Introduction
Materials and methods
Study population
Statistical analysis
Results
Descriptive analysis across subgroups
HRQoL by sex and age groups
EQ-5D-5L dimension | Men by age group (years) | ||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total | 30–34 | 35–39 | 40–44 | 45–49 | 50–54 | 55–59 | 60–64 | 65–69 | 70–74 | 75–79 | 80–84 | 85–89 | 90–94 | 95–104 | |
n = 12,249 | n = 437 | n = 501 | n = 620 | n = 750 | n = 779 | n = 842 | n = 976 | n = 1242 | n = 2323 | n = 1495 | n = 842 | n = 1014 | n = 364 | n = 64 | |
Mobility | |||||||||||||||
No | 68.0 | 91.5 | 93.0 | 90.0 | 86.0 | 82.8 | 78.2 | 74.5 | 74.0 | 68.5 | 60.0 | 47.0 | 32.5 | 23.6 | 14.1 |
Slight | 16.3 | 6.2 | 6.0 | 6.9 | 9.9 | 10.6 | 14.1 | 15.3 | 15.4 | 17.4 | 19.9 | 24.5 | 26.7 | 25.3 | 21.9 |
Moderate | 9.8 | 1.8 | 1.0 | 1.8 | 2.8 | 4.6 | 5.3 | 7.3 | 6.6 | 9.5 | 12.8 | 18.0 | 23.6 | 29.7 | 18.8 |
Severe | 4.7 | 0.5 | 0.0 | 1.0 | 1.1 | 1.8 | 2.3 | 2.8 | 3.4 | 3.8 | 6.2 | 8.3 | 13.1 | 16.5 | 28.1 |
Extreme | 1.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.6 | 0.9 | 1.1 | 2.1 | 4.0 | 5.0 | 17.2 |
Self-care | |||||||||||||||
No | 88.4 | 97.2 | 99.0 | 96.4 | 96.3 | 93.3 | 92.8 | 92.0 | 92.5 | 89.9 | 86.6 | 79.7 | 71.8 | 60.4 | 46.9 |
Slight | 6.7 | 2.1 | 1.0 | 2.1 | 2.4 | 5.1 | 5.2 | 5.9 | 4.4 | 7.0 | 8.5 | 12.0 | 12.2 | 15.4 | 10.9 |
Moderate | 2.8 | 0.7 | 0.0 | 0.8 | 0.9 | 1.5 | 1.5 | 1.6 | 1.9 | 1.8 | 2.9 | 4.2 | 9.4 | 12.6 | 9.4 |
Severe | 1.2 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.0 | 0.4 | 0.3 | 1.0 | 0.7 | 1.1 | 2.3 | 3.9 | 6.3 | 15.6 |
Extreme | 0.9 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.6 | 0.9 | 1.9 | 2.7 | 5.2 | 17.2 |
Usual activities | |||||||||||||||
No | 70.6 | 84.9 | 87.6 | 86.3 | 82.5 | 79.8 | 77.1 | 74.5 | 75.6 | 75.4 | 64.6 | 54.0 | 44.0 | 33.0 | 23.4 |
Slight | 17.2 | 10.3 | 9.6 | 10.3 | 12.7 | 13.0 | 14.8 | 17.8 | 16.5 | 15.0 | 21.3 | 25.1 | 25.8 | 27.2 | 23.4 |
Moderate | 6.7 | 2.3 | 2.2 | 2.1 | 2.5 | 3.7 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.4 | 5.9 | 8.4 | 12.6 | 15.9 | 17.6 | 15.6 |
Severe | 3.4 | 1.8 | 0.4 | 1.1 | 1.6 | 2.4 | 2.5 | 2.5 | 3.2 | 2.4 | 4.0 | 4.4 | 8.5 | 11.5 | 7.8 |
Extreme | 2.0 | 0.7 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.7 | 1.0 | 1.1 | 0.7 | 0.3 | 1.2 | 1.8 | 3.9 | 5.8 | 10.7 | 29.7 |
Pain/discomfort | |||||||||||||||
