099
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s41480-013-0005-y

Andere artikelen Uitgave 1/2013

GZ - Psychologie 1/2013 Naar de uitgave