No | 35.5 | 55.4 | 55.7 | 46.6 | 45.7 | 40.4 | 36.3 | 33.2 | 34.2 | 35.6 | 31.1 | 26.6 | 22.4 | 18.7 | 21.9 |
Slight | 39.6 | 34.1 | 37.1 | 40.8 | 35.6 | 41.1 | 41.3 | 41.2 | 41.9 | 40.2 | 40.1 | 39.1 | 37.3 | 38.7 | 34.4 |
Moderate | 20.2 | 8.2 | 6.0 | 10.5 | 15.6 | 13.0 | 17.0 | 21.7 | 19.7 | 19.8 | 23.9 | 27.6 | 32.2 | 34.6 | 31.2 |
Severe | 4.4 | 2.3 | 1.2 | 1.9 | 2.3 | 5.0 | 4.8 | 3.6 | 4.0 | 4.0 | 4.6 | 6.3 | 7.6 | 7.4 | 12.5 |
Extreme | 0.4 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.2 | 0.8 | 0.5 | 0.6 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.5 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.0 |
Anxiety/depression | |||||||||||||||
No | 68.4 | 57.0 | 62.3 | 62.9 | 66.9 | 62.6 | 68.9 | 71.3 | 76.9 | 72.1 | 72.2 | 69.2 | 61.1 | 58.5 | 56.2 |
Slight | 24.8 | 31.6 | 29.3 | 27.9 | 25.6 | 29.0 | 22.6 | 23.0 | 18.8 | 23.6 | 22.6 | 23.9 | 29.2 | 32.7 | 29.7 |
Moderate | 4.9 | 7.3 | 7.0 | 7.1 | 5.2 | 5.8 | 5.7 | 3.5 | 3.5 | 3.1 | 4.4 | 4.5 | 7.1 | 6.9 | 9.4 |
Severe | 1.6 | 3.0 | 1.2 | 1.6 | 1.7 | 2.2 | 2.4 | 1.7 | 0.6 | 1.1 | 0.7 | 2.1 | 2.3 | 1.9 | 3.1 |
Extreme | 0.3 | 1.1 | 0.2 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.4 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.0 | 1.6 |
EQ VAS score (mean) [SD] | 76.6 [18.3] | 81.5 [14.3] | 80.6 [14.0] | 80.4 [15.1] | 80.0 [15.9] | 79.2 [16.7] | 79.0 [17.3] | 78.6 [16.7] | 79.5 [16.9] | 78.4 [17.2] | 75.0 [18.3] | 70.8 [19.7] | 65.2 [21.2] | 63.5 [21.9] | 52.8 [25.4] |
EQ VAS score (median) [IQR] | 80.0 [20.0] | 85.0 [15.0] | 83.0 [15.0] | 85.0 [15.0] | 85.0 [15.0] | 82.0 [20.0] | 84.0 [15.0] | 80.0 [18.0] | 85.0 [15.0] | 80.0 [20.0] | 80.0 [25.0] | 75.0 [25.0] | 70.0 [30.0] | 70.0 [30.0] | 52.5 [45.0] |
TTO index value (mean) [SD] | 0.898 [0.112] | 0.925 [0.088] | 0.938 [0.061] | 0.930 [0.080] | 0.924 [0.093] | 0.914 [0.103] | 0.910 [0.108] | 0.910 [0.099] | 0.915 [0.096] | 0.909 [0.100] | 0.892 [0.109] | 0.865 [0.127] | 0.831 [0.142] | 0.803 [0.143] | 0.751 [0.166] |
VAS index value (mean) [SD] | 76.8 [13.9] | 80.3 [11.1] | 82.0 [8.6] | 80.8 [10.4] | 80.2 [11.5] | 79.0 [12.6] | 78.5 [13.1] | 78.3 [12.3] | 78.9 [12.2] | 78.0 [12.8] | 75.8 [13.8] | 72.5 [15.5] | 68.3 [16.7] | 64.9 [16.9] | 58.2 [19.9] |
EQ-5D-5L dimension | Women by age group (years) | ||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total | 30–34 | 35–39 | 40–44 | 45–49 | 50–54 | 55–59 | 60–64 | 65–69 | 70–74 | 75–79 | 80–84 | 85–89 | 90–94 | 95–104 | |
n = 13,618 | n = 690 | n = 701 | n = 853 | n = 972 | n = 1045 | n = 1075 | n = 1168 | n = 1405 | n = 2166 | n = 1477 | n = 881 | n = 748 | n = 339 | n = 98 | |
Mobility | |||||||||||||||
No | 67.3 | 87.5 | 87.3 | 86.0 | 83.3 | 78.1 | 74.8 | 71.8 | 70.3 | 66.3 | 56.0 | 44.4 | 30.1 | 19.8 | 10.2 |
Slight | 18.0 | 9.1 | 9.4 | 9.7 | 12.1 | 13.1 | 14.1 | 18.8 | 19.2 | 19.7 | 24.7 | 25.9 | 29.7 | 24.5 | 17.4 |
Moderate | 9.5 | 2.5 | 2.1 | 3.3 | 3.3 | 6.4 | 7.6 | 6.6 | 7.0 | 9.9 | 13.5 | 19.1 | 23.7 | 29.5 | 23.5 |
Severe | 4.0 | 0.6 | 1.0 | 0.9 | 1.0 | 2.2 | 3.2 | 2.2 | 3.1 | 3.0 | 5.2 | 8.4 | 12.6 | 17.1 | 25.5 |
Extreme | 1.2 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.6 | 0.5 | 1.1 | 0.7 | 2.3 | 4.0 | 9.1 | 23.5 |
Self-care | |||||||||||||||
No | 89.9 | 95.8 | 97.9 | 96.0 | 95.2 | 93.5 | 91.6 | 93.3 | 93.7 | 92.4 | 89.4 | 82.3 | 73.1 | 50.2 | 25.5 |
Slight | 5.4 | 3.5 | 1.6 | 2.9 | 3.6 | 4.6 | 6.1 | 3.9 | 4.6 | 4.5 | 6.1 | 8.8 | 10.0 | 16.8 | 18.4 |
Moderate | 2.8 | 0.7 | 0.4 | 0.6 | 1.0 | 1.5 | 1.8 | 1.5 | 1.2 | 2.0 | 3.0 | 5.6 | 8.7 | 18.0 | 18.4 |
Severe | 1.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.5 | 0.2 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.8 | 0.4 | 0.6 | 1.0 | 2.0 | 4.6 | 6.8 | 16.3 |
Extreme | 0.8 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.4 | 0.1 | 0.6 | 0.4 | 1.2 | 3.6 | 8.3 | 21.4 |
Usual activities | |||||||||||||||
No | 67.9 | 78.7 | 79.6 | 77.5 | 76.0 | 74.6 | 70.8 | 70.5 | 75.1 | 71.3 | 64.2 | 51.6 | 37.7 | 23.9 | 16.3 |
Slight | 19.0 | 13.6 | 12.3 | 13.4 | 15.8 | 14.6 | 18.7 | 19.9 | 17.8 | 19.3 | 22.5 | 26.9 | 30.0 | 22.4 | 21.4 |
Moderate | 7.4 | 5.1 | 4.8 | 5.7 | 4.9 | 6.2 | 5.5 | 5.7 | 4.4 | 6.2 | 8.6 | 13.2 | 16.7 | 23.6 | 11.2 |
Severe | 3.7 | 2.0 | 2.8 | 2.7 | 2.7 | 3.5 | 4.2 | 3.4 | 1.8 | 1.8 | 3.2 | 5.1 | 9.0 | 15.9 | 22.4 |
Extreme | 1.9 | 0.6 | 0.4 | 0.7 | 0.5 | 1.0 | 0.8 | 0.5 | 0.8 | 1.4 | 1.4 | 3.2 | 6.7 | 14.2 | 28.6 |
Pain/discomfort | |||||||||||||||
No | 28.8 | 45.2 | 44.6 | 39.4 | 36.1 | 30.3 | 27.5 | 27.3 | 26.5 | 28.4 | 22.6 | 19.0 | 16.8 | 14.2 | 11.2 |
Slight | 40.1 | 38.3 | 37.8 | 40.7 | 39.5 | 40.4 | 40.9 | 42.9 | 44.1 | 40.4 | 41.6 | 37.6 | 34.6 | 32.4 | 30.6 |
Moderate | 24.7 | 12.5 | 14.1 | 15.2 | 18.3 | 21.9 | 23.7 | 23.5 | 25.4 | 25.4 | 29.4 | 34.7 | 37.3 | 40.1 | 44.9 |
Severe | 6.0 | 3.6 | 3.1 | 4.6 | 5.4 | 6.6 | 7.2 | 6.0 | 4.0 | 5.5 | 6.0 | 8.1 | 10.0 | 12.4 | 10.2 |
Extreme | 0.5 | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 0.6 | 0.8 | 0.6 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.7 | 1.2 | 0.9 | 3.1 |
Anxiety/depression | |||||||||||||||
No | 57.8 | 43.0 | 48.5 | 49.8 | 53.8 | 54.4 | 60.7 | 63.9 | 67.0 | 65.0 | 59.3 | 57.0 | 51.6 | 50.2 | 35.7 |
Slight | 32.4 | 38.1 | 38.4 | 36.8 | 34.8 | 33.9 | 29.2 | 28.7 | 27.8 | 28.3 | 33.3 | 32.8 | 36.6 | 37.2 | 37.8 |
Moderate | 7.0 | 12.5 | 8.6 | 9.5 | 7.6 | 7.9 | 7.2 | 5.1 | 3.9 | 4.9 | 6.0 | 7.5 | 8.8 | 8.0 | 20.4 |
Severe | 2.4 | 4.9 | 3.6 | 3.0 | 3.1 | 3.2 | 2.5 | 1.9 | 1.2 | 1.5 | 1.0 | 2.4 | 2.1 | 4.7 | 6.1 |
Extreme | 0.5 | 1.4 | 1.0 | 0.8 | 0.7 | 0.5 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.5 | 0.3 | 0.8 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
EQ VAS score (mean) [SD] | 75.7 [19.0] | 77.4 [16.8] | 77.1 [17.1] | 77.0 [17.6] | 76.7 [17.8] | 76.4 [18.5] | 77.3 [18.9] | 78.9 [17.4] | 80.0 [16.9] | 78.2 [18.3] | 74.0 [18.6] | 69.1 [21.2] | 64.4 [21.1] | 56.1 [22.8] | 56.7 [23.2] |
EQ VAS score (median) [IQR] | 80.0 [20.0] | 80.0 [20.0] | 80.0 [20.0] | 80.0 [20.0] | 80.0 [20.0] | 80.0 [20.0] | 80.0 [20.0] | 80.0 [20.0] | 85.0 [22.0] | 80.0 [20.0] | 80.0 [25.0] | 75.0 [30.0] | 70.0 [30.0] | 55.0 [35.0] | 55.0 [35.0] |
TTO index value (mean) [SD] | 0.886 [0.116] | 0.902 [0.105] | 0.910 [0.098] | 0.906 [0.100] | 0.904 [0.104] | 0.895 [0.113] | 0.894 [0.112] | 0.899 [0.106] | 0.909 [0.092] | 0.899 [0.105] | 0.883 [0.110] | 0.852 [0.132] | 0.814 [0.144] | 0.761 [0.151] | 0.696 [0.161] |
VAS index value (mean) [SD] | 75.0 [14.2] | 77.2 [12.8] | 78.1 [12.1] | 77.6 [12.4] | 77.4 [12.6] | 76.2 [13.6] | 76.0 [13.6] | 76.7 [13.0] | 77.6 [11.8] | 76.5 [13.1] | 74.2 [13.6] | 70.6 [15.6] | 66.1 [16.8] | 60.2 [17.2] | 52.2 [17.9] |
HRQoL by education, income and economic activity
EQ-5D-5L dimension | Total sample (%) | Men (%) | Women (%) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Educational level | Educational level | Educational level | |||||||
Low | Medium | High | Low | Medium | High | Low | Medium | High | |
n = 6005 | n = 11,027 | n = 8694 | n = 3218 | n = 5268 | n = 3691 | n = 2787 | n = 5759 | n = 5003 | |
Mobility | |||||||||
No | 52.1 | 68.1 | 78.0 | 53.9 | 69.0 | 79.0 | 50.0 | 67.4 | 77.2 |
Slight | 22.6 | 17.7 | 12.6 | 22.0 | 16.6 | 10.8 | 23.3 | 18.7 | 14.0 |
Moderate | 15.1 | 9.3 | 6.4 | 14.4 | 9.2 | 6.6 | 15.9 | 9.3 | 6.2 |
Severe | 7.8 | 4.0 | 2.4 | 7.5 | 4.3 | 2.9 | 8.1 | 3.7 | 2.1 |
Extreme | 2.4 | 0.9 | 0.6 | 2.2 | 0.9 | 0.6 | 2.7 | 1.0 | 0.5 |
Self-care | |||||||||
No | 81.6 | 89.9 | 93.8 | 82.1 | 89.0 | 93.2 | 81.0 | 90.8 | 94.3 |
Slight | 8.7 | 6.0 | 4.0 | 9.2 | 6.7 | 4.4 | 8.1 | 5.4 | 3.8 |
Moderate | 5.4 | 2.4 | 1.4 | 4.8 | 2.5 | 1.6 | 6.2 | 2.3 | 1.2 |
Severe | 2.3 | 1.0 | 0.5 | 2.0 | 1.2 | 0.5 | 2.6 | 0.9 | 0.4 |
Extreme | 1.9 | 0.7 | 0.3 | 1.8 | 0.6 | 0.3 | 2.1 | 0.7 | 0.3 |
Usual activities | |||||||||
No | 58.0 | 68.7 | 77.9 | 60.1 | 70.6 | 80.1 | 55.5 | 67.0 | 76.2 |
Slight | 22.1 | 19.4 | 13.8 | 21.4 | 18.2 | 12.0 | 22.8 | 20.5 | 15.1 |
Moderate | 10.2 | 6.8 | 5.2 | 9.4 | 6.3 | 4.9 | 11.2 | 7.3 | 5.4 |
Severe | 5.7 | 3.4 | 2.3 | 5.2 | 3.2 | 2.2 | 6.2 | 3.5 | 2.4 |
Extreme | 4.1 | 1.7 | 0.8 | 3.9 | 1.7 | 0.8 | 4.3 | 1.7 | 0.8 |
Pain/discomfort | |||||||||
No | 24.7 | 29.3 | 40.4 | 28.2 | 32.8 | 45.6 | 20.6 | 26.0 | 36.5 |
Slight | 38.2 | 40.6 | 40.1 | 38.1 | 41.2 | 38.7 | 38.2 | 40.2 | 41.2 |
Moderate | 29.1 | 24.0 | 16.0 | 27.4 | 20.8 | 12.8 | 31.1 | 26.9 | 18.4 |
Severe | 7.2 | 5.7 | 3.3 | 5.7 | 4.8 | 2.7 | 9.1 | 6.5 | 3.7 |
Extreme | 0.8 | 0.4 | 0.2 | 0.6 | 0.4 | 0.2 | 1.0 | 0.4 | 0.2 |
Anxiety/depression | |||||||||
No | 62.1 | 62.9 | 63.4 | 67.4 | 68.2 | 69.7 | 55.9 | 58.0 | 58.8 |
Slight | 29.3 | 28.9 | 28.3 | 25.8 | 24.9 | 23.9 | 33.3 | 32.6 | 31.6 |
Moderate | 6.0 | 5.7 | 6.2 | 4.8 | 5.0 | 4.8 | 7.5 | 6.4 | 7.2 |
Severe | 2.1 | 2.1 | 1.7 | 1.7 | 1.5 | 1.4 | 2.6 | 2.6 | 1.9 |
Extreme | 0.5 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.6 | 0.4 | 0.4 |
EQ VAS score (mean) [SD] | 71.6 [20.5] | 76.2 [18.8] | 79.0 [16.6] | 72.7 [19.7] | 76.8 [18.2] | 79.5 [16.4] | 70.2 [21.3] | 75.6 [19.2] | 78.7 [16.7] |
EQ VAS score (median) [IQR] | 75.0 [30.0] | 80.0 [20.0] | 80.0 [17.0] | 78.0 [30.0] | 80.0 [20.0] | 85.0 [15.0] | 75.0 [35.0] | 80.0 [25.0] | 80.0 [20.0] |
TTO index value (mean) [SD] | 0.863 [0.132] | 0.892 [0.113] | 0.913 [0.096] | 0.873 [0.126] | 0.899 [0.110] | 0.920 [0.093] | 0.851 [0.138] | 0.886 [0.115] | 0.908 [0.097] |
VAS index value (mean) [SD] | 72.2 [15.9] | 75.8 [13.8] | 78.6 [12.1] | 73.5 [15.4] | 76.8 [13.7] | 79.7 [11.9] | 70.7 [16.3] | 74.9 [13.9] | 77.8 [12.3] |
EQ-5D-5L dimension | Total sample (%) | Men (%) | Women (%) | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Income quintile | Income quintile | Income quintile | |||||||||||||
First (lowest) | Second | Third | Fourth | Fifth (highest) | First (lowest) | Second | Third | Fourth | Fifth (highest) | First (lowest) | Second | Third | Fourth | Fifth (highest) | |
n = 5159 | n = 5160 | n = 5159 | n = 5160 | n = 5159 | n = 1563 | n = 2515 | n = 2379 | n = 2479 | n = 3279 | n = 3596 | n = 2645 | n = 2780 | n = 2681 | n = 1880 | |
Mobility | |||||||||||||||
No | 54.7 | 51.8 | 68.6 | 79.5 | 83.4 | 55.0 | 50.1 | 64.4 | 76.8 | 83.7 | 54.6 | 53.5 | 72.2 | 82.0 | 82.8 |
Slight | 21.5 | 22.5 | 17.5 | 13.9 | 10.5 | 19.5 | 22.2 | 18.3 | 15.1 | 9.9 | 22.4 | 22.9 | 16.9 | 12.7 | 11.6 |
Moderate | 14.0 | 16.1 | 9.6 | 4.7 | 4.0 | 13.4 | 17.6 | 11.2 | 5.7 | 4.2 | 14.3 | 14.6 | 8.2 | 3.7 | 3.7 |
Severe | 7.6 | 7.5 | 3.4 | 1.6 | 1.6 | 9.0 | 8.2 | 4.9 | 2.1 | 1.9 | 7.0 | 6.8 | 2.1 | 1.3 | 1.2 |
Extreme | 2.1 | 2.1 | 0.9 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 3.1 | 1.9 | 1.2 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 1.7 | 2.3 | 0.6 | 0.4 | 0.6 |
Self-care | |||||||||||||||
No | 82.7 | 82.1 | 90.4 | 94.7 | 96.0 | 79.1 | 80.6 | 87.8 | 93.2 | 95.6 | 84.3 | 83.5 | 92.7 | 96.1 | 96.9 |
Slight | 8.3 | 9.0 | 6.1 | 4.0 | 2.8 | 10.1 | 10.2 | 7.2 | 5.2 | 3.2 | 7.4 | 7.8 | 5.1 | 2.9 | 2.0 |
Moderate | 5.0 | 5.6 | 1.9 | 0.8 | 0.6 | 5.3 | 5.8 | 2.8 | 1.2 | 0.6 | 4.9 | 5.4 | 1.2 | 0.5 | 0.5 |
Severe | 2.4 | 1.8 | 0.9 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 3.2 | 1.8 | 1.3 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 2.0 | 1.9 | 0.6 | 0.2 | 0.3 |
Extreme | 1.7 | 1.5 | 0.7 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 2.3 | 1.5 | 0.9 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 1.4 | 1.4 | 0.5 | 0.3 | 0.3 |
Usual activities | |||||||||||||||
No | 57.0 | 57.0 | 69.7 | 79.1 | 83.1 | 57.3 | 56.6 | 68.1 | 78.3 | 83.7 | 56.9 | 57.4 | 71.0 | 79.8 | 82.0 |
Slight | 22.6 | 23.2 | 18.8 | 14.5 | 11.9 | 20.9 | 23.1 | 19.0 | 15.2 | 11.2 | 23.3 | 23.3 | 18.5 | 13.9 | 13.0 |
Moderate | 10.7 | 10.9 | 7.1 | 4.1 | 2.8 | 10.2 | 11.2 | 7.5 | 4.3 | 2.9 | 10.8 | 10.6 | 6.6 | 3.9 | 2.8 |
Severe | 5.7 | 5.7 | 3.2 | 1.9 | 1.5 | 6.0 | 5.8 | 3.6 | 1.9 | 1.5 | 5.5 | 5.6 | 2.8 | 1.9 | 1.4 |
Extreme | 4.1 | 3.2 | 1.3 | 0.4 | 0.7 | 5.6 | 3.4 | 1.7 | 0.3 | 0.7 | 3.5 | 3.1 | 1.0 | 0.5 | 0.8 |
Pain/discomfort | |||||||||||||||
No | 24.3 | 23.6 | 31.2 | 36.9 | 43.5 | 30.4 | 24.6 | 34.0 | 38.4 | 44.8 | 21.6 | 22.5 | 28.7 | 35.4 | 41.3 |
Slight | 37.6 | 39.0 | 40.0 | 42.6 | 40.2 | 35.6 | 40.1 | 38.6 | 41.8 | 40.2 | 38.4 | 38.0 | 41.2 | 43.4 | 40.2 |
Moderate | 28.6 | 29.6 | 23.4 | 17.2 | 14.0 | 24.8 | 28.4 | 22.2 | 17.0 | 12.8 | 30.3 | 30.8 | 24.4 | 17.5 | 16.1 |
Severe | 8.6 | 7.2 | 5.1 | 3.1 | 2.2 | 8.2 | 6.3 | 4.8 | 2.6 | 2.1 | 8.8 | 8.0 | 5.4 | 3.5 | 2.4 |
Extreme | 0.9 | 0.7 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 1.0 | 0.6 | 0.4 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.0 |
Anxiety/depression | |||||||||||||||
No | 54.5 | 59.4 | 62.7 | 65.7 | 71.6 | 58.9 | 64.4 | 68.0 | 71.6 | 73.7 | 52.6 | 54.7 | 58.2 | 60.2 | 68.0 |
Slight | 33.1 | 30.8 | 28.9 | 27.7 | 23.7 | 28.0 | 27.5 | 25.0 | 23.4 | 22.5 | 35.3 | 34.0 | 32.2 | 31.7 | 25.8 |
Moderate | 8.7 | 6.2 | 6.3 | 5.0 | 3.6 | 9.3 | 5.1 | 5.3 | 3.9 | 3.0 | 8.4 | 7.3 | 7.3 | 6.1 | 4.7 |
Severe | 3.0 | 2.9 | 1.7 | 1.3 | 0.9 | 3.0 | 2.5 | 1.4 | 0.9 | 0.7 | 3.0 | 3.3 | 1.9 | 1.7 | 1.3 |
Extreme | 0.7 | 0.6 | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 0.8 | 0.5 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.2 |
EQ VAS score (mean) [SD] | 70.7 [21.2] | 71.4 [20.4] | 76.8 [18.1] | 79.8 [15.8] | 81.2 [14.8] | 70.4 [22.0] | 70.9 [20.0] | 76.0 [18.8] | 79.8 [15.4] | 81.4 [14.3] | 70.8 [20.8] | 71.8 [20.8] | 77.6 [17.5] | 79.8 [16.2] | 81.0 [15.7] |
EQ VAS score (median) [IQR] | 75.0 [30.0] | 75.0 [30.0] | 80.0 [20.0] | 81.0 [15.0] | 85.0 [15.0] | 75.0 [33.0] | 75.0 [25.0] | 80.0 [20.0] | 81.0 [15.0] | 85.0 [15.0] | 75.0 [30.0] | 75.0 [30.0] | 80.0 [20.0] | 82.0 [17.0] | 85.0 [15.0] |
TTO index value (mean) [SD] | 0.856 [0.136] | 0.861 [0.133] | 0.895 [0.107] | 0.918 [0.086] | 0.929 [0.078] | 0.855 [0.143] | 0.864 [0.130] | 0.894 [0.112] | 0.920 [0.085] | 0.931 [0.077] | 0.857 [0.133] | 0.858 [0.135] | 0.897 [0.103] | 0.916 [0.087] | 0.925 [0.078] |
VAS index value (mean) [SD] | 71.4 [16.2] | 71.9 [15.7] | 76.2 [13.4] | 79.1 [11.1] | 80.7 [10.3] | 71.5 [17.2] | 72.3 [15.6] | 76.2 [13.9] | 79.5 [11.0] | 81.1 [10.3] | 71.3 [15.7] | 71.6 [15.8] | 76.2 [12.9] | 78.8 [11.2] | 80.1 [10.4] |
HRQoL by disease, self-reported conditions, and self-rated health (SRH) and likelihood to report problems on EQ-5D-5L dimensions
Inequality and heterogeneity analysis, results adjusted for confounders
Inequalities in EQ VAS score between socioeconomic groups
Variable | EQ VAS score | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | |||||||
Estimate | RSE | P-value | Estimate | RSE | P-value | Estimate | RSE | P-value | |
Intercept | 76.796 | 0.587 | < .0001 | 73.988 | 0.611 | < .0001 | 72.790 | 0.657 | < .0001 |
Sexa | |||||||||
Women | − 1.701 | 0.233 | < .0001 | − 0.054 | 0.242 | 0.8243 | − 0.281 | 0.246 | 0.2529 |
Age groupb | |||||||||
35–39 | − 0.448 | 0.671 | 0.5050 | − 1.094 | 0.675 | 0.1052 | − 1.049 | 0.673 | 0.1192 |
40–44 | − 0.499 | 0.655 | 0.4460 | − 2.116 | 0.657 | 0.0013 | − 1.935 | 0.656 | 0.0032 |
45–49 | − 0.687 | 0.641 | 0.2840 | − 2.439 | 0.641 | 0.0001 | − 2.180 | 0.642 | 0.0007 |
50–54 | − 0.982 | 0.646 | 0.1288 | − 2.756 | 0.642 | < .0001 | − 2.396 | 0.645 | 0.0002 |
55–59 | − 0.491 | 0.646 | 0.4474 | − 2.289 | 0.642 | 0.0004 | − 1.883 | 0.643 | 0.0034 |
60–64 | 0.420 | 0.620 | 0.4982 | − 1.125 | 0.615 | 0.0673 | − 0.655 | 0.618 | 0.2896 |
65–69 | 1.566 | 0.596 | 0.0086 | 0.794 | 0.591 | 0.1793 | 1.272 | 0.594 | 0.0323 |
70–74 | 0.339 | 0.563 | 0.5478 | 0.801 | 0.563 | 0.1547 | 1.330 | 0.567 | 0.0190 |
75–79 | − 3.243 | 0.609 | < .0001 | − 1.986 | 0.617 | 0.0013 | − 1.444 | 0.621 | 0.0202 |
80–84 | − 7.521 | 0.720 | < .0001 | − 6.143 | 0.725 | < .0001 | − 5.475 | 0.731 | < .0001 |
85–89 | − 12.551 | 0.748 | < .0001 | − 11.173 | 0.753 | < .0001 | − 10.416 | 0.762 | < .0001 |
90–94 | − 17.133 | 1.071 | < .0001 | − 15.727 | 1.068 | < .0001 | − 14.908 | 1.079 | < .0001 |
95–104 | − 21.650 | 2.144 | < .0001 | − 20.374 | 2.136 | < .0001 | − 19.445 | 2.147 | < .0001 |
Educational levelc, e | |||||||||
Medium | 1.841 | 0.344 | < .0001 | 1.029 | 0.343 | 0.0027 | |||
High | 4.428 | 0.356 | < .0001 | 2.368 | 0.364 | < .0001 | |||
Missing | − 0.005 | 0.019 | 0.8109 | 0.000 | 0.019 | 0.9816 | |||
Income (individual) (thousand SEK)d | |||||||||
Second quintile | 1.048 | 0.426 | 0.0139 | 0.899 | 0.427 | 0.0353 | |||
Third quintile | 4.901 | 0.410 | < .0001 | 4.495 | 0.414 | < .0001 | |||
Fourth quintile | 7.392 | 0.421 | < .0001 | 6.844 | 0.427 | < .0001 | |||
Fifth quintile | 8.833 | 0.425 | < .0001 | 8.041 | 0.440 | < .0001 | |||
Missing | 0.071 | 0.024 | 0.0032 | 0.071 | 0.024 | 0.003 | |||
Adjusted R2 | 0.0762 | 0.0931 | 0.0948 | ||||||
RMSE | 17.94 | 17.78 | 17.76 | ||||||
N | 23,899 | 23,899 | 23,899 